Define the following:

1. Grade- The use of a point system or letter grades, along with a further division into absolute
and relative grading scales, could be used as a competitive filter. Because grades are frequently
utilized for competitive evaluation at some point, they can be used as a measurement for
measuring students' performance.
2. grading system- A grading system is an evaluation tool used in education. A  child's academic
success that is solely determined by points.
3. norm-referenced grading system- The term "Norm-Referenced Grading System" describes a
system of grading in which a student's performance is assessed in relation to the other students.
4. criterion-referenced grading system- evaluates a student's performance in terms of their
mastery of a certain range of capabilities. It assesses the student's knowledge and cluelessness
at the time of the assessment. The student's performance on the test is not  contrasted with other
students.

The different methods of reporting grades are absolute grading and relative grading the absolute
grading is based on a pre- determined standard that becomes the reference point for students’ ppof a
pre-determined standard. While relative grading allow for the teacher to interpret the results of an
assessment and determine grades based on the student performance.

The different methods of reporting grades are traditional letter-grade system, pass-fail,
checklist of objectives, letters to parents/guardians, portfolios, and Parent-teacher conferences.
Traditional letter grade system- In the traditional letter grade system, students’ performance is
summarized by means of letters.
The pass or fail system- uses a grade system with two levels. Students receive passing or failing
grades depending on whether they cooperated with the requirements and met the standards.
Checklist of objectives- According to this method, the course objectives are listed, followed by
the students' degree of achievement, which is either Outstanding, Very Good, Good, Fair, or
Poor.
Letters to parents or guardians- are an advantageous addition to grades. However, because
they take a lot of time to prepare, the descriptions of shortcomings are sometimes read
incorrectly by parents or guardians, and they are not classified as cumulative, they are only of
limited value as a single report.
Portfolios- As already explained, a portfolio is a set of purposefully selected work, with
commentary by student and teacher.
Parent teacher Conferences are conferences- utilized primarily in elementary schools. This calls
for parents of students to attend a conference with the instructor to talk about the students'
progress.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following:

1. norm-referenced grading system

The advantage of norm-referenced grading systems is its easy to use. They perform effectively in
circumstances demanding rigorous student differentiation, such as when program size limits can restrict
the number of students advancing to higher level courses. It aids instructors in identifying the students
who do well academically when compared to other students. The disadvantage is that it could
encourage rivalry rather than cooperation, and when there is competition, students may pit themselves
against one another rather than work together. The upper group can leave the lower group behind. The
learning development of others may be hampered by discrimination and distance between the upper
and lower group.

2. criterion-referenced grading system

The advantage is that it measures a student's success in terms of their mastery of a particular set of
skills. It evaluates the student's knowledge and level of understanding at the time of the evaluation. The
student's test performance is not compared to that of other students. The disadvantages include the
difficulty of establishing fair criteria for the students without adequate teaching expertise. To guarantee
that the final grade given is based on the criterion, this kind should be established and have criteria that
the teacher should adhere to.