TL431/TL431A/TL431B

PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES

T H E I N F I N I T E P O W E R O F I N N O VA T I O N P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

DESCRIPTION
The TL431/TL431A/TL431B series
precision adjustable three terminal shunt
voltage regulators are pin-to-pin
compatible with the industry standard
TL431. The output voltage of this
reference is programmable by using two
external resistors from 2.5V to 36V.
These devices offer low output
NOTE: For current data & package dimensions, visit our web site: http://www.linfinity.com.
PRODUCT HIGHLIGHT
impedance for improved load regulation.
The typical output impedance of these
devices is 200mΩ. These devices find
application in the feedback path of
switching power supplies, OVP
crowbar circuits, reference for A/D,
D/A, and as zener diodes with
improved turn-on characteristics.
K E Y F E AT U R E S
W INITIAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE ACCURACY OF
0.4% (TL431B)
W SINK CURRENT CAPABILITY 1mA to 100mA
W TYPICAL OUTPUT DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE
LESS THAN 200mΩ;
TYPICAL OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE
TL431B LESS THAN 100mΩ
W ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FROM 2.5V
TO 36V
W AVAILABLE IN SURFACE-MOUNT PACKAGES
W LOW OUTPUT NOISE
W TYPICAL EQUIVALENT FULL RANGE
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF 30ppm/°C
W DIRECT PIN-TO-PIN REPLACEMENT FOR
INDUSTRY STANDARD TL431 AND TL1431

PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES

VIN VOUT

R1

TL431/A VO =
1 + R1 
  * VREF
& TL431B R2

R2

PA C K A G E O R D E R I N F O R M AT I O N
TA (°C) Initial
Tolerance
DM Plastic
8-pin
SOIC LP Plastic
3-pin
TO-92

2% TL431CDM TL431CLP
0 to 70 1% TL431ACDM TL431ACLP
0.4% TL431BCDM TL431BCLP
2% TL431IDM TL431ILP
-40 to 85 1% TL431AIDM TL431AILP
0.4% TL431BIDM TL431BILP
Note: All surface-mount packages are available in Tape & Reel.
Append the letter "T" to part number. (i.e. TL431CDMT)
TO-92 (LP) package also available in ammo-pack.

Copyright © 1999
LINFINITY MICROELECTRONICS INC.
Rev. 1.3 9/99 11861 WESTERN AVENUE, GARDEN GROVE, CA. 92841, 714-898-8121, FAX: 714-893-2570 1
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

A B S O L U T E M A X I M U M R AT I N G S (Note 1) PACKAGE PIN OUTS

Cathode to Anode Voltage (VKA) (Note 2) .................................................... -0.3V to 37V

Reference Input Current (IREF) ................................................................... -50µA to 10mA
Continuous Cathode Current (IK) ......................................................... -100mA to 150mA CATHODE 1 8 REF
N.C. 2 7 ANODE
Operating Junction Temperature
ANODE 3 6 ANODE
Plastic (DM, LP Packages) .................................................................................... 150°C N.C. 4 5 N.C.
Storage Temperature Range ...................................................................... -65°C to 150°C
Lead Temperature ..................................................................................................... 300°C DM PACKAGE
(Top View)
Note 1. Exceeding these ratings could cause damage to the device. All voltages are with respect
to Ground. Currents are positive into, negative out of the specified terminal. Pin
numbers refer to DIL packages only.
Note 2. Voltage values are with respect to the anode terminal unless otherwise noted.
1. CATHODE

2. ANODE
T H E R M A L D ATA 3. REF

DM PACKAGE:
THERMAL RESISTANCE-JUNCTION TO AMBIENT, θJA 165°C/W LP PACKAGE
LP PACKAGE: (Top View)

THERMAL RESISTANCE-JUNCTION TO AMBIENT, θJA 156°C/W

Junction Temperature Calculation: TJ = TA + (PD x θJA).

The θJA numbers are guidelines for the thermal performance of the device/pc-board system.
All of the above assume no ambient airflow

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Cathode (K)

Ref (R)

VREF

Anode (A)

Copyright © 1999
2 Rev. 1.3 9/99
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Note 3)

(Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply over the operating ambient temperatures for TL431C/TL431AC/TL431BC with 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C,
TL431I/TL431AI/TL431BI with -40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C.)

TL431/431A/431B
Parameter Symbol Test Conditions Units
Min. Typ. Max.
Reference Input Voltage TL431 VREF IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF, TA = 25°C 2440 2495 2550 mV
TL431A IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF, TA = 25°C 2470 2495 2520 mV
TL431B IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF, TA = 25°C 2490 2500 2510 mV
Reference Drift TL431C IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 4 17 mV
TL431I IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 5 30 mV
TL431AC ∆VREF IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 4 17 mV
TL431AI ∆VKA IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 5 30 mV
TL431BC IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 4 15 mV
TL431BI IK = 10mA, VKA = VREF 5 20 mV
Voltage Ratio, Ref to Cathode TL431, TL431A IK = 10mA, VKA = 2.5V to 36V -1.4 -2.7 mV/V
(Note 4) TL431B IK = 10mA, VKA = 2.5V to 36V -1.1 -2 mV/V
Reference Input Current TL431,TL431A IREF VKA = VREF, TA = 25°C 2 4 µA
VKA = VREF, TA = 25°C 1.5 1.9 µA
TL431B
VKA = VREF, TA = Operating Range 2.3 µA
Minimum Operating Current IMIN VKA = VREF to 36V 0.4 1 mA
Off-State Cathode Current TL431 IOFF VKA = VREF to 36V, TA = 25°C 0.1 1 µA
TL431A VKA = VREF to 36V, TA = 25°C 0.1 1 µA
VKA = VREF to 36V, TA = Operating Range 2 µA
TL431B
VKA = 36V, VREF = 0V, TA = 25°C 0.18 0.5 µA
Dynamic Impedance TL431 | ZKA | VKA = VREF, IK = 1mA to 100mA, f ≤ 1kHz, TA = 25°C 0.2 0.5 Ω
TL431B VKA = VREF, IK = 1mA to 100mA, f ≤ 1kHz, TA = 25°C 0.1 0.2 Ω
Note 3. These parameters are guaranteed by design.
∆VREF
Note 4. Ratio of change in reference input voltage
∆VKA to the change in cathode voltage.

Copyright © 1999
Rev. 1.3 9/99 3
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

GRAPH / CURVE INDEX FIGURE INDEX

Characteristic Curves Parameter Measurement Information

FIGURE # FIGURE #
1. REFERENCE INPUT VOLTAGE vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 8. TEST CIRCUIT FOR VKA = VREF
2. REFERENCE INPUT CURRENT vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 9. TEST CIRCUIT FOR VKA > VREF
3. CATHODE CURRENT vs. CATHODE VOLTAGE 10. TEST CIRCUIT FOR IOFF
4. CATHODE CURRENT vs. CATHODE VOLTAGE
5. OFF-STATE CATHODE CURRENT vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE Typical Characteristics
6. RATIO OF DELTA REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO DELTA CATHODE FIGURE #
VOLTAGE vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
11. EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD
7. EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE vs. FREQUENCY
12. SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION vs. FREQUENCY
13. REFERENCE IMPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY
14. PULSE RESPONSE
15. STABILITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Application Information
FIGURE #
16. SHUNT REGULATOR
17. SINGLE-SUPPLY COMPARATOR WITH TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED
THRESHOLD
18. HIGH CURRENT SHUNT REGULATOR
19. CROWBAR CIRCUIT
20. VOLTAGE MONITOR
21. PRECISION CONSTANT-CURRENT SINK

Copyright © 1999
4 Rev. 1.3 9/99
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

FIGURE 1. — REFERENCE VOLTAGE FIGURE 2. — REFERENCE CURRENT

vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2.60 5

2.58 VREF = VKA IK = 10mA

(VREF) Reference Input Voltage - (V)

(IREF) Reference Input Current - (µA)

IK = 10mA VREF = 2550mV R1 =

2.56 4 IK = 10mA
TL431/A
2.54

2.52 3
TL431B
2.50
TL431/A
2.48 VREF = 2495mV 2
TL431/A
2.46
TL431B
2.44 VREF = 2440mV 1
TL431/A
2.42

2.4 0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125

(TA) Ambient Temperature - (°C) (TA) Ambient Temperature - (°C)

FIGURE 3. — CATHODE CURRENT vs. CATHODE VOLTAGE FIGURE 4. — CATHODE CURRENT vs. CATHODE VOLTAGE

150 800

VKA = VREF VKA = VREF

125
TA = 25°C TA = 25°C
100 600
(IK) Cathode Current - (µA)

(IK) Cathode Current - (µA)

75
IMIN
50 400

25

0 200
TL431/A
-25
TL431B
-50 0

-75

-100 -200
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3

(VKA) Cathode Voltage - (V) (VKA) Cathode Voltage - (V)

Copyright © 1999
Rev. 1.3 9/99 5
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

FIGURE 5. — OFF-STATE CATHODE CURRENT FIGURE 6. — RATIO OF DELTA REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO DELTA
vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE CATHODE VOLTAGE vs. FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2.5 -0.85
VKA = 36V TL431/A VKA = 3V to 36V
(IOFF) Off-State Cathode Current - (µA)

VREF = 0 & TL431B

-0.95
2

∆VREF / ∆VKA - (mV/V)

-1.05
1.5

-1.15

1
-1.25

0.5
-1.35

0 -1.45
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125

(TA) Ambient Temperature - (°C) (TA) Ambient Temperature - (°C)

FIGURE 7. — EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE

vs. FREQUENCY
260

240
IO = 10mA
TA = 25°C
(VN) Noise Voltage - (nV/ Hz)

220

200

180

160

140

120

100
10 100 1k 10k 100k

(f) Frequency - (Hz)

Copyright © 1999
6 Rev. 1.3 9/99
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

PA R A M E T E R M E A S U R E M E N T I N F O R M AT I O N

Input VKA Input VKA

IK
IK
R1
IREF

VREF
R2 VREF

FIGURE 8 — TEST CIRCUIT FOR VKA = VREF FIGURE 9 — TEST CIRCUIT FOR VKA > VREF

Input VKA
IOFF

FIGURE 10 — TEST CIRCUIT FOR IOFF

Copyright © 1999
Rev. 1.3 9/99 7
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5 f = 0.1 to 10Hz
IK = 10mA
4
(VN) Input Noise Voltage - (µV)
TA = 25°C
3

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
0 2 4 6 8 10

(t) Time - (s)

FIGURE 11. — EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD

19.1V

1k

VCC
910
500µF 2000µF VCC

1µF
TL431/A
& TL431B (DUT) TLE2027
AV = 10V/mV
820 TLE2027 2.2µF
16k 16k
16

1µF
33k
160k

AV = 2V/V 1M CRO

0.1µF 33k

VEE VEE

Test Circuit for 0.1Hz to 10Hz Equivalent Input Noise Voltage

Copyright © 1999
8 Rev. 1.3 9/99
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 12. — SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION

vs. FREQUENCY
70
Output
IK = 10mA
60 TA = 25°C
(AV) Voltage Amplification - (dB)

IK

15k 230
50

40 9µF

30

8.25k
20

10 GND

0
Test Circuit for Voltage Amplification
-10
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M

(f) Frequency - (Hz)

FIGURE 13. — REFERENCE IMPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY

100
Output
IK = 1mA to 100mA
1k
TA = 25°C
(|zKA|) Reference Impedance - ( )

IK
10

50

GND

Test Circuit for Reference Impedance

0.1
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M

(f) Frequency - (Hz)

Copyright © 1999
Rev. 1.3 9/99 9
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 14. — PULSE RESPONSE

6
Output
5 220

4
VIN - (V)

3
Pulse
2 Generator 50
f = 100kHz
1

0
Output Voltage - (V)

3
GND
2
(VKA)

1
Test Circuit for Pulse Response
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(t) Time - (µs)

FIGURE 15. — STABILITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

IK
R1=10k
100
150
A VKA = VREF IK = 10mA
90 B VKA = 5V TA = 25°C
CL
C VKA = 10V
80
D VKA = 15V
(IK) Cathode Current - mA

B* R2
70 VBATT
Stable Stable
60
A* C*
50

40
Test Circuit for Curve A

30
150
D*
20
IK
10

0 CL VBATT
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

(CL) Load Capacitance - (µF)

* The areas under the curves represent conditions that may cause the
device to oscillate. For curves B, C, and D, R2 and V+ were adjusted to
establish the initial VKA and IK conditions with CL = 0. VBATT and CL were
then adjusted to determine the ranges of stability.
Test Circuit for Curves B, C, and D

Copyright © 1999
10 Rev. 1.3 9/99
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

A P P L I C AT I O N I N F O R M AT I O N

R (see Note)
VBATT VO VBATT

IK
R1 0.1%
TL431/A
& TL431B VO
VREF TL431/A
& TL431B
VON  2V
Input
R2 0.1% VOFF  VBATT

GND

VO =
1 + R1 
  * VREF
R2
Note: R should provide ≥ 1mA cathode current to
the TL431/A & TL1431 at minimum V BATT.

FIGURE 16 — SHUNT REGULATOR FIGURE 17 — SINGLE-SUPPLY COMPARATOR WITH

TEMPERATURE-COMPENSATED THRESHOLD

VBATT VO VBATT VO

R1 R1
TL431/A
& TL431B

C
(see Note)
R2 TL431/A R2
& TL431B

Note: Refer to the stability boundary conditions in

VO =
1 + R1  Figure 15 to determine allowable values for C.
  * VREF
R2

FIGURE 18 — HIGH CURRENT SHUNT REGULATOR FIGURE 19 — CROWBAR CIRCUIT

Copyright © 1999
Rev. 1.3 9/99 11
 PRODUCT DATABOOK 1996/1997
TL431/TL431A/TL431B
PRECISION PROGRAMMABLE REFERENCES
P R O D U C T I O N D A T A S H E E T

A P P L I C AT I O N I N F O R M AT I O N

R3 (see Note) VBATT

12V

R4 IO
R1A (Note)
TL431/A
TL431/A
& TL431B
& TL431B

R2A R2B RS
0.1%

Low Limit = 1 + R1B 

 * VREF
R2B 
LED On when
High Limit = 1 +
R1B  Low Limit < VBATT < High Limit
 VREF 
 * VREF
R2B  IO =
 RS 
Note: R3 and R4 are selected to provide the desired LED intensity and ≥ 1mA
cathode current to the TL431/A & TL431B at the available V+.

FIGURE 20 — VOLTAGE MONITOR FIGURE 21 — PRECISION CONTANT-CURRENT SINK

PRODUCTION DATA - Information contained in this document is proprietary to LinFinity, and is current as of publication date. This document
may not be modified in any way without the express written consent of LinFinity. Product processing does not necessarily include testing of
all parameters. Linfinity reserves the right to change the configuration and performance of the product and to discontinue product at any time.

Copyright © 1999
12 Rev. 1.3 9/99
This datasheet has been download from:

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