Exam Time Synopsis GS 2 Mains 2020 & 2021

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Role of Civil Services in India

Introduction The civil service system is the backbone of the administrative

machinery of the Indian nation.
Evolution of Civil Origin→ Mauryan time. Kautilya’s Arthshastra dictates certain norms
Services in India and conditions.
In Medieval time, strengthened by Mughals for controlling the
Kingdom.
Modern form evolved during British imperialism.
In 1947, free-India inherited the Indian Civil Service (ICS).
Constitutional Article 309: Powers of Parliament and state legislatures; Article 310:
Provisions Doctrine of Pleasure; Article 311: Dismissal, removal or reduction in
rank; Article 312: Creation of new All India service; Article 315 to
322: Deals with Public Service commissions; Article 323A:
Administrative Tribunals
What role does it Basis of government; An instrument for implementing Laws and
play? Policies; Participation in policy formulation; Provides continuity;
Role in socio- economic development; Developing a sense of
nationhood; Facilitating democracy; Calamities and crisis; The civil
servants settle disputes between the citizens and the state.
What is expected Honest intellectuals; purposeful persons; no-compromise-on-values
from Civil attitude; sincerity; Decision-making; Integrity; commitment to the
Servants? common good; questioning; conscientiousness; ability to think positive;
neutrality and impartiality; credibility.
Constraints mismatch between positions and skill sets; Lack of professionalism and
poor capacity building; Ineffective incentive system; Rigid and
outmoded rules and procedures; Lack of accountability and
transparency procedure; Political interference; Erosion in ethics and
values.
Reforms Suggested by 2 ARC and NITI Aayog’s Strategy for New India @
nd

Suggested 75- code of ethics; Civil Services Authority; appraisal system; no to

political interference; capacity building; degree course for civil
services; mid-service training and examinations; specialization;
accountability; procedure for transfer, removal or termination; new
Civil Services Bill; proper incentivisation; lateral entry.

Curative Petition

What is Curative A curative petition may be filed after a review plea against the final
Petition? conviction is dismissed.
Origin of Curative evolved by the Supreme Court in the Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs.
Petition Ashok Hurra and Anr. Case (2002)
What Constitution no explicit mention of Curative Petition in the Constitution of India.
says? Article 137 provides for the review power of SC over its own
judgments.
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SC has clarified that the Court's curative power derives from Article
142 of the Constitution, which grants the Court the power to do
justice.
What SC says about a curative petition can be entertained if- a violation of the principles
Curative Petition? of natural justice, and that he was not heard by the court before
passing an order.
judge failed to disclose facts that raise the apprehension of bias.
curative petitions must be rare rather than regular.
not governed by the provisions of the Limitations Act.
Mercy Petition Vs. Review Petition- A review petition can be filed by the parties
Review Petition Vs. aggrieved by the decisions of Supreme Court under Article 137.
Curative Petition Mercy Petition- under Article 72 or 161, not treated on legality
rather mercy.
Curative petition- filed after a review plea against the final
conviction is dismissed.
Conditions Review petition rejected. New evidence/ arguments found which
were not presented earlier before court. Allegation of biasness from
judge’s side. Certified by the senior-most lawyer. Circulated to the
three senior most judges and the judges who delivered the impugned
judgement and accepted by them.
Rejection of In the event of the Bench holding at any stage that the petition is
Curative Petition without any merit, it may impose a penalty on the petitioner.
When no new evidence found, it can be rejected.
No finding of biasness

Role of NGOs in India

What is NGO Non-profit making groups formed for social welfare or mankind.
Historical Begin with the formation of Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna
background- Mission etc. Worked for relief, rehabilitation, removing social evils etc.
Registration Can be as society, trust, cooperative, civil society or charitable
company.
Role For awareness, education, research, welfare of marginalized sections,
skilling, training, surveying, environment protection, development of
rural areas, culture revival, healthcare facilities.
Funding- Both government and foreign. Foreign funding under FCRA 2010.
Exemption under IT Act Sec 80G.
Issues with Opaqueness, lack of accountability, hidden motives, interference,
NGOs- foreign influence, partnership with non-state actors.
Problem of Lack of funding, accreditation, trained personal, reach, corruption,
NGOs- public distrust.
Constitutional Article 19(1)(c), Article 43(b), Entry 32 of State list and Entry 10 and
Provisions 28 of Concurrent list
Statutes for Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010, Foreign Exchange
NGOs- Management Act, 1999.
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NGOs and RTI- As per SC decision, now NGOs with substantial government funding
comes under public authority under RTI act.
Way forward Need for accreditation agency, need for monitoring and surveillance,
proper funding, need for policy, deregulation to certain extent.

Self Help Groups in India

What are SHGs? Informal group of 10-20 individuals, grouped voluntarily to promote
common interest.
Historical Began in 1985 with MYRADA. Then in 1992, NABARD started
Background- promoting it through SHG Bank Linkage Programme.
Characteristics- Homogenous background, common interest, active existence for at least
last 6 months, savings and credit operations, maintains records,
democratic working
Principles- Mutual trust, group approach, spirit of thrift, demand based lending,
collateral free, poor friendly lending, skill training, capacity building,
empowerment, peer pressure for repayment.
Formation- Begin without any external support, member contributions, lending from
this small sum, after 6 months of proper and efficient functioning
eligible for bank finances
Objective- Saving and banking habits, financial and technical strength, economic
prosperity, women empowerment, availing loans, capacity building,
community development
Benefits- Social integrity, women empowerment, pressure groups, voice to
marginalized sections, financial inclusion, easy access to government
schemes, changes in consumption patterns, banking literacy, saving and
financial decision making, access to credit, employment, participation in
local government, decision making within the household, self confidence
among members, change in household violence, community
participation.
Opportunities- Rural poverty alleviation, economic empowerment, resources utilization,
community development initiatives, leadership skill development,
cultural advancement, promoting rural arts, rural culture revival.
Challenges- Dependence on government and NGOs, lack of knowledge and training,
patriarchal mindset and social stigma, diversion of money, regional
disparities, sustainability, rural banking, lack of supporting
infrastructure, lacks security.
Government SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, Swarna Jayanti Swarojgar Yojana,
response- NRLM, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana, MUDRA loan.
Recent Covid-19 compacting through masks production, sanitizers and PPE kit
Development- productions, Sanitary Pad ‘Asmita Plus’ in Maharashtra, Disposable
carry bags to replace plastic bags, promotion of One District-One
Product scheme
Way forward- Government as facilitator and promoter, reducing regional disparities,
expansion of financial infrastructure, extension of SHGs to urban areas,
monitoring and reporting, need based approach.