CIVI 381 Hydraulics

AI-X

Student Name: Mayank Guglani

Student ID: 40080212

Lab 3

Experiment #5: Flow through a Horizontal Contraction

Experiment #6: Flow through a Horizontal Expansion

Lab Instructor: Rui Zeng

Date Performed: May 24, 2022

INTRODUCTION

The objectives of this lab are to analyze the flow of water in an open channel where horizontal expansion and
contraction takes place in the channel, determining the energy relationship and how to draw the Energy grade
line and hydraulic grade line on the water surface profile.

THEORY

Through a flat extension or withdrawal in a rectangular open channel is broke down in view of the situation of
progression condition, force condition and the energy condition.

At the point when there is a parallel choking, if it is sufficiently slim, the stream might become basic at the
tightening. Any more choking and the energy can't diminish further, and the upstream stream must increment
going through the tightening to stay basic. The accompanying conditions are utilized for a flat channel
expecting misfortunes are unimportant.

Continuity: B v y = Bv y = Bv y
1 1 1 t t t t c c

Energy: y + z + v12/2g = y + z + vt2/2g

1 1 t t

Momentum: 0.5 B γy
1 1
2–
0.5 B γy – F = Qi(v – v )
t 2
2
w t 1
 1. B and B are the widths of the flume at CS 1 and CS T.
1 t

2. v and v are the flow velocities at CS1 and CS T.

1 t

3. v and y represent the critical velocity and depth, respectively.

c c

4. y , y and y are the flow depths at CS 1, CS T and CS 2, respectively.

1 t 2

5. z and z are the datum elevations at CS 1 and CS T.

1 t

6. g is gravitational acceleration.
7. γ is the specific weight of water.
8. Fw is the force exerted by the flowing water on the flume walls.
9. Q is the total discharge; ρ is the density of water.

METHODOLOGY

1. Stream ought to be permitted to enter the flume and the upstream stream profundity ought to around be
kept up with at 12 in.

2. For the principal analyze, the free stream ought to be kept up with. The downstream rear end ought to
be turned so the downstream circumstances shouldn't impact the upstream stream conditions.
 3. Wait till flow is constant to measure readings of y , y and y . 1 t 2

4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 twice with different flow rates.

5. The two examinations ought to be made multiple times by the understudy utilizing an alternate release
each time.

EXPERIMENT 6

6. Measure y , y and y
1 t 3

7. For the third run make y = y and have a critical section at the point of choking.
1 2

8. Record values for y and y 1 t

9. Both experiments should be made three times by using a different discharge each time.

RESULTS FOR EXPERIMENT 5 & 6

L1 (m) 1.02
L2 (m) 0.95
L (m) 1.971
B = B (m)
1 2 0.313
Bt (m) 0.157

Q y1 yt y2 v1 vt v2 v1^2/(2g) vt^2/(2g) v2^2/(2g) E1 Et E2

RUN
(m^3/s) (m) (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
1 0.0155 0.16 0.096 0.029 0.30950479 1.02839703 1.70761265 0.00488243 0.0539042 0.14862084 0.16488243 0.1499042 0.17762084
2 0.01802778 0.176 0.107 0.032 0.32725417 1.07314589 1.79989794 0.00545848 0.05869735 0.16511889 0.18145848 0.16569735 0.19711889
3 0.02133333 0.193 0.125 0.0361 0.35314826 1.08704883 1.88802256 0.00635646 0.06022809 0.18168345 0.19935646 0.18522809 0.21778345

RUN Q y1 yt y3 v1 vt v3 v1^2/(2g) vt^2/(2g) v3^2/(2g) E1 E2 E3

1 0.02105556 0.215 0.161 0.214 0.3128844 0.83299266 0.31434647 0.00498964 0.03536579 0.00503638 0.21998964 0.19636579 0.21903638
2 0.02372222 0.225 0.163 0.221 0.33684377 0.9269752 0.34294049 0.00578306 0.04379628 0.0059943 0.23078306 0.20679628 0.2269943
3 0.02616667 0.235 0.18 0.227 0.35574287 0.92592593 0.36828006 0.0064502 0.04369719 0.00691285 0.2414502 0.22369719 0.23391285

RUN Q q yt Percent
 (m^3/s) (m^3/s/m) (theoretical) (experimental) Difference
1 0.0155 0.098726115 0.099784946 0.096 3.94%
2 0.018027 0.114821656 0.110355217 0.107 3.14%
3 0.0213333 0.135880892 0.123466534 0.125 1.23%

Q q yt Percent
RUN
(m^3/s) (m^3/s/m) (theoretical) (experimental) Difference
1 0.0210556 0.134112102 0.122392736 0.161 23.98%
2 0.023722 0.151095541 0.132518984 0.163 18.70%
3 0.0261667 0.166666879 0.141473967 0.18 21.40%

RUN Fw
1 21.062851
2 25.2928954
3 29.4979624
RUN Fw

1 40.0550829

2 43.2631734
3 44.9144656

CALCULATIONS
For experiment number 5 Run 1

Q = 55.8/3600= 0.0155 m /s
1
3

V = Q /(B *y )
1 1 1

V = 0.0155/(0.313*0.16) = 0.3095 m/s

1

E = y + v /2g = 0.16 + (0.3095) ^2 /(2*9.81) = 0.16488 m

1 1 1
2

For the remaining runs and experiment # 6 the same calculations apply

yt theoretical = (q /g) = ((Q /Bt) /9.81) = ((0.0305/0.152) /9.81) = 0.160 m

2 1/3
1
2 1/3 2 1/3

For experiment 5 Run 1 Difference = (ytheoretical – yexp)/ yexp

(0.09978 – 0.096)/ (0.096) = 3.94%

Fw = 0.5 B γy – 0.5 B γy – Qρ(v – v )

1 1
2
t 2
2
t 1

Fw = (0.5*0.313*9.81*(0.16) ^2 *1000 – (0.5*0.156*9.81*(0.05) ^2 *1000

– 0.0155*1000*(1.028– 0.3095) = 21.062N
GRAPHS
Examples of the charts by the values found above. Total energy line, water surface profile and Critical depth.

Run #2

0.2
5

0.
2

0.1
5

0.
1

0.0
5

0
0 0. 1 1. 2 2. 3 3.
5 5 5 5
X
(m)
Energy grade Hydraulic grade Critical depth
line line line
 Run #3

0.2
5

0.
2

0.1
5

0.
1

0.0
5

0
0 0. 1 1. 2 2. 3 3.
5 5 5 5
X
(m)
Energy grade Hydraulic grade Critical depth
line line line
 Run #2
0.2
5

0.
2

0.1
5

0.
1

0.0
5

0
0 0. 1 1. 2 2. 3 3.
5 5 X 5 5
(m)
Energy grade Hydraulic grade Critical depth
line line line

Run #3
0.
3

0.2
5

0.
2

0.1
5

0.
1

0.0
5

0
0 0. 1 1. 2 2. 3 3.
5 5 5 5
X
(m)
Energy grade Hydraulic grade Critical depth
line line line

Discussion & Conclusion

In conclusion the energy relationship was checked, and the complete energy inclination line was drawn and the
yc line was displayed on the diagrams. The qualities for v1,v2 and vt where acquired utilizing the progression
condition; B1v1y1 = Bt vt yt .The water profile is likewise shown. In specific cases, explicit energy at the
constriction was higher than upstream unambiguous energy which just affirms that blunders might have been
made in the research facility. The experimental results from experiments 5, 6 were used to find important
hydraulic properties such as the velocity of flow, the kinetic energy, and the total energy of flows at different
cross-sections 1, 2, T. The contraction and expansion created different flow conditions and flow characteristics
which were analyzed in the report. However, critical flow does not occur at the throat due to difference of
experimental and theoretical water levels at that location.