CIVI 381 Hydraulics

AI-X

Student Name: Mayank Guglani

Student ID: 40080212

Lab 2

Experiment #3: Hydraulic Jump

Experiment #4: Submerged Hydraulic Jump

Lab Instructor: Rui Zeng

Date Performed: May 17, 2022

INTRODUCTION

A hydraulic jump occurs when a fluid changes from a supercritical to a subcritical state in a very small amount
of time. Figure 1 below illustrates the phenomenon. The stream conditions decide the strength and area of the
leap. A water driven bounce can likewise be lowered, Figure 2 shows the peculiarity. A hydraulic jump can also
be submerged, Figure 2 illustrates the phenomenon.
The objective of part A was to demonstrate the formation of a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel and to
plot the SED and SFD diagrams. The objective for part B was to apply the momentum and continuity equations
to analyze a submerged hydraulic jump to generate the SFD and the SED , and to determine the energy loss due
to the jump based on experimental measurements and we for experiment 4 we will take same values as
experiment 3 but the only change is that Hydraulic jump has been drowned by adjusting the tail gate. We will
also verify the equation.

y = y3 .

Figure 1: SFD, Hydraulic Jump, and SED [1] Figure 2: Submerged Hydraulic Jump [1]

METHODOLOGY

1. Open sluice gate one inch using a machined block below the gate
2. Record flume width (31.3cm)
3. Record lowest count of depth gauges
4. Adjust stream control handle; permit the course through the entryway.
5. Increase stream rate to create supercritical stream in flume area downstream of conduit entryway
6. Read release from stream meter. Determine flow velocity v2 in flume section downstream of gate from Q
and cross-sectional area at cross section 2

7. Estimate Froude number (If Fr < 1, increase discharge).

8. Pivot tailgate up at downstream end of flume to form hydraulic jump
9. Adjust tailgate until toe of hydraulic jump is two to three inches downstream of sluice gate
10. Record stream profundity at toe (cross area 2) of water jump.
11. Record asymptotic flow depth at cross section 3, (about 40 inches downstream of toe)
12. Repeat Steps 1-12 three times
 RESULTS
TABLE I: OBSERVATIONS
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Initial reading of point gages at toe or cross section 2 (y ) (m) 2i y2i 0.000 0.000 0.000
Final reading of point gages at toe or cross section 2 (y ) (m) 2f y2f 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165
Flow depth at cross section 2 (y = y – y ) (m)
2 2f 2i y 2 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165
Initial reading of point gages downstream of toe or cross section 3 (y ) 3i
y3i 0.000 0.000 0.000
(m)
Final reading of point gages downstream of toe or cross section 3 (y ) 3f
y3f 0.08284 0.10019 0.11393
(m)
Flow depth at cross section 3 (y = y – y ) (m)
3 3f 3i y 0.08284 0.10019 0.11393
3

Discharge (Q) (m /h)3

Q 29.3 35.0 39.8

TABLE II: RESULT OF EXPERIMENT 3

Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
E (m)
2 0.143 0.196 0.249
E (m)
3 0.0828 0.0899 0.117
Head loss (∆E = E – E ) (m)2 0.0602 0.106 0.132
3

Head loss (∆E = (y3-y2)^3/(4y2y3) (m) 0.0534 0.0534 0.123

Power loss (H ) (W)
p 4.4 8.63 13.3
Froude number at cross section 2 (F ) 3.91 4.68
r2 5.32
Froude number at cross section 3 (F ) 0.011 0.416 0.037
r3

Momentum M 2 0.00133 0.0019 0.0023

Momentum M 3 0.00133 0.0018 0.0022

TABLE III: OBSERVATIONS

Run Run
Run 2
1 3
Flow depth at cross section 2 (y = y – y ) (m)
2 2f 2i y2 0.025 0.025 0.025
Gate Opening (m) 0.025 0.025 0.025
Initial reading of submerged depth immediately downstream of gate (y ) (m) i y i 0.000 0.000 0.000
Final reading of submerged depth immediately downstream of the gate (y ) f
y f 0.089 0.0919 0.106
(m)
Submerged depth immediately downstream of the gate (y = y – y ) (m) f i y 0.089 0.0919 0.086
Initial reading of the asymptotic depth at cross section 3 (y ) (m) 3i y3i 0.000 0.000 0.000
Final reading of the asymptotic depth at cross section 3 (y ) (m) 3f y3f 0.148 0.142 0.136
Asymptotic depth at cross section 3 (y ) (m) 3 y3 0.148 0.142 0.136
Discharge Q (m /h)
3
Q 38.4 33.6 27.5
 TABLE IV: RESULTS
Run# Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Y3 0.148 0.142 0.136
Y2 2.54 2.54 2.54
Y measured (m) 0.089 0.0919 0.106
v (m)
3 0.229 0.209 0.179
(gy ) (m/s)
3
0.5
1.20 1.18 1.15
Fr = v /(gy )
3 0.189 0.177
3 3
0.5
0.15
y /y
3 2 5.92 5.68 5.44
1 – y /y 3 -4.92
2 -4.68 -4.44
Y theo 0.12 0.12 0.12
%Error 25.92 23.1 11.9

CALCULATIONS

The analysis of a hydraulic jump is based on the equation of continuity, the energy equation, and
the momentum equation:
(1)
Continuity: v1 y 1 = v2 y 2 = v 2 y3 = q
Energy equation: (2)

Momentum equation: (3)

It can be shown that equation (3) gives the link between the flow depths at cross sections 2 and 3 as

(4)
where Fr2 is the Froude number evaluated using the flow velocity and depth at cross section 2, i.e.

Fr2 = v2.
gy2

Energy head loss occurs in the jump because of the energy dissipation by wave breaking and turbulence. The
dissipated energy cannot be recovered. We consider the head loss, E, due to the jump as the difference
between the specific energy at cross section 2 and that at cross section 3, i.e.

E = E2 − E3 (5)

We may include the head loss in the energy equation between cross sections 2 and 3. The energy equation is of
the form

y2 + q2
= y3 +
q2
2 2 + E (6)
2gy 3 2gy
2

Power loss (or the time rate of energy loss) in the jump is related the head loss by

Hp = gQE (7)

For flow in a flume of rectangular shape, between equation (1) and (3), it can be shown that

E= (Y3-Y2) ^(3)

4y2y3

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Head loss (∆E) (m):

E2=y2+q^2/2gy2^2=0.0165+(29.3÷3600÷0.313)/2×9.81×(0.0165)^2=0.14308 m
E3=y3+q^2/2gy3^2=0.08284+(29.3÷3600÷0.313)2×9.81×(0.08284)^2=0.0828 m
E= E2-E3 = 0.0602 m
E= (Y3-Y2) ^(3)
4y2y3
= (0.0828-0.0165) ^3 / 4 (0.0165) (0.08284) = 0.05340 m

Power loss (H ) (W):

p

HP=ρgQ∆E=1000×9.81×29.3÷3600×0.0534= 4.26 W
Froude number at cross section 2 (F ): r2

Fr2=Q/A Sqrt(gy2) = (29.3÷3600)÷(0.313 x 0.0165) x Sqrt(9.81 x 0.0165)= 3.918

Froude number at cross section 3 (F ): r3

Fr3=v3gy3= (29.3÷3600) ÷ (0.313 x 0.08284) x Sqrt(9.81 x 0.08284)=0.011

Momentum M (m): M2 = ((29.3/3600) ^2/ 9.81 x 0.0165 x 0.313) + 0.0165/2 (0.0165 x 0.313) = 0.0013 kgm/s

CONCLUSION
It is observed that hydraulic jumps occur between section 2 and section 3 where there is energy loss due to the state change
from supercritical flow to subcritical flow. Both cross section1 & 2 were created to illustrate this phenomenon. It shows the
flow state and height loss in cross section. The trends in the graph appear to indicate that there is more energy at higher
discharge rates than expected. Pressure drops were calculated and compared in two ways. This large discrepancy raises
questions about the validity of the data collected. The purpose of the experiment has been achieved. The theory of was
confirmed by the presence of supercritical to subcritical flows, and were generated from the collected data. Energy loss due to

jumps was also found by Equation = was also confirmed .The potential cause of error in this
experiment is the fact that water was flowing from the side rather than directly below.