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Introduction to Environmental
Engineering
Lecture Notes:
DR. RIHAM A.MOHSEN Chapter 3
Environmental
Chemistry
Adapted from
James R. Mihelcic, Julie B. Zimmerman “Environmental Engineering:
Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design”, 2nd Edition.
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Outline
❑Chemical Equilibrium
❑Precipitation-Dissolution
❑Chemical Kinetics
❑ Approaches in Environmental Chemistry
• Law of conservation of mass ➔ in a closed system, the mass of material present remains constant; the material
may change form, but the total mass remains the same.
• Stoichiometry ➔ calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions
Reaction Stoichiometry
Cs = KH×Pg
where
• Cs → the concentration of gas dissolved in the liquid at
equilibrium
• KH → Henry’s law constant for the gas at the given
temperature
• Pg → partial pressure of the gas above the liquid Partial pressure
of O2 in air
Example:
Lemon juice → pH 2
In stomach → pH 1.5-3.5
Baking soda → pH 9.5
Bleach → pH 13
HA H + + A-
pKa = -log(Ka)
• Strong acid ➔ strong tendency to dissociate
➔ high K a, low pK a, pK a < 2
• Weak acid ➔ less tendency to dissociate
➔ low Ka, high pKa
1 for solid
Solution:
Unit conversion to mole/L
[H+] = 10-9.79 M
pH = 9.79
Sorption includes
adsorption and absorption ...
❑Adsorption ➔ accumulation on surfaces of solids
Example: NH3 is adsorbed by charcoal.
❑Absorption ➔ interpenetration or intermingling
with solids
Example: NH3 is absorbed in water forming NH4OH.
Sorbate
Adsorption Absorption
(“partitioning”)
Solid Solid
liquid
CIVI 361 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
The Jargon of Sorption
Sorption Isotherms
Sorbate (pollutant)
Sorption Isotherms
Q (mg/g on sorbent )
Liquid
Dose • Describe equilibrium partitioning between
(g/L) amount sorbed and in liquid phase.
Time: 0 h Time: 24 h
Adsorbent:
Pesticide in
Activated Carbon
water
➔1g
➔10 mg/L
Liquid: water
➔ 100 mL
Ce, Q e ➔ ?
Pesticide in water
➔100 mg/L
Ce = 10 mg/L
(C0 – Ce)×V
Qe = • Adsorption ‘isotherm’ is a Q e -- C e relationship
madsorbent at equilibrium.
• Relationships depend on the type of adsorption
(100 mg/L – 10 mg/L) × 100 mL
that occurs.
=
1g • Adsorption isotherms can have many shapes.
= 9 mg/g
Linear ➔ all sites have
equal energy
Favorable ➔ added
adsorbates are bound with
weaker and weaker
energies
Unfavorable ➔ more
adsorbate presence
enhances the free energies
of further adsorption
Three most popular adsorption
isotherm models Linear Isotherm Model
1) Linear Qe = K d Ce
2) Langmuir
Kd = Partition coefficient
3) Freundlich
Adsorption ➔ linearly related to
aqueous concentration
Q = 50.1 C 0.533
e e
A solution at 25 oC containing 0.50 mg/L benzene is
to be treated in a batch process to reduce the
concentration to less than 0.01 mg/L. Compute the
required activated carbon dose.
The higher Kow ➔ the greater the tendency of the compound to partition from the water into organic phase
A B
❑ Chemical Kinetics
Kinetics – how fast does a reaction proceed?
Reaction rate is the change in the concentration of a
reactant or a product with time (M/s).
time
A B