Seminar report on ‘Optical Fibre’

ABSTRACT

In this seminar I am discuss about optical fibre.Also some

information about optical fibre like, it's history, basic working principle & how can
light travel in it. Like that we discuss about it's need and uses. Also it's advantages
& disadvantages.

INTRODUCTION

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An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of extruded
glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a
waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light
Between the two ends of the fiber.
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the
diameter of a human hair.

They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit light
signals over long distances.

Fig.1.Bundle of optical fibre

WHAT IS OPTICAL FIBER?

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If you look closely at a single optical fiber, you will see that it has the following
parts:

 Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels it have
8μm diameter

 Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the
light back it have 125 μm diameter

 Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage
and moisture it have 250-400 μm diameter

Fig.2Construction of optical fibre

HISTORY

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Fig.3 Total Internal reflection is the basic idea of fiber optic

In 1870, John Tyndall, using a jet of water that flowed from one container to
another and a beam of light, demonstrated that light used internal reflection to
follow a specific path. As water poured out through the spout of the first container,
Tyndall directed a beam of sunlight at the path of the water. The light followed a

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zigzag path inside the curved path of the water. This idea knows as total internal
reflection. This idea is the basic of fiber optic.

During 1930, other ideas were developed with this fiber optic such as transmitting
images through a fiber. During the 1960s, Lasers were introduced as efficient light
source. In 1970s all glass fibers experienced excessive optical loss, the loss of the
light signal as it traveled the fiber limiting transmission distance. This motivated
the scientists to develop glass fibers that include a separating glass coating. The
innermost region was used to transmit the light, while the glass coating prevented
the light from leaking out of the core by reflecting the light within the boundaries
of the core.

HOW FIBRE OPTICS IS ARE MADE?

Glass optical fibers are almost always made from silica, but some other materials,
such as fluorozirconate , fluoroaluminate, and chalcogenide glasses as well as
crystalline materials like sapphire, are used for longer-wavelength infrared or other
specialized applications. Silica and fluoride glasses usually have refractive
Indices of about 1.5, but some materials such as the chalcogenides can have indices
as high as 3. Typically the index difference between core and cladding is less than
one percent.

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HOW LIGHT TRAVEL IN OPTICAL FIBRE?

Optical fibers are very thin glass, plastic fibers. They design to guide light waves
along their length .It is work on the principle of ‘total internal reflection.

Total internal reflection:

The phenomena of total internal reflection due to the refraction (bending of light
ray when it passes through one medium to another medium) of light ray. here the
light ray incident on denser medium when it reaches at interface to rare medium
then it is reflect back in denser medium.

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Fig4.Total internal reflection in optical fibre

USES

• Communication
Optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and computer
networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. It is especially
advantageous for long-distance communications, because light propagates through
the fiber with little attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long
distances to be spanned with few repeaters.
• Sensor
Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. In some applications, the sensor is itself
an optical fiber. In other cases, fiber is used to connect a non-fiber optic sensor to a
measurement system. Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain,

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temperature, pressure and other quantities by modifying a fiber so that the property
to measure modulates the intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength, or transit time
of light in the fiber.
• Power transmission
Optical fiber can be used to transmit power using a photovoltaic cell to convert the
light into electricity. While this method of power transmission is not as efficient as
conventional ones, it is especially useful in situations where it is desirable not to
have a metallic conductor as in the case of use near MRI machines, which produce
strong magnetic fields.
• Optical fiber lamps are used for illumination in decorative applications,
including signs, art, toys and artificial Christmas trees
• Medical uses
Optical fibers are used in a no. of instruments that enable doctors to view internal
parts without having to perform surgery

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ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBRE

• Thinner

• Higher carrying capacity

• Less signal degradation

• Light signal

• Low power

• Flexible

• Non-flammable

• Lightweight

• Less expensive .

• Flexible Medical imaging

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DISADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBRE

• Optical fiber is more expensive per meter than copper

• Optical fiber cannot be joining together as easily as copper cable. It requires

training and expensive splicing and measurement equipment.

CONCLUSION

By this seminar I understood about the optical fiber and its properties. Also I
understood that the how the optical fiber works? And how the light can travel

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through in it? As well as the importance’s of optical fiber in day to day life & uses
of it. Also it’s overcome on metals.

REFRANCE

• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.yahoo.com
• http://www.fiber-optics.info/fiber-history.htm

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