CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Very Young
● Prevalence
. The prevalence is four in 1,000 live births. Heart defects are one of the most common causes
of infant death from a birth defect. CHDs are structural problems due to the abnormal formation
of the heart or major blood vessels.
● Incidence
The majority of birth defects in the United States are congenital heart defects (CHDs), which affect 1% of
live births (2). Children with CHDs may need specialized care and frequently use more medical and
educational services than children without CHDs.
● Risk Factors
Studies like the Muscatine Study and the Bogalusa Heart Study have demonstrated the link between early
exposure to various conventional cardiovascular risk factors. In particular, an increase in carotid
intima-media thickness is correlated with an increase in cholesterol and apolipoprotein levels in childhood
(cIMT)

Adolescents
● Prevalence
Among all adolescents, 43% showed evidence of one or more biological risk factors for cardiovascular
disease. Breaking that down according to weight, 37% of normal-weight, 49% of overweight, and 61% of
obese adolescents had one or more risk factors.
● Incidence
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated
17.9 million lives each year. CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and
include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease and other
conditions. More than four out of five CVD deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, and one
third of these deaths occur prematurely in people under 70 years of age.

● Risk Factors
The existence of modifiable CVD risk factors, namely, smoking, alcohol intake, diet quality, physical
activity, and overweight and obesity [13], during adolescence increases the chances of having a poor
cardiovascular risk profile in adulthood. Therefore, the prevention of CVD in adolescents is of the utmost
importance for researchers, health professionals, and policymakers to prevent premature death from CVD
in future generations.

Adults
● Prevalence
The most prevalent form of heart disease, coronary artery disease, claimed 382,820 lives in
2020. 7.2% or 20.1 million adults aged 20 and over have CAD. About 2 in 10 deaths from CAD
in adults under 65 happen in 2020. Adults over the age of 18 who lived in nonmetropolitan areas
were more likely to have heart disease (8.8%) than those who lived in metro areas (5.8%).
Prevalence increased with age from 0.9% among adults aged 18–44 years to 5.9% and among
those aged 45–64 years.
● Incidence
Since the incidence of CVD is rapidly rising worldwide, both developed and developing nations
currently rank CVD as the leading cause of death. 17.9 million deaths from CVD, or 31% of all
deaths worldwide in 2016, were recorded on a global scale. The overall incidence rate of
recurrent CVD events was 92.1 per 1000 patient-years of follow-up. The cumulative incidence of
recurrent CVD events during an 8-year period, assuming a steady incidence rate over time, was
73.7%.

Risk Factors
Leading causes of heart disease and stroke risk factors include high blood pressure, high
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and secondhand smoke exposure,
obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. Among adults with cerebral palsy, overweight
and obesity are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (CP). Compared to the general
population, deaths from CVD and the circulatory system are more common in raised blood
glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risk factors can be
measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart
failure and other complications.

Aged/Elderly
● Prevalence
About 20.1 million adults age 20 and older have CAD (about 7.2%). In 2020, about 2 in
10 deaths from CAD happen in adults less than 65 years old. The prevalence rate
increased with age from 22% in 45–54 to 38% in age 70 and above.
● Incidence
an incident cardiovascular event was defined as a self-reported myocardial infarction,
angina pectoris, or stroke that occurred between baseline and follow-up. Diabetes,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and chronic kidney disease were all risk factors for
cardiovascular disease.
● Risk Factors
Leading risk factors for heart disease and stroke are high blood pressure, high
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and secondhand smoke
exposure, obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. People aged 65 and up are far
more likely than younger people to have a heart attack, a stroke, or develop coronary
heart disease (also known as heart disease) and heart failure. Heart disease is also a
leading cause of disability, limiting activity and lowering the quality of life for millions
of elderly people.
 The heart and blood vessels can change as we age. For example, as you get older, your
heart can't beat as quickly during physical activity or times of stress as it used to. The
number of heartbeats per minute (heart rate) at rest, on the other hand, does not change
significantly with normal aging.

https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6410225/#:~:text=Moreover%2C%20the%2
0existence%20of%20modifiable,13%2C14%2C15%5D
https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Abstract/2012/10000/Risk_Factors_for_Cardiovascular_
Disease_in.30.aspx#:~:text=Among%20all%20adolescents%2C%2043%25%20showed,one%20
or%20more%20risk%20factors