Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF KIDAPAWAN CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas Street, Kidapawan City

Module Title & CG Code: Oral Communication In Context / EN11/12OC-Ia-2; EN11/12OC-Ia-4

Teacher’s Name: Faustina C. Cervantes
Session Number: First Quarter/Unit 1-Lesson 1
Time Duration: 2 hours

CONTENT: Nature and Elements of Communication

1. Definition
2. The Process of Communication
3. Communication Models

LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the period, the students can:

1. explain the nature and process of communication; and
2. distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication
process from the other.

LECTURE NOTES:
Introduction

How would you define communication? Why effective communication matters? Can we communicate
immediately as soon as we were born?
Interaction is not possible without communication. We did not have to be taught to communicate nor were
we taught the nature, the types, and the elements of communication, yet we communicate like we breathe.
So why do we need to learn about communication? By learning about it – its nature, process, elements
types and more- we are able to improve our ability to communicate. Developing insight into communication
makes us better communicators. As we become better communicators, we are able to improve our relationships
and achieve our goals in life.

Communication is basically defined in the following ways:

 A process of giving and receiving information, thoughts, ideas and feelings between a human source and
a human receiver using the words, symbols, or actions.
 Since it is a process, it involves a series of action that lead to a particular result such as the passing on
of a message and exchange of ideas, among others.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF KIDAPAWAN CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas Street, Kidapawan City

Elements of Communication Process

Communication has elements that work together to create a process and produces a system. It is
composed of the following:
 Source/ Senders- conveys the message or the origin. They are also called as the encoders of message
as they convert their thoughts into symbols or observable signals such as words. They are influenced by
4 factors: knowledge, attitudes. Communication skills, and the sociocultural system in which they belong.
 Receiver- the one who receives the message. They are also called as decoders. The receiver’s
interpretation and reception of the message is influenced by the same four factors that influence the
sender of the message.
 Message- are the ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from sender to receiver. The proper reception
of the message depends on correct interpretation by the receiver of the symbols sent of the sender. In
turn, correct interpretation by the receiver of the symbols sent by a sender is greatly affected by the
similarity between the culture and experience of the sender and receiver. When there is similarity in
schema or field of experience of both sender and receiver, there is a much bigger chance of correct
interpretation of message, and lesser chance of communication breakdown – occurs when the
message or feedback is not sent or received properly.
Message is also comprised of the following:

Message content – what the message contains.

Elements – the language, gestures, facial expressions, and the body movement used by the
source or communicator.
The communicator’s treatment of the message – how the sender delivers the message
(entertaining, funny, authoritative, firm, etc.)
Structure of the message – the arrangement of the message for maximum effect depending on
the goals of the sender.
Code of the message – the form in which the message is sent (e.g., language, facial expressions
or body language, dance, song, etc)

 Channel- the means or medium by which a message is sent. Usually, it is the air around the sender and
the receiver. When the sender uses a microphone or other device, then that becomes part of the channel.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF KIDAPAWAN CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas Street, Kidapawan City

The quality of the channel depends on how free it is of noise- anything that reduces the quality of the
signal sent by the sender through the channel and one of the causes of communication breakdowns.

Classification of noise:
a. Physical Noise- comes from the environment.
b. Psychological Noise- originates from emotional state, mental state, and psychological makeup
c. Physiological Noise- bodily conditions that compromise the ability of a person to send or receive
messages.
d. Semantic Noise- refers to anything relates to words that distorts or masks a message and confuses
the listener.

 Feedback- refers to the message transmitted by the receiver in response to the message of the speaker.
Feedback also enables the sender to make adjustments to the signals or message they sent, such as
improving pronunciation of words or speaking louder.
 Context – the environment where communication takes place
 Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication (e.g. noise, use of jargon, lack of confidence,
emotional barriers.

Communication Models

The communication process is best described through a discussion of different communication

models. In simple terms, models means a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process.

1. Linear Model
 this model shows a straight path relaying information.
 It is one-directional, which means that information from a sender is conveyed directly to the
receiver.
 The concept was first proposed by Aristotle and later on expounded by various scientists like
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver (introduced the concept of noise- barriers to effective
communication)
 David Berlo modified the linear model by identifying the 4 key elements: source/ sender, message,
channel, and receiver.
 The role of the receiver is viewed as the end point of communication process and doesn’t give
feedbacks.
Linear (SMCR) Model

Figure 1.1: The model shows a linear

model of communication: a one-way
process of communication. The sender
encodes a message (hello!) through a
channel which can be affected by some
communication barriers like noise. the
message sent is received by the target
which is the receiver for decoding.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF KIDAPAWAN CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas Street, Kidapawan City

2. Interactive model
 This model takes into consideration feedback from the receiver; which makes the communication
a more interactive, two-way process.
 The message in this model generates from 2 sources: the sender (message) and the receiver
(feedback).
 Feedback may come in many forms- spoken words, simple as nod of approval, a raised eyebrow,
even falling asleep during a lecture.
 Introduced by Wilbur Schramm, an expert in mass communication in 1954.
 He introduced the communicators’ “field of experience” (schema; cultural background and
personal experiences) and also considered the context (the setting in which the communication
situation takes place).
Interactive Model

Figure 1.2: The model shows an interactive

model of communication; the sender sends a
message to the receiver gives a feedback in
return. When the receiver gives the feedback,
they become the sender and the sender
becomes the receiver of the feedback. The
interpretation of the messages is affected by
both the channel, barriers and the field of
experience of both the sender and the receiver.

3. Transaction Model
 Developed in 1970s by Dean Barlund, shows communication as occurring continuously and
simultaneously between or among people.
 Instead of labeling participants as senders and receivers, they are referred as communicators.
 The model suggests that communicators generate social realities within social, relational and
cultural contexts and communicate to create relationships, shape our self-concepts, engage with
others in dialogue to build and create shared meaning and communities and not just simple
communicating just to exchange messages.
Transaction Model

Figure 1.3: The model shows a transaction model

wherein the communication simultaneously
occurring between communicators and are
greatly influenced by their field of experience
(physical and psychological) that can enhance or
impede communication.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region XII-SOCCSKSARGEN
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF KIDAPAWAN CITY
KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Roxas Street, Kidapawan City

RESOURCES:
Syjueco, M., Oral Communication in Context, DIWA TEXTBOOKS
Pena, A. & Anudin, A. (2016), Oral Communications, VIBAL GROUP INC.
pressbooks.bccampus.ca- Introduction to Professional Communications

ONLINE INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms

SUPPLEMENTAL LEARNING MATERIALS: