Oct 2022 Final Magazine - Compressed

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Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
We're Not a 'Geopolitical Football' Washington's
FM Bilawal Bhutto Balancing Act
in South Asia
Current Affairs
MCQs
Sep 2022
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CSS Times Pakistan’s Foreign Policy 03
We're Not a
'Geopolitical Football'
Pakistan's current government—an unlikely
FM Bilawal Bhutto coalition between two prominent parties that
were formerly rivals—came to power in April
First came a heat wave. Then glacial ice 2022. Islamabad's new top diplomat, Foreign
began to melt. Torrential monsoon rains Minister Bilawal Bhutto, has been doing the
arrived, and Pakistan was confronted with its rounds in New York and Washington in the
worst floods in living memory. About a third last two weeks, raising awareness around his
country's plight. Bhutto Zardari comes from a
of Pakistan remains underwater, with many
storied political dynasty: Both his maternal
thousands of homes submerged or washed grandfather, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and his
away. More than 30 million people in mother, Benazir Bhutto, served as prime
Pakistan are directly affected, with their minister of Pakistan. The former was executed
access to food now cut off. The threat of under order by Pakistan's then-dictator, Gen.
waterborne diseases is adding to what is Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq; the latter was
shaping up to be one of the world's assassinated as she campaigned for a third
deadliest crises this year. term in office.
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FP spoke with the 34-year-old Bilawal on FP back in 2010. I think that we were hyphenated
Live on Tuesday, Sept. 27. They discussed as “Af-Pak” and seen only through the prism
Pakistan's humanitarian response, its efforts of Afghanistan.
to raise aid money, and Islamabad's relations With our reengagement with the U.S. State
with Washington, Kabul, Beijing, and New Department and with the U.S. government,
Delhi. What follows is a condensed and lightly we've seen a more broad-based conversation
edited transcript. about our trade relations. But to be realistic,
Foreign Policy: You're in Washington right we have to understand that the world has
now. You were at the U.N. General Assembly changed. It's not just Pakistan or the U.S.
last week in New York. You've had a busy that has changed. We've seen a once-in-a-
American visit. Have you gotten what you lifetime pandemic. We've seen the fall of
came for? Kabul. We've seen the Ukraine crisis. It's a
Bilawal Bhutto: From our perspective, it has very different economic space. And a lot of
been positive. We've been able to highlight money is being spent domestically and on
the plight of our country, and we're very other international issues. I'm very cognizant
grateful to U.N. Secretary-General António that everyone is dealing with domestic
Guterres, who not only visited Pakistan before economic challenges.
the General Assembly meetings but FP: You mentioned the hyphenation of
effectively focused a lot of those meetings Afghanistan and Pakistan, and I understand
into talk about climate—in particular that things have changed. But if the two are
Pakistan's floods. now de-hyphenated, I have to ask: When
We're still in the initial rescue-and-relief America orchestrated the killing of al Qaeda
phase, and we're conducting our damage leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, what level of
needs assessment. So far, we've only launched cooperation did your country offer?
flash appeals, to which we've had a fantastic BBZ: I mean, it wasn't in our country, nor was
response—not only the United States' it in our information that this individual was
contribution of around $60 million but from there or that there was an operation to take
all of our friends. him out.
FP: Isn't that just a drop in the ocean, so to FP: Did Pakistan offer its airspace to
speak? America?
BBZ: It's all a drop in the ocean compared to BBZ: No. As I said, we were not aware of this.
what we need. Once we're done with the I don't think anybody was.
assessment, we'll be in a better place to
understand the total damage. At the moment, FP: Let's move from America to China, then.
it's just a guesstimate, which puts the total Beijing and Islamabad have become much
damage at $30 billion. friendlier in recent years. Your predecessors
have called the Pakistan-China relationship an
FP: I remember when Pakistan had “all-weather” friendship, which is also a dig at
devastating floods in 2010; more than 1,700 a supposedly fair-weather friendship with
people died. America stepped in with more America. But China hasn't quite come to
than $1.3 billion in various types of aid that Pakistan's aid in a big way this year—in its
year. They gave a fair bit in succeeding years greatest moment of need. Is that right?
as well. U.S. aid today is a fraction of what it
used to be. Does it worry you that Pakistan's BBZ: No, that's absolutely incorrect. Our
relationship with America isn't what it used to relationship with China is not new; it has long
be? roots, bipartisan roots. And I like to say that
we wanted to be friends with China when
BBZ: No, actually, I'm far more comfortable in nobody wanted to be friends with China.
our relationship today with America than Now, everybody wants to be friends with
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China. that we have in the past. Pakistan originally
FP: Not in America. played a bridge between China and the
United States, resulting in diplomatic relations
BBZ: Well, I would argue that it would be in between the two countries. And right now,
our interest for us to cooperate, but let's not particularly when we're drowning in floods, I
get into that debate. As far as helping don't want to play any part in exacerbating
Pakistan, China has helped Pakistan any tensions or being a geopolitical football.
whenever we have been in difficult times.
The previous administration left us in a In this time of great geopolitical division, I
precarious economic situation. Lifesaving would much rather play the role of a bridge
decisions for our economy were made first by uniting these two great powers around
and foremost by China as far as our floods working together for climate change. Perhaps
are concerned—not only the immediate aid Pakistan's unique position as a friend of both
relief but also as far as our loan payments are the United States and China could encourage
concerned. cooperation on this front.
Not everything is about the geopolitical FP: Former Prime Minister was in Moscow on
conflict of the United States and China. the very day Russian President Vladimir Putin
And I think it's preposterous that we're even announced his invasion of Ukraine. That was a
having that conversation while talking about different administration, of course, but where
my country's survival and our ability to deal does your government stand on the war? Do
with cataclysmic flooding—it's absolutely you feel like it's time to clearly condemn
ridiculous. We won't be able to confront Moscow?
climate change if the United States and
China don't work together.
FP: The reason I bring up China is because, if
you look at Sri Lanka for example, Colombo
will say it wasn't able to get help from Beijing
when it needed it most. So, it's a valid
question for many smaller South Asian
countries to wonder what kind of partner
China really is.
BBZ: So, as far as Sri Lanka's concerned,
obviously we're a completely different BBZ: I think that there's broad consensus
context. Sri Lanka went through an within Pakistan that we don't want to get
economic crisis; we're going through a dragged into this conflict, particularly
climate catastrophe. because we're just coming out of a
FP: I'd argue your country is struggling with decades-long conflict in Afghanistan, and
both a climate crisis and an economic one. frankly, we're exhausted by what war does
and the consequences for any one country.
BBZ: Yes, but in the sense that that was solely
an economic crisis of its own dynamics. But as FP: Let's talk about your country's military. It's
far as what China does—whether it's with Sri difficult to envision structural reforms to
Lanka or Pakistan—that's totally China's Pakistan's economy or its government as long
decision. Just like it's 100 percent America's as it has an all-powerful army. What's your
decision in either of these circumstances. sense of the army's role in 2022? Where do
Rather than being a point of competition or a you see it moving forward in relationship with
venue for these divisions to be exacerbated, I a civilian government?
would like Pakistan to continue to play a role
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CSS Times Facts for CSS Aspirants 2023 06
Global Ocean Observing System

World Metrological Organization has released GOOS Report
Card, 2022, highlighting the marine and ocean data
Findings: Ocean takes up 26% of 40 gigatons (A gigaton is a
billion metric tons. A metric ton equals 2,205 pounds) of carbon
emitted to the atmosphere annually.
Recommendation: Ensure access to FAIR Data (Find ability,
Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability); establish an early
warning system to reduce coastal zone risks.
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BBZ: Absolutely. Our history has been a
turbulent one. And, as you say, our [army has Washington's Balancing
been a] powerful force. I think any country
wants a powerful armed force. But we have
Act in South Asia
long advocated for all institutions within
Pakistan conducting themselves within their
legal mandate and transitioning away from
the more controversial roles that we've had in
the past.
I think a significant development here was the
no-confidence vote against Imran Khan in
April. For the first time in our history, through
constitutional, democratic means, we
managed to remove a prime minister. All
prime ministers who were previously removed · The U.S. has said its
were either by being hanged, exiled, or relationship with India and
through some sort of judicial verdict. So that's Pakistan is not in relation to
a significant point in Pakistan's political each other.
history, institutional development, and · U.S. State Department
democracy. And if that indicates that our spokesperson Ned Price said
armed forces or our institutions are that the United States had
transitioning from what was a controversial independent relations with
role to a constitutional role, that should be India and Pakistan.
encouraged across the board. "The relationship we have with India
FP: Circling back to climate change, you have stands on its own; the relationship we
called for a Green Marshall Plan. Give us a have with Pakistan stands on its own,
sense of how this would work. Your country We also want to do everything we
isn't the first to make these calls. Hopes seem can to see to it that these neighbours
to be pinned on the forthcoming COP have relations with one another that
meeting, but hopes have previously been are as constructive as can be
dashed there. possible."
Key Highlights:
BBZ: I don't think that because hopes have · India's External Affairs Minister
been dashed that we should stop trying. I criticized $450 million in U.S.
have talked about climate justice, and rather assistance to Pakistan for
than seeing it as a contradiction, I would see “sustainment and related
it as a continuation of the stated position of equipment” for its F-16 fighter
the president of the United States, and the jets.
leaders of many countries in Europe, that we · The US has asked Pakistan “to
need to invest, get the money together, not engage China on some of the
only for climate adaptation domestically but important issues of debt relief
also internationally. And within that context, I and restructure.
proposed a Green Marshall Plan for climate- Pakistan's engagement through
stressed countries, all of which contribute the US:
negligibly to the global carbon funds. · Counterterrorism
FP: Who would fund this? commitments
· Commitments to safe passage
BBZ: The great polluters who have caused · Commitments to the citizens of
this crisis. Afghanistan
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We have to come up with out-of-the-box
solutions, one of which is the proposal of a F-16:
debt swap for climate, where countries that · The F-16 is a lightweight, simple
owe a debt to the great polluters would swap
this debt. and relatively cheap aircraft
I understand that this isn't a solution that would making it immensely popular.
only be in the public sector space. We have to · It has a fly-by-wire control
encourage the private sector to invest in system, which is its most
climate adaptation. I believe that the public- innovative feature.
private partnership model could be adopted · In an F-16, the pilot gives
not only for green energy but also for green
infrastructure. electronic inputs through the
control stick, which is read by a
FP: It's been widely reported that your country
and your government has had a media computer that moves the control
crackdown in recent months. A TV channel has surfaces.
been shut down. Journalists have been o This feature makes it more
harassed. This isn't new in Pakistan, of course, manoeuvrable and stable.
but it hasn't stopped under your leadership. · Each jet can carry up to six air-to-
Why?
air missiles such as the AIM-9
BBZ: No, absolutely. We've only been in power Sidewinder, AIM-120 AMRAAM,
for four months, and the difficulties that
Pakistani press freedom has faced over the past and other Air-to-Air Missiles
four years have been exponential. Between (AAM).
2007 and 2018, we saw an expansion of rights Interestingly, Price equated India with
within the Pakistani context, with practically no
political prisoners, where we never went after Pakistan as partner countries with which
the [media], and we managed to create an the US has “in many cases shared values”
equilibrium in Pakistani politics and said and “in many cases shared interests.” This
goodbye to political victimization. needs to be understood properly.
Unfortunately, as Khan came into power, he
undid a lot of the progress we made on that Washington has taken note of Pakistan's
front. objection to the prioritization of India in
And once you put those norms, those rules, US regional policies in South Asia in the
those laws in place, it takes more than four past.
months to walk those back. But I would like to This shift removes a major hurdle in the
communicate to you our commitment to the
freedom of the press, and we will consistently trajectory of the US-Pakistan relationship
work to improve the environment in Pakistan. and is necessitated by a variety of factors
FP: We'll hold you to that. Just coming back to after the humiliating defeat that the US
the floods, are you getting any help from India? suffered in Afghanistan. Here, security
BBZ: No. considerations certainly constitute one
key factor.
FP: Do you expect any help from India?
The killing of al Qaeda chief Ayman al-
BBZ: No. Zawahiri was only possible thanks to help
FP: If you could say something to the Indian from Pakistan. Equally, the Afghan
foreign minister or the Indian audience situation remains dangerous and the US
listening in, what would you say?
cannot turn its back on what's happening
BBZ: If I could say something, I wouldn't say it there. The United States' dependence on
to you. Look, this is their choice, their position.
Pakistani intelligence has only increased.
FP: Have you asked for help?
Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari
BBZ: No, to be honest. I haven't asked
anyone. I didn't ask for help from the United has said he would like Pakistan to play the
States—they volunteered it. Didn't ask for role of a bridge between China and the
help from China—they volunteered. Didn't ask United States, rather than play a part in
for help from the Middle East—they exacerbating tensions or “being a
volunteered. In times of human catastrophe, I geopolitical football”.
think it tests everyone's humanity.
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CSS Times Current Affairs 10
Samarkand: A Miniature of An Emerging World

This year's annual meeting of the Council of
Heads of State (CHS) of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO), that took
place on September 15-16, 2022 in the Uzbek
city of Samarkand1 was the first in-person
meeting in two years since the onset of
restrictions imposed in wake of COVID-19
pandemic.
· Samarkand declaration was signed by Azerbaijan. All SCO members are dealing with
the member states. the economic impact of the Russian war in
· India takes over Presidency of the SCO Ukraine as well as climate disruptions like the
for 2023. floods overwhelming Pakistan.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Mistrust between India and Pakistan, full
(SCO) resumed in-person summits in members since 2017, make cooperation
the wake of the COVID pandemic and
difficult on the SCO's original core mission of
at a moment of unprecedent change
and challenge. Member states counterterrorism.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are at war The meeting was attended by the Heads of
over their border. So are dialogue State of all SCO permanent members,
partner states Armenia and including some from the organisation's
Nowble
Availa
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observer and dialogue partner states as well, points of contestation between the current
such as Azerbaijan, Belarus and Türkiye. Afghan authorities and the international
A significant detail about this 22nd regional community. He emphasized on a collective
summit of the SCO is that it took place in the effort by all SCO members to support all
backdrop of highly fluid and volatile good initiatives in Afghanistan which will
international environment which is marked have profound positive impact on peace &
by: armed conflict; economic and strategic security of Pakistan by extension, especially
crisis; and major power competition with regards to terrorism.
manifesting itself in different parts of the Position of countries during the Summit:
world, particularly in Europe, Africa, Middle · Russia: It was clearly on trial for its
East and Indo-Pacific. invasion of Ukraine.
· China: It was vulnerable because of
the deal with Russia on Taiwan in
return for a pledge to support Russia
in its war with Ukraine.
The U.S's stand at present:
· Center stage: It seems to have chosen
democratic countries to be at the
centre stage.
· Modernize Pakistani air force: The
U.S.'s decision to modernize the
Pakistani air force may be to preempt
Pakistan from becoming a closer ally of
Despite all the significant topics being China.
discussed and issues highlighted during the What are the Key Highlights of the
Summit, along with important developments Summit?
like: acceptance of Iran's bid to become a full § The Samarkand declaration advocated
member of the SCO; India becoming the SCO “commitment to peaceful settlement of
Chair for 2023; and granting of dialogue differences and disputes between
partner status to Egypt, Qatar & Saudi Arabia, countries through dialogue and
consultation”.
the speech of Pakistan's Prime Minister stood
§ They stress that the principles of
apart from the rest of the leaders' remarks.
mutual respect for sovereignty,
Amid all the noise concerning geopolitics,
independence, territorial integrity of
strategy and economics, PM Shehbaz Sharif's
States, equality, mutual benefit, non-
speech touched upon the profound perils to
interference in internal affairs, and
humanity (in tandem with the global issues non-use or threat of use of force are
mentioned earlier). PM Shehbaz Sharif began the basis for sustainable development
his speech with making an unfeigned plea for of international relations.
the people of Afghanistan who were § The member countries are planning to
experiencing a humanitarian crisis which was develop common principles and
exacerbated by the paucity of funds, which approaches to form a unified list of
necessitated the unfreezing of the country's terrorists, separatist and extremist
foreign assets. organizations whose activities are
The Pakistani PM made a compelling point prohibited on the territories of the
that helping Afghan authorities build a SCO member states.
sustainable economy will also enable them to § Russia is also looking at more
address the issues of political inclusivity, customers for its gas as Western
respect for human rights and ensure countries look to cut their dependence
education for all. Matters which have been on it.
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§Russia suggested that the organisation demilitarization talks which the four
should think about holding its own big former Soviet republics held with
athletic event.
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)? China to ensure stability along the
borders.
§ About:
o It is a permanent o Following the accession of
intergovernmental Uzbekistan to the organisation
international organisation. It in 2001, the Shanghai Five
was created in 2001.
was renamed the SCO.
o The SCO Charter was signed in
2002, and entered into force o Pakistan and India became
in 2003. members in 2017.
o It's a Eurasian political,
economic and military o Current Members:
organisation aiming to Kazakhstan, China,
maintain peace, security and Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan,
stability in the region.
Uzbekistan, India and
o It is seen as a counterweight to
Pakistan.
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), It is a o Iran is set to become a
nine-member economic and
security bloc and has emerged permanent member of the
as one of the largest SCO in 2023.
transregional international
organisations. SCO And Pakistan
Pakistan is the 3rd largest country (by
§ Official Languages: population - 6.83% of the total 3.23 billion) of
o Russian and Chinese. the SCO.
§ Permanent Bodies: Impacts of climate change in the form of
floods and unprecedented rainfall have
o SCO Secretariat in Beijing.
directly affected 15% of Pakistan's total
o Executive Committee of the population, with a third of the country under
Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure water.Despite Pakistan's obligation to bring
(RATS) in Tashkent. such issues to the fore at this SCO Summit, it
§ Chairmanship: is pertinent for all the SCO members as a
o It is by rotation for a year by collective to respond to the issue, especially
Member States. China and India (as they have largest
§ Genesis: populations in SCO 42.4% each and highest
carbon footprint), before any other country in
o Prior to the creation of SCO in the region falls victim to the impacts of
2001, Kazakhstan, China, climate change.
Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Issues raised by Pakistan during the SCO
Tajikistan were members of Summit 2022 are the ones that impact every
the Shanghai Five. country in the region and therefore it is the
collective responsibility of all to come up with
o Shanghai Five (1996) emerged a well-coordinated and united response to
from a series of border these challenges and SCO can prove to be a
demarcation and vital platform to this end.
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CICA
The 6th edition of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures
in Asia (CICA) is all set to be hosted by Kazakhstan in the country's capital Nur-Sultan
from 12-13 October 2022. Previously, the summit was held in the Republic of
Tajikistan on 15 June 2019.
· It is a forum aimed at enhancing cooperation through elaborating
multilateral approaches toward promoting peace, security and stability in Asia.
· Confidence building in Economic, environmental, human, new challenges
and threats, military etc.
About CICA
It was founded in 1999 and is a multi-national forum of countries having a part of
its territory in Asia. Pakistan is among its 27 members.
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CSS Times Disaster and Disaster Management 16
In Nature's Warning Signs,

A Nudge to Riparian States
There has been an increase in the Since Pakistan gets almost all of its
magnitude, the frequency and the surface water from its neighbours, it is
intensity of floods in many parts of the important to explore policy options and
world. determine implementation mechanisms
Climatic change has created many new for the future water security of the
issues for India-Pakistan water relations, federation and all federating units to
and they go beyond the scope of the Indus ensure that the shared water resources are
Waters Treaty (IWT). These issues reflect an climate-proofed to serve as a source of
epochal shift in the economic, social and cooperation.
ecological health of the Indus basin.
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India is the upper riparian, whereas Pakistan appropriate measures to prevent or
is the lower riparian state. mitigate conditions that may be
Recent examples of floods: harmful to other watercourse States.
· Pakistan's Provinces Sind , Punjab, International Law on Water Rights
Balochistan and Pakhtonkhawa International law provides a wealth of
· Indian States, Assam, Bihar precedents on water use rights and
Major impediments due to floods: obligations for both upper and lower
· Impeding Poverty alleviation riparians. The customary international law for
· Meeting Millennium Development transboundary fresh water resources provide
Goals(MDGs) for equitable utilisation, the Madrid
Declaration of 1911 says that the regime of
rivers and lakes, contiguous or successive,
could not be altered by one state to the
detriment of a co-riparian without the
consent of the other. This law was also an off-
shoot of the same customary law.
Similarly, the Article 2 of Declaration of
Montevideo 1933 points that no state may,
without the consent of the other riparian
state, introduce into water courses of an
international character, for industrial or
agricultural exploitation of their waters, any
alterations which may prove injurious to other
Obstacles in understanding the interested states.
magnitude of flooding:
· Lack of transparency: In the sharing Riparian State
of hydrological information
· Information relating to activities: By A riparian state is located alongside
one riparian state that is
a river.
transboundary in its effect (affecting
other riparian states). Riparian refers to anything located
Customary international law: on or related to the banks of a river,
· Use of territory: No state has to use such as riparian wildlife.
its territory in a manner that causes The roots of the word riparian are
harm to another state while using a related to rivers, and that's exactly
shared natural resource. what this word refers to: riparian
· Binding obligation: There is a binding things have something to do with
obligation on all states not to release the banks of a river or stream. A
water to cause floods in other co- person selling fishing lures by the
sharer of the river water. river has a riparian business. A frog
· Other procedural norms:
that lives by the river bank is a
o Notification of planned
measures
riparian critter.
o The exchange of data and Decreased Water Flow from the
information Upper Riparian State
o Public participation (India).Pakistan officials argue that
· Article 27 of the UNWC Convention: India has been reducing Pakistan's
Watercourse States shall, individually water flow by taking advantage of
and, where appropriate, jointly, take all being an upper riparian state.
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Article 4, Chapter 2 of Helsinki Rules 1966 as an upper riparian to stop or divert waters
on the Uses of the Waters of International of the rivers to the detriment of the people
Rivers', adopted by the International Law of Pakistan without the prior and explicit
Association, insists that, “Each basin State is approval from Pakistan beforehand.
entitled, within its territory, to a reasonable · The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960,
and equitable share in the beneficial uses of between India and Pakistan, with the
the waters of an international drainage World Bank as a party for certain
basin”. specific purposes, is itself evidence of
UN Convention on the Law of the Non- India's recognition and admission
navigational Uses of International that she does not have any
Watercourses adopted by General Assembly unaffected or arbitrary right as the
on May 21, 1997, is the treaty governing upper riparian to divert the waters of
shared freshwater resources and is common rivers.
universally applicable to all member states.
UN Convention contains 37 articles
arranged in seven parts. Yet Article 5,
contained in Part II, reflects the principle
that is widely regarded as the cornerstone
of the Convention, and indeed the law in
the field for equitable and reasonable
utilisation and participation. It requires that
a State sharing an international watercourse
with other States utilise the watercourse, in
its territory, in a manner that is equitable
and reasonable vis-à-vis the other States
sharing it.
With the UN Convention having been
ratified by 36 states – after 17 years of The International Court of Justice
adoption by the UN General Assembly – it (ICJ), in the Pulp Mills on the River
has entered into force on August 17, 2014. Uruguay (Argentina vs Uruguay)
While the majority of the countries have case (2010):
opted to remain outside its scope for now, · It upheld that conducting a
the convention, however, establishes an transboundary environmental
important international law governing cross impact assessment (TEIA) of a
border watercourses declaring water rights planned measure or projects on the
of all riparians as sacrosanct and non- shared watercourse is part of
violable. customary international law.
The customary international law, · The acting state must notify the
declarations, Helsinki rules and UN affected party of the results of TEIA.
convention on the subject establishes two · Way forward:
important principles for all river basins: one, · Floods in Pakistan and the visible
that the first right over the water of the effects of climate change: It is
rivers is that of the people living in the important that all riparian states
basin, and the second that the shared must comply with all the procedural
waters could neither be stopped nor duties pursuant to the no harm rule.
diverted without the consent of the other · Water Convention: Countries must
riparian state. also think of becoming a party to
For the Indus rivers water, therefore, either the UNWC or the UNECE
established international law prohibits India Water Convention.
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Speech by Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on which may prove injurious to other interested
Riparian Rights in International Law states. The same principle is made applicable
In order to approach the problem of riparian to successive rivers in Article 4.
rights in an objective manner, it would be The Interim American Bar Association at its
helpful to consider the legal position. In Buenos Aires Conference in November 1957,
international law there is a wealth of adopted a statement of existing international
precedents on the rights and obligations of law in which it is stated in Article 3 that
upper and lower riparians. The negation of a riparians are under a duty to refrain from
riparian's right to dispose of at will the waters making changes which might affect adversely
of an international river and the existence of the use of the waters by co-riparians, unless
the right of other riparians to make use of the the changes are made under an agreement or
system finds support in the conclusion a decision of an international court or
reached by every international group that has tribunal.
dealt with the problem. Not only do the terms of particular treaties
reflect the principle of mutuality of rights and
duties but their great number, coupled with
the infrequency of instances in which
riparians have disregarded the protests of
interested states, testified also to arrogate to
themselves the right to develop an
international river oblivious of the
corresponding rights of co-riparians.
To give a few examples: the treaty of Brazil-
Uruguay (1933), provides that the state
concerned shall not carry out the work
necessary until it has come to an agreement
with the other state.
The Institute de Droit International stated in The Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay treaty of
what has become known as the Madrid 1941 deals with the adoption of measures
Declaration of 1911 that the regime of rivers taken by common agreement for the
and lakes, contiguous or successive, could not utilization and development of the waters of
be altered by one state to the detriment of a the said river.
co-riparian without the consent of the other.
Interference with the utilization of waters by
other riparians was banned outright.
The Geneva Convention of 1923 specially
provides in Article 4 that if a state desires to
develop hydraulic power, which might cause
serious prejudice to any other contracting
state, the states concerned shall enter into
negotiations with a view to the conclusion of
agreements which will allow such operations
to be executed.
The Declaration of Montevideo of 1933 states
in Article 2 that no state may, without the
consent of the other riparian state, introduce
into water courses of an international
character, for industrial or agricultural
exploitation of their waters, any alterations
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The Dominican Republic Treaty of Haiti of by usage and custom established certain
1929 sets up a compulsory arbitration forms that prohibit an upper riparian from
procedure and limits the parties' right to the interfering with the flow« of a common river
waters of international rivers to just and without the consent of the lower riparian.
equitable uses having regard to the effect on There are many instances of such regulation
each other's water supplies. in the United States of America. However, it
The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, between may perhaps be more profitable to quote
India and Pakistan, with the World Bank as a some of the cases governing the provinces
party for certain specific purposes, is itself and states of India, our neighbouring country,
evidence of India's recognition and admission which too is a federation of states and
that she does not have any unaffected or provinces.
arbitrary right as the upper riparian to divert In 1892, the British Indian province of Madras
the waters of common rivers. and the state of Mysore, after a dispute as to
Quite apart from the international treaties their respective rights, agreed to certain rules
briefly referred to above, there are numerous regulating the uses of the waters of the
examples from within a state where the rights thirteen rivers in which Mysore had claimed
and obligations of states in a federation have superior rights as an upper riparian state.
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These rules, defining the limit within which no question of removing the weir. The Viceroy
new irrigation works are to be constructed by agreed that the action of Patiala would result
the Mysore state without previous reference in violating the rights of the lower riparian.
to the Madras Government, speak for A very strong legal ground for objecting to
themselves. the interference in the regime of a river by
The Indus Basin Commission headed by Sir constructing a barrage or a dam exists if by
Benegal N. Rau accepted, among others, the such a construction there is a diversion
following principles of law governing the affecting existing uses of the river. There are
rights of provinces and states with respect to many precedents in international law which
water: testify to the sanctity of existing uses. In
i. The most satisfactory settlement of disputes addition to these treaties which provide more
of this kind is by agreement, the parties or less specifically for the protection of the
adopting the same technical solution of each existing uses, such protection is also provided
problem, as if they were a single community by all the numerous treaties which stipulate
undivided by political or administrative against material or prejudicial alteration of
frontiers (Madrid rules of 1911 and Geneva the status quo without further agreement of
Convention of 1923, Articles 4 and 5). the parties. (Prussia-Netherlands 1850,
ii. If once there is such an agreement that in Sweden-Norway 1905, GermanyLithuania
itself furnishes the “law” governing the rights 1928, Lithuania-Poland 1938).
of the several parties until a new agreement is As the law governing the uses of international
concluded (Judgement of the Permanent rivers has not yet been codified, we have to
Court of International Justice 1937, in the look to the work of an international law
Meuse Dispute between Holland and group, like the International Law Association
Belgium). that has dealt with the problem, to ascertain
the current thinking as to the principles of law
that should govern this subject.
Considerable progress has been made in the
formation of principles by the International
Law Association. At its last session at
Hamburg in August 1960, the Association
adopted a resolution which provides for
resolving disputes between co-riparians in
four stages:
iii. If there is no such agreement, the rights of

several provinces and states must be
determined by applying the rules of equitable
apportionment, each unit getting a fair share
of water of the common river (American
decisions).
In the early 40's, the state of Patiala
undertook to divert supplies from the
Ghaggar River to provide increased irrigation.
A weir to divert the supplies was begun. The
Punjab feared that the planned increased (a) Consultation with a view to arriving at a
diversions would interfere with its existing settlement as to their respective shares in the
irrigation. It filed a protest through the benefits of a common river system.
Resident Agent, Punjab States, and requested (b) In the event of failure to arrive at an
the Viceroy to take up with Patiala the agreement through consultation, a
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commission should be constituted and the the well established principles of arbitration.
matter should be referred for determination Should a party refuse to have the differences
to that commission. resolved through good offices or arbitration,
(c) If this also fails, then the matter should be it is incumbent upon member states of the
submitted to arbitration. United Nations to invoke the peaceful
(d) As a last resort, the dispute may be taken procedures provided by the Charter of the
to the International Court of Justice. United Nations for the settlement of
The effect of this resolution is to assert that a
riparian is under a duty to refrain from
causing a change in the existing regime of
any international river, which could interfere
with the exercise by a co-riparian of its right
to share in the benefits of that river, without
consulting that co-riparian.
differences. Only when a state's legal and

moral position is weak, it hesitates to pursue
the established and civilized procedure of
settlement of disputes by peaceful means.
In the present context of international affairs,
there is no other means of settlement of
disputes except by means other than war.
This should be the cardinal objective of all
countries that wish to see the consolidation
of international law so that the element of
arbitrariness and provocation is removed
from the arena of international affairs.
The law on the subject of riparian rights is

fairly clear. This being so, it is the duty of all
peace-loving states to resort to negotiations
for the settlement of disputes affecting
riparian rights, or indeed for that matter any
other right. In the event of the failure of
negotiations, the machinery of international
law provides for the settlement of disputes by
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Publishers
Water Trading
· Water trading is the process of buying and selling

water access entitlements, also often called water
rights.
· Water trade allows water holders to decide whether
they need to buy or sell water at a particular time.
st
· 1 tradable water price futures index was launched
on the Chicago stock exchange in 2020.
· It is in practice in Australia, Chile, USA etc.
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CSS Times Post-Flood Economy 26
EFFECTS OF FLOOD
ON PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY
The damage from the floods in Pakistan will industry, and ultimately the cost of food.
be “far greater” than $10 billion, according to The agriculture sector makes up nearly a
the planning minister, after millions lost their fourth of Pakistan's gross domestic product at
homes and livelihoods while key roads and 22.7 percent. Its massive destruction –
bridges have been washed away. including that of the cotton crop, a key
The cataclysmic floods in Pakistan has source of revenue for the country – comes at
caused economic damages to the tune of a time when Pakistan has been struggling
around $18 bn to country's teetering with fast-shrinking foreign exchange reserves
economy, wiping out more than 8 million and when it is already reeling under severe
acres of crops and displacing more than 33 inflation, which touched 27.3 percent in
mn August, a five-decade high
Rural areas in Pakistan have been hit the As per a UN Food and Agriculture
hardest by flooding, which will have a Organization August 29 report, almost 80
compounded impact on Pakistan's farming percent of crops in Sindh, which produces
roughly 30 percent of Pakistan's total cotton
output, were destroyed.
As per the preliminary estimates, floods have
inundated 7 million hectares out of 22 million
hectares of total cultivated land which come
to around 33%. Initial assessment as per the
data shared by provinces to the Ministry of
Food Security and Research reveals damages
of Rs298 billion in the agriculture and
livestock sector. The agriculture sector
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contributes 23% of the GDP and 19% to the consumption expenditure. About 37.4% of
gross output. The agriculture sector output the labor force is employed in the agriculture
multiplier is estimated to be around 1.43. This sector.
represents the sector's ability to multiply Close to 70 percent of Pakistan's textile
input of 1% into output by 1.43%. The share industry, an important source of employment
of private consumption expenditure for the and foreign exchange, uses the cotton
agriculture sector is 12% which is the fourth produced in the country. Since nearly 35
highest share of any sector in private percent of that is produced in Sindh province
by farmers like Kingrani, the sector is girding
itself for a shortage.
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The floods of 2010 negatively affected the irreparable, as it contributes 1% of the GDP.
agriculture sector, as major crop production Vegetables, date palms, sugar cane, and rice
declined by 15%. Agriculture growth dropped crops also got badly damaged which can be
to 0.23%, pulling the overall GDP growth to translated into a 50% production loss. Around
2.58%. The destruction caused by the recent 700,000 to 800,000 livestock has been lost, as
floods is of a higher magnitude, as it has it contributes 11% to the national GDP.
flooded vast areas of cultivated land. The Geographically, 110 districts have been badly
damage caused to the cotton crop has been affected in all four provinces.
Publishers
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It is safe to estimate that the agriculture and increased unemployment.
sector production loss can be around 25-30%
including livestock losses and crop damages.
The contraction of 25% can have a far-
reaching impact as agriculture has a
meaningful contribution to gross output and
value addition. According to estimates
derived using Leontief's input-output model,
a contraction of 25% in the agriculture sector
generates a gross output loss of $21 billion
and a gross value addition loss of $14.7
billion which is 3.85% of the current GDP.
An Input-output model presents sectorial
linkages through various inputs used by a
sector to produce output. Sectorial gross
output losses reveal that the agriculture
sector will receive the majority of the burden The government should renegotiate with the
IMF to provide relief on the agreed condition
of provincial surplus and reduce non-
developmental expenditures, to spend more
on rebuilding infrastructure. The support
price for wheat should be announced as early
as possible with subsidies on farm inputs and
interest-free loans. Federal and provincial
governments should increase the budgetary
allocation of social safety nets with
immediate effect.
A high-profile committee with representation
from the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of
Planning, State Bank of Pakistan, FBR, PIDE
and others evaluated that poverty and
unemployment have gone up manifold, rising
and lose 76% of gross output and 80% of the from 21.9 per cent to over 36 per cent.
gross value added. Other sectors that may A UN policy memo suggested that Islamabad
suffer the highest are food, beverages, should suspend international debt
tobacco, retail/wholesale, trade and repayments and restructure loans with
chemicals, rubbers, and plastics. Food, creditors after the recent floods exacerbated
beverages and tobacco may lose 4% of the the financial crisis. It states that the country's
gross output and 1% of the gross value creditors should consider debt relief so that
added; retail and trade may suffer a loss of policymakers can prioritise financing its
9.5% of the gross output and 11% of the disaster response over loan repayment.
gross value added; and chemicals, rubbers The Pakistan Meteorological Department said
and plastics may lose 4% of gross output and that it was the wettest August since records
2% of the value added. began in 1961. National rainfall was 243 per
The economic impact of this nature can be cent above average. In the province of
summarised as a reduction of GDP growth by Balochistan, it was +590 per cent and in
3.84%. Next year's GDP growth shall remain Sindh +726 per cent, according to the
within 1-2% combined with higher inflation monthly report.
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Why are the floods so bad? Floods have impacted 2 million acres of crops
Pakistan's monsoon season usually brings and killed more than 794,000 heads of livestock
heavy downpours, but this year's has been across Pakistan, according to a situation report
the wettest since records began in 1961, from the UN Office for the Coordination of
according to the Pakistan Meteorological Humanitarian Affairs on August 26.
Department More than 800 health facilities have been
damaged in the country, of which 180 are
completely damaged, leaving millions of people
lacking access to health care and medical
treatment, as reported in many affected
districts, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO).
How is it impacting people in Pakistan?
Pakistan is facing twin food and health crises
brought by the unprecedented floods.
According to charity Action Against Hunger, 27
million people in the country did not have
access to enough food prior the floods, and
now the risk of widespread hunger is even
Torrential monsoon rainfall – 10 times heavier more imminent.
than usual – has caused the Indus River to “Our priority right now is to help save and
overflow, effectively creating a long lake, tens protect lives as waters continue to rise. The
of kilometers wide, according to images from scale of these floods has caused a shocking
the ESA on August 30. level of destruction – crops have been swept
away and livestock killed across huge swathes
In the southern Sindh and Balochistan of the country, which means hunger will follow,”
provinces, rainfall has been 500% above said Saleh Saeed, chief executive of the
average as of August 30, according to the Disasters Emergency Committee, a United
NDMA, engulfing entire villages and Kingdom-based aid coalition.
farmland, razing buildings and wiping out
The WHO has also classified Pakistan's worst
crops.
floods on record as an emergency of “the
Pakistan is responsible for less than 1% of the highest level,” warning of a rapid spread of
world's planet-warming gases, European disease due to the lack of access to medical
Union data shows, yet it is the eighth most assistance.
vulnerable nation to the climate crisis, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus on
according to the Global Climate Risk Index. August 31 warned of new outbreaks of
And it's paying a hefty price – the South Asian diarrheal diseases, skin infections, respiratory
country faced dramatic climate conditions tract infections, malaria and dengue in the
this year, from record heat waves to aftermath of the floods, while a litany of
waterborne diseases also posed health risks.
destructive floods – as the climate crisis
What is being done?
exacerbates extreme weather events. A National Flood Response and Coordination
What has been the damage so far? Center has been set up as the country reels
More than 33 million people have been from the flooding, according to Pakistan's Prime
affected, or about 15% of the population, Minister.
according to Pakistan's climate change The United Nations has launched a $160 million
minister Sherry Rehman on August 25. More appeal aiming to reach 5.2 million of the most
than 1 million homes have been damaged or vulnerable people in the country, while the
destroyed, while at least 5,000 kilometers of WHO also released $10 million to treat the
roads have been damaged, according to the injured, deliver supplies to health facilities, and
NDMA. prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
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CSS Times Hurricanes 32
Hurricanes are
getting stronger
Hurricane Ian strengthens as Cuba and prepare.
Florida brace for impact.
As Earth's climate warms, more storms are
undergoing this kind of rapid intensification,
growing quickly from relatively weak tropical
storms to Category 3 or higher hurricanes in
under 24 hours, sometimes stunning
forecasters and giving residents little time to
How climate change can rapidly intensify

tropical storms:
· Warming oceans fuel higher winds:
More than 90% of the excess heat
from human-caused global warming
over the past 50 years has been
absorbed by the oceans.
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CSS Times Hurricanes 34
· Winds intensify more rapidly: Rapid while also suggesting that the weather
intensification technically refers to an could take a turn for the worse and
increase of at least 30 knots, or 35 upset daily activities.
mph, in the maximum sustained winds · Orange (Cyclone warning): Meaning
over a 24-hour period, according to “Be prepared”, the IMD issues the
the National Hurricane Center. orange alert as a warning for
· Several elements other than ocean extremely bad weather, electricity
temperatures affect hurricanes: One blackouts and the possibility of
of those elements is vertical wind communication disruptions, including
shear or a measure of how much the road and rail closures.
wind changes in speed or direction at · Red (during or post-landfall
increasing heights in the atmosphere. outlook): The IMD issues the highest
o Strong vertical wind shear can level of warning—indicating
inhibit the development of authorities should “take action”—only
hurricanes by tilting the when it is guaranteed that bad
structure of a storm and by weather is going to upend travel and
forcing cool, dry air into its core. power and pose a significant risk to
The IMD's four colour codes are: life.
· Green (pre-cyclone watch): This code These warnings are based on 'the
means that “all is well”, there is no probability of occurrences and 'impact
likelihood of any adverse weather- assessment'.
related and there are no advisories The point of the exercise is to give authorities
issued. and people likely to be impacted enough
· Yellow (cyclone alert): The colour forewarning to be prepared to meet harsh
yellow signals authorities to “be or hazardous weather that has the potential
aware” or on their guard, with the to wreak severe damage, disrupt daily life or
likelihood of severely bad weather that cause loss of life. The warnings are updated
could last several days at a stretch, daily.
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Publishers
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

· International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has put the target of
net zero in the aviation sector by 2050.
· What is Sustainable Aviation Fuel?
· Sustainable aviation fuels are biofuels made from sustainable
resources, such as forestry and agricultural waste and used cooking
oil and can be blended with fossil jet fuel to reduce emissions.
· It is a 'drop-in' fuel, meaning it can be added with no changes
needed to the aircraft.
· In 2016, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted
a global market-based mechanism, the Carbon Offsetting and
Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), to
address CO2 emissions from international aviation (currently on a
voluntary basis).
· Beginning in 2027, virtually all international flights will be subject
to mandatory offsetting requirements
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CSS Times World Index 36
Publishers
Context:
The GII is published by the World Intellectual Which are the most
Property Organization (WIPO), a specialized innovative economies in 2022?
agency of the United Nations.
The 2022 edition of the Global Innovation Switzerland is the most innovative
Index (GII) tracks the most recent global
innovation trends against the background of
economy in the world in 2022 - for
th
an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, slowing the 12 year in a row - followed by
productivity growth and other evolving the United States, Sweden, the
challenges. It reveals the most innovative United Kingdom and the
economies in the world, ranking the Netherlands. China is nearing the
innovation performance of around 132 top 10 while Türkiye and India enter
economies while highlighting innovation the top 40 for the first time,
strengths and weaknesses. according to the GII 2022.
Index (GII), which classifies world economies

according to their innovation capabilities.
Among the South Asian countries, India
(40th) entered the top 40 for the first time. It
ranked first among countries in Central and
Southern Asia.
Sri Lanka (85th) and Pakistan (87th) both
improved in ranking compared to last year.
Pakistan ranks 87th among the 132 However, Nepal's rank remains unchanged at
economies featured in the Global Innovation 111th.
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The top 10 still counts only Western
countries, with the exception of Singapore in
seventh position, and showed improved
performance by the United States, which
moved up one spot to second place, ahead of
Sweden and Britain.
But China is swiftly closing in, moving up to
11th place from 12th last year, and from 34th
a decade ago.
India and Turkey both rose significantly in the
ranking, making it into the top 40 for the first · It is published by the World
time. Intellectual Property
The UN agency also highlighted how a Organization, in partnership
number of developing countries, including with Cornell University,
Indonesia, Pakistan, Kenya, Brazil and INSEAD, and other
Jamaica had performed “above expectation” organisations and institutions.
on the innovation index relative to their level · It is based on both subjective and
of economic development. objective data derived from several
GII sources, including the International
· The Global Innovation Index is an Telecommunication Union, the World
annual ranking of countries by their Bank and the World Economic Forum.
capacity for, and success in, innovation. · The GII reveals the most innovative
It was started in 2007 by INSEAD and economies in the world, ranking the
World Business- a British magazine. innovation performance of 132
economies.
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· The 2022 edition of the GII tracks the
most recent global innovation trends
against the background of an ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic, slowing
productivity growth and other evolving
challenges.
· Theme: What is the future of
innovation-driven growth?
What is the future of
innovation–driven growth?
In the past, innovation used to be a
key driver of economic growth, Global rankings
helping us to improve productivity. Top three innovation economies
However, since the 1970s, by region
technological advancements have Europe
not generated the type of sustained
productivity growth that we
Switzerland
experienced in previous industrial Sweden
revolutions. Nevertheless, techno- United Kingdom
optimists anticipate two major Northern America
innovation waves that could spurt United States
economic growth. Canada
Latin America and the Caribbean
Highlights of the Global Innovation Chile
Index 2022 Brazil
· Switzerland is the most innovative
economy in the world in 2022 – for
Mexico
the 12 th year in a row – followed by Central and Southern Asia
the United States, Sweden, the United India
Kingdom and the Netherlands. Iran (Islamic Republic of)
· China is nearing the top 10 while Uzbekistan
Türkiye and India enter the top 40 for South East Asia, East Asia, and
the first time, according to the GII Oceania
2022.
Republic of Korea
The biggest science and Singapore
technology innovation China
Northern Africa and Western
clusters in the world in 2022 Asia†
In 2022, Tokyo–Yokohama is the top Israel
science and tech hub in the world, United Arab Emirates
followed by Shenzhen–Hong Türkiye
Kong–Guangzhou (China and Hong Sub-Saharan Africa*
Kong, China), Beijing (China), Seoul South Africa
(Republic of Korea) and San Botswana
Jose–San Francisco (United States). Kenya
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Asian Palm Publishers
Oil Alliance
Formed by edible oil industry associations of 5 major palm oil importing

countries – Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, with the
aim to gain collective bargaining power and change the negative image
of palm oil for various purposes.
About Palm Oil
· It is edible vegetable oil produced from the palm fruit of Elaeis
Guineensis/Oliefera.
· It is rich in A and E and has no trans fatty acids.
· Asia accounts for 40% of global palm oil demand (India is the
largest importer (world's 15%))
In Pakistan: The potential areas suitable for oilpalm plantation are Math,
Tando Muhammad Khan, Nindo Shah, Tando Bago, Kunri, Umer Kot, Digri,
Jhudo, Jamesabad, Tando Allahyar, Tandojam, Mirpurkhas, Khipro, Hala,
Talhar, Keti Bandar, Ghora Bari, Shah Bandar, Pir Putho, Ghuhar Jamali,
Thatta, Ghulamullah. The total area comes to around 558,641 hectares.
In India: Palm oil cultivation is mainly concentrated in Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana
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CSS Times Telecommunication 41
What is the IMEI Number, and its Function?

· The IMEI is a unique number that is How to Check IMEI Number in Pakistan
used to identify a device on a with PTA
mobile network. It has 15 digits and Pakistan Telecommunication Authority
is like a phone's unique identity. The (PTA) introduced the IMEI Code Checker
number is used to verify the identity of procedure under the system DIRBS for
a device when a user uses the Internet Device Validity. This system is the Device
or places a call through it. Identification, Registration, and Blocking
· Phones with a dual-SIM option have System. This system has been designed to
two IMEI numbers, one for each SIM. identify and block illegal phones not
The IMEI number can help network
registered in Pakistan. These unregistered
providers track down a device in case
it gets stolen or is lost. Once such loss phones are identified through an IMEI code.
or theft is reported, the carriers can With the help of PTA, the IMEI blocklist check
deny the device access to the cellular code, you can have information about your
network even with a new SIM card. mobile
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So whenever you buy any phone, whether After downloading the app, open the App
used or not, you must check it for an invalid and enter the 15-digit IMEI number.
IMEI code. Once you know that the phone After following the procedure
you buy is unregistered under the PTA mentioned above, you will get one
system, there is a proper procedure for out of 4 responses from the DIRBS
registration. portal.
· Your device is “Compliant under PTA“
rules. It means your phone is approved
and legally imported into Pakistan.
· If the message appears on your screen
that your device is “Non-Compliant,”
there are two possibilities. Either your
GSMA could not locate its number, or
the device may have been brought
into Pakistan through informal
channels. To make an auto registration
under PTA in this regard, users are
advised to make calls, send SMS, and
When you buy any smartphone, do check if it keep using mobile internet from their
is registered or not. For this purpose, PTA has SIM(s) to get registered under PTA.
introduced an IMEI check mechanism to 1. If the option appears as “Valid
enable smartphone users to check if the Devices,” then the IMEI number is
device has valid or invalid IMEI. approved under GSMA but not PTA
You have to follow the instructions below to registered/compliant. For auto
check the IMEI number. registration, users should use their
IMEI Code Checker – How to check IMEI SIMS for making calls, sending SMS,
number and using mobile internet.
· Dial *#06# from your phone pad. 2. The message “Device IMEI is
· Then 15 digit IMEI code will appear on Blocked” shows that your phone is
the screen. “Reported Stolen”.
· You can search for a phone or box of Therefore, it is advised to buy only PTA
the phone for the IMEI number. Compliant and approved devices. For further
· A proper method is “Go to Settings of details, visit https://www.pta.gov.pk and
your phone > About Phone > Status > share your comments below about the PTA
IMEI information”. IMEI blacklist check code & your thoughts on
· For iPhone users, go to “Settings” > go how to check the IMEI number PTA process.
to “General” > then “About” (IOS How do I know if my IMEI is PTA
devices only). approved?
· You can also look for the IMEI number To check whether or not your IMEI number is
of your device by removing the back PTA approved, you need to dial *#06#, and
you need to then send a text message of
cover of the phone and the battery.
each 15-digit IMEA number to 8484.
You will find an IMEI number inside the
Can an IMEI be unblocked?
compartment.
IMEI blocked! No worries, the IMEI number
· You can go to the Web Portal DIRBS can be unblocked; you have to make an FIR
> Enter “15 digit number” > Press copy from a nearby police station and send
“Check.” your phone to the service provider. It will
· Send your 15-digit number via SMS to forward it to the Central Equipment Identity
“8484.” register's main office, where your blacklisted
· You can also download an Application IMEI will be removed from the blacklist, and
DIRBS app on your Android handset. you will be able to get your IMEI registered.
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What happens if a phone is not PTA from an illegal source. So, if you continue
approved? to use PTA, not legalized phones, you
The reason behind using a phone that is have to live with the fear that your IMEI
not PTA approved would be that your number will be blocked anytime.
phone is not legal, or the seller specifically
bought it
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Publishers
· Lumpy Skin Disease is a viral illness that causes prolonged

morbidity in cattle and buffaloes.
· Caused by the poxvirus Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV).
First observed in 1929 in Zambia, the LSD is a viral infection that causes
fever and nodules on the skin and mucous membranes of animals. The
non-zoonotic disease is transmitted by bloodsucking insects like ticks and
mosquitoes and can also prove fatal.
Dr Abdur Rehman, director-general (research) of the Punjab livestock
department, says that the LSD was non-existent in the subcontinent and
was first observed in India in 2019.
Cattle farming is an important activity for an agrarian economy like
Pakistan where the livestock sector contributed approximately 61.9 per
cent to the value-added agriculture sector and 14pc to the national GDP
during 2021-22.
More than eight million rural families engaged in livestock production in
the country are deriving around 35-40pc of their income from this sector.
Gross value addition of the sector has increased by 3.26pc in a year —
from Rs5.269 trillion in 2020-21 to Rs5.441tr in 2021-22 as per the latest
Economic Survey of Pakistan.
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CSS Times Geography 46
Russia Set to Annex Ukraine Territory

·Russia released vote tallies its troops currently control after UN-
showing overwhelming support condemned votes, putting the Kremlin
in four provinces to join it. on a fresh collision course with the US
The four regions are: and its allies.
· Donetsk Ukraine and its allies rejected the
· Luhansk annexations, pledging to continue
· Zaporizhzhia weapons supplies to Kyiv, which has
· Kherson
said it will press its counteroffensive
Russia vowed to go ahead with the
annexation of the parts of aimed at retaking the territories.
Ukraine that
Monthly
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Oct 2022
CSS Times UN Report 47
War Crimes
Context: Russian soldiers have raped and hitting, 11-minute statement to the U.N
tortured children in Ukraine, a United Human Rights Council in Geneva.
Nations-appointed panel of independent
legal experts said in a damning statement
that concluded war crimes had been
committed in the conflict.
A three-person Commission of Inquiry set up
in April to investigate the conduct of
hostilities in four areas of Ukraine laid out the
graphic allegations in an unusually hard-
Crimes committed:
· Russian soldiers have raped and
tortured women and children in
Ukraine
· They have also been killed and injured
in indiscriminate attacks with explosive
weapons.
· Executions of civilians in Bucha and
the mass burial site found near the
town of Izium after it was recaptured
by Ukrainian.
Monthly
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Oct 2022
CSS Times UN Report 49
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war, individuals can be held liable for the actions
such as of a state or its military.
· intentionally targeting civilian The report added more chilling allegations to
populations, torture, the list of crimes widely reported by Ukrainian
· taking hostages, rape and other sexual and international investigators probing the
violence, executions of civilians in Bucha and the mass
· enlisting or conscripting children, and burial site found near the town of Izium after
· intentionally directing attacks against it was recaptured by Ukrainian troops this
buildings dedicated to religion, month.
education, art and other cultural
The commission found that some Russian
aspects of society.
troops had committed sexual and gender-
1949 Geneva Convention regulated the
conduct of armed conflict and seeks to based violence, with the victims ranging in
limit its effect. It is based on the idea age from four years old to 82.
that
Monthly
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Oct 2022
Publishers
Tomistoma
The tomistoma (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a shy and reclusive

species that typically retreats from areas with a high degree of
human activity, according to most studies. However, increasing
human intrusion into its habitat may be causing it to attack
people, a new study has suggested.
The Tomistoma (Tomistoma schlegelii) is a shy and reclusive
species that typically retreat from areas with a high degree of
human activity.
· It is a crocodilian freshwater species native to South-East
Asia.
· It is also called 'False Gharial'.
· IUCN: Endangered
The tomistoma is a large, slender-snouted crocodilian species
native to southeast Asia. It is distributed across part of Borneo
(divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei), peninsular
Malaysia and Sumatra.
Monthly
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Oct 2022
CSS Times Water Management System 51
Integrated Urban Water Management

The challenges facing today's major cities are areas (UN-Habitat, 2009).
daunting, and water management is one of
the most serious concerns. Potable water
from pure sources is rare, other sources of
water must be treated at high cost, and the
volume of wastewater is growing.
With the rapid growth of cities, water demand
has exponentially increased. Even as
aspirations cause people to migrate to urban
areas, water depletion and scarcity remains a
huge challenge staring at people's faces in
the near future.
According to the United Nations Population
Fund, 3.3 billion people currently live in cities
and this number is expected to rise to 4.9 Thus, water management needs to undergo
billion by 2030 (UNFPA, 2007). This expansion a revolution to ensure most urban areas can
will be concentrated in Africa and Asia, where be self-sufficient in the future.
the urban population will double between
2000 and 2030. Latin America and the Pakistan is struggling to achieve many of the
Caribbean, in turn, will be more than 80
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
percent urbanised. By 2050, 70 percent of the
related to water safety.
global population is expected to live in urban
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Oct 2022
The Asian Development Bank has suggested of the whole period.
to Pakistan that holistic governance across Pakistan has more than 7,000 glaciers – one
sectors is required to address the growing of the highest numbers in the world – many
competition for water and to manage the of them in the Himalayan region.
effects of pollution, wastewater, floods, A University of Leeds study published in
droughts and land degradation at present December found the ice from glaciers in the
and in the future. Himalayas was melting “at least 10 times
higher than the average rate over past
centuries” a result of human-induced climate
change.
Moreover, the researchers reported the
Himalayas, which also covers other countries
in South Asia such as Nepal and India, had
lost 40 percent of their ice over several
hundred years.
Integrated urban
water management
The goals of urban water
management are to ensure access to
water and sanitation infrastructure
and services; manage rainwater,
wastewater, stormwater drainage,
and runoff pollution; control
According to a survey conducted by some waterborne diseases and epidemics;
international organisations, Pakistan wastes
and reduce the risk of water-related
about 30 million acre-feet (MAF) or 10 trillion
gallons of water per year. Several other hazards, including floods, droughts,
reports have indicated time and again that and landslides. All the while, water
Pakistan is the third most water-stressed management practices must prevent
country in the world and would face absolute resource degradation.
water scarcity by 2025 when its population is
expected to reach 227 million. The country's Water for all
per capita water availability has dropped by a · Integrated policies can help secure
whopping 400 per cent from 5,600 cubic sustainable development and ensure
metres in 1947 to about 1,038 cubic metres in there is innovation, efficiency and
2021. sustainability at every level.
8th most affected country
· IUWM has proven to be a successful
According to the Global Climate Risk Index
practice, but budget constraints,
published by non-profit group Germanwatch,
Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable nations inadequate guidance from
in the world when it comes to the effects of authorities and lack of awareness
climate change over the past two decades. have limited the implementation of
Between 2000 and 2019, the Germany-based this solution.
organisation ranked Pakistan as the 8th most · The government has also allowed
affected country. During this period, the sub- reuse of water based on circular
continent nation lost on average 500 lives economy principles.
annually as a result, or 10,000 over the course
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Integrated urban water management stakeholders, it is easier to define
system for reliable supply priorities, take action, implement
· Integrated urban water changes and take accountability.
management system (IUWM) is a · Shift in perception of water : It is
process, which ensures water essential to understand how water
supply, used water management, is inseparable in its connection to
sanitation and stormwater economic development, city
management can be planned in infrastructure and land use.
line with economic development · Understanding water as a
and land use. resource: Water is resource for
· This holistic process makes various end goals thus it will be
coordination among water easier to treat different kinds of
departments easier at the local water based on agricultural,
level. It also helps cities adapt to industrial and environmental
climate changes and manage water purposes.
supply more efficiently. · Customised solutions for
· Approaches to successful urban different cities : IUWM focuses on
water management specific contexts and local
· Collaborative action : When there requirements, it prioritises a rights-
is clear coordination between all the based solution approach over one-
size-fits-all approach.
Publishers
Monthly
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Oct 2022
Publishers
New Zealand push for Simple Language Bill

New Zealand has presented a bill in parliament, which highlights the use of plain and simple
language in official communication/ government legislation.
About the bill as introduced
The Plain Language Bill is a Member's bill in the name of Rachel Boyack MP. It aims to improve
the effectiveness and accountability of the public service by requiring communications to be
clear and accessible to the public. The bill would create plain language requirements including:
· requirements for using plain language in documents
· requirements to appoint plain language officers with responsibilities for plain language
· a reporting framework for how agencies are complying with plain language
requirements
· the provision of plain language guidance by the Public Service Commissioner.
Legislation will require government communications to be clear and concise. This has been
emphasized so that any person can understand what the government is trying to
communicate and what the government policies are about. This would also mean
accountability and inclusivity.
Minority and marginalized communities often struggle to understand jargon-laden
complicated Victorian English.
When governments communicate in ways that people don't understand, it can lead to people
not engaging with services that are available to them, losing trust in government and
not being able to participate fully in society. Those most affected are people who speak
English as a second language, have not attended university, have disabilities, or are elderly.
Plain language movement originated in the 1920s – UK, US and Canada had seen this
before.
Plain language means shorter sentences, simple acronyms etc. As language is a vehicle. It's
just a means to an end.
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Oct 2022
Publishers
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
A report by WHO has highlighted that NCDs are responsible for 74% of all
deaths worldwide but only 5% of healthcare aid goes to the prevention of
NCDs.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent
to 74% of all deaths globally.
Each year, 17 million people die from a NCD before age 70; 86% of these
premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
Of all NCD deaths, 77% are in low- and middle-income countries.
In Pakistan, NCDs are among the top 10 causes of morbidity and mortality,
and it is estimated that NCDs and injuries cause 77% of age-standardized
deaths.
What are NCDs?
The term NCDs refers to a group of conditions that are not mainly caused by
an acute infection, result in long-term health consequences and often create a
need for long-term treatment and care.
WHO Recommends:
· Implementation of Roadmap for the Global Action Plan (2023-2030)
for NCDs
· Universal health coverage for NCDs
· Inclusion of NCDs in Primary health care
· Tax on unhealthy products
· Greater consumer awareness
Previously
· WHO's Global NCD Compact (2020-2030) was launched with the aim
to accelerate progress on the prevention and control of NCDs
· India won a UN award for its Hypertension Control initiatives.
(Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high).
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Oct 2022
Publishers
CRITICIZES WHO FOR ACTING

'TOO SLOWLY
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19
pandemic castigated the World Health Organization (WHO) for acting
“too cautiously and too slowly” on several important matters.
· Issues over which WHO was criticized:
o Warning about the human transmissibility of the virus
o Declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
o Support international travel protocols designed to slow the
spread of the virus
o Endorse the public use of face masks as protection
o Recognise airborne transmission of the virus.
The Lancet COVID-19 Commission:
· It was established in July 2020
· 28 commissioners were appointed for the global experts in:
o Public policy
o International cooperation
o Epidemiology and vaccinology
o Economics and financial systems
o Sustainability sciences
o Mental health.
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is the
world's highest-impact general medical journal, and one of the oldest. It
was founded in England in 1823.
The Lancet has been owned by Elsevier since 1991, and its editor-in-chief
since 1995 is Richard Horton. The journal has editorial offices in London,
New York, and Beijing.
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CSS Times Awards & Prize 59
The 2023 Breakthrough Prizes

$15.75 Million Awarded To The Winners
This year three prizes were awarded: Silicon Valley entrepreneurs (California,
· For Life Science: For prediction of the US) for awarding scientific
structure of proteins and causes of discoveries/inventions.
narcolepsy. · Each prize carries $3 mn ( Nobel prize
· Mathematics: For theoretical carries $1 mn each)
computer science Key facts
· Physics: For work in quantum · The Breakthrough Prizes are
information international awards conferred under
three categories – mathematics,
fundamental physics and life sciences.
· These awards give recognition to
scientific advances in these fields.
· The awards were created in 2010 by a
group of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs –
Milner (venture capitalist), Mark
Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan
of Facebook and Sergey Brin of
Google.
· The Breakthrough Prizes were
conferred for the first time in 2012 and
Breakthrough prizes (also called 'Oscars the ceremony was hosted by Morgan
of Science') were created in 2010 by Freeman.
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CSS Times Awards & Prize 60
· Awardees receive 3 million USD each learning AI method that rapidly and
in prize money, which is higher than accurately predicts the three-
the 1 million USD received by Nobel dimensional structure of proteins from
laureates. their amino acid sequence.”
· These prizes are conferred at a · Emmanuel Mignot, Stanford
televised award ceremony that is University School of Medicine and
organized to celebrate their Masashi Yanagisawa, University of
achievements and inspire the next Tsukuba; for “discovering that
generation of scientists. narcolepsy is caused by the loss of a
· This year, three prizes were conferred small population of brain cells that
in the life sciences category, one for make a wake-promoting substance,
mathematics and one for fundamental paving the way for the development of
physics. new treatments for sleep disorders.”
· The total prize received by all these The Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental
awardees are more than 15 million Physics was shared by four individuals for
foundational work in the field of quantum
USD.
information:
Three 2023 Breakthrough Prizes in Life
· Charles H. Bennett, IBM Thomas J.
Sciences were awarded to: Watson Research Center
· Clifford P. Brangwynne, Princeton · Gilles Brassard, Université de
University, Howard Hughes Medical Montréal
Institute and the Marine Biological · David Deutsch, Oxford University
Laboratory; and Anthony A. Hyman, · Peter W. Shor, MIT
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell The 2023 Breakthrough Prize in
Biology and Genetics for their Mathematics was awarded to:
discovery of “a fundamental · Daniel A. Spielman, Yale University for
mechanism of cellular organization “contributions to theoretical computer
mediated by phase separation of science and mathematics, including to
proteins and RNA into membraneless spectral graph theory, the Kadison-
liquid droplets.” Singer problem, numerical linear
· Demis Hassabis and John Jumper, algebra, optimization, and coding
DeepMind; for “developing a deep theory.”
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Oct 2022
Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT)

Recently, American meteorologist Vernon Dvorak, credited with
having developed ADT in the 1970s, passed away at the age of
100.
What is ADT?
The Advanced Dvorak Technique (ADT) utilizes longwave-
infrared, temperature measurements from geostationary
satellites to estimate tropical cyclone (TC) intensity.
· During day time, images in the visible spectrum were used
while at night, the ocean would be observed using infrared
images.
Significance:
The Dvorak technique said to be one of the greatest
m eteorol ogi cal i nnovati ons , has undergone s everal
advancements since its inception. The current estimation method
is based on it. It has saved the lives of millions of people across the
world.
Monthly
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Oct 2022
Publishers
1st annual Breakthrough Agenda Report 2022

The first annual Breakthrough Agenda Report, requested by 45 world leaders, delivers a
progress report on the actions needed to deliver on the historic clean technology
commitment by governments representing two-thirds of the global economy.
A report on the progress of how countries have aligned their action plan and investment
for clean technology commitment to mitigate climate change.
What is Breakthrough Agenda (BA)?
· The Breakthrough Agenda is an unprecedented international clean technology
plan to help keep 1.5°C in reach. It provides a framework for countries and
businesses to join up and strengthen their actions every year.
· It has been released by the International Energy Agency, the International
Renewable Energy Agency and the UN Climate Change High-Level Champions.
· 1st set of agendas came up in COP26 last year (also known as Glasgow
Breakthroughs) on sectors such as-
· Power ( Clean power is the most affordable and reliable option for all countries to
meet their power needs efficiently by 2030.)
· Road ( Zero emission vehicles the new normal – accessible, affordable and
sustainable in all regions by 2030.)
· Steel ( Near-zero emission steel is the preferred choice in global markets)
· Hydrogen ( Affordable renewable and low carbon hydrogen globally available by
2030.)
· Agriculture (Climate-smart, sustainable agriculture by 2030)
· The report puts forward 25 recommendations for leaders to discuss at the Global
Clean Energy Action Forum and the 13th Clean Energy Ministerial to be held in
Pittsburgh, the US
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CSS Times CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs 64
National & International

MCQs
Publishers
CURRENT
Sep
2022
1 What is Pakistan's rank in the Global 2 Which country to host Asia Pacific ICT
Innovation Index 2022? Alliance Awards in 2022?
(a) 88th (a) China
(b) 90th (b) India
(c) 87th (c) Pakistan
(d) 99th (d) Singapore
Answer: © Answer: ©
Pakistan is a prominent climber in the GII

2022 ranking, entering the top 90 at 87th
place. This year, Indonesia, Uzbekistan and
Pakistan entered the group of Innovation
Achievers for the first time by performing
above expectation on innovation for their
level of economic development.
Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) |Oct 2022 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com
Monthly
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Oct 2022
3 Who is the current Chairman of the
Indus River System Authority (IRSA)?
(a) Qibly Ayaz
(b) Zahid Hussain Junejo
(c) Mehmood Akhter
(d) None of them
Answer: (b)
Mr Junejo is retired Chief Engineer (BS-20) of the Sindh irrigation department.

Under the IRSA Act of 1992, the regulator should comprise five members, one
each to be nominated by the provinces and one by the federal government.
Starting with Balochistan, the provincial members also perform the functions of
Irsa chairman in the order of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh and the federal
government for one year.
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Oct 2022
4 Which Humanitarian, activist and Answer: (a)
Hollywood actress arrived in Pakistan to
help flood victims?
(a) Angelina Jolie
(b) Scarlett Johnson
(c) Emma Watson
(d) None of These
Answer: (a)
Saudi Arabias' crown prince, Mohammed bin

Salman has been named prime minister of
the country.The post of prime minister is
traditionally held by the king. Before being
appointed as the prime minister of Saudi
Arabia, Mohammed Bin Salman as served as
Minister of Defence from 2015 to 2022.
Current Affairs in Short

Russia recognizes Independence
of two southern regions
Actress and humanitarian Angelina Jolie has · The President of Russia Vladimir
arrived in Pakistan to help raise attention to Putin recognized the
the plight of communities affected by the Independence of the southern
devastating floods. Monsoon rains and record regions of Kherson and
flooding have badly hit the country's north- Zaporizhzhia. It was done hours
west provinces, killing more than 1,400 before holding a ceremony to
people and affecting more than 33 million. incorporate them into the
Russian Federation.
Jolie has won numerous awards for her · As per the Russian Government,
humanitarian work, mostly focused on the the four Russian-occupied
plight of refugees around the world. This year regions of Ukraine- Donetsk,
alone, she's visited Yemen to urge the world Kherson, Luhansk, and
to help victims of the war-ravaged nation in Zaporizhzhia will be
March and was in the Ukrainian city of Lviv in incorporated into Russia.
May to meet some of the people displaced by · The President of Russia Vladimir
the war with Russia. Putin will also attend a
5 Who has been appointed as the Prime ceremony in the Kremlin at
Minister of Saudi Arabia? which they will be officially
folded into Russia.
(a) Mohammed Bin Salman
· On the other hand, the
(b) Al Waleed bin Talal Al Saud President of the United States
(c) Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud had said that the US will never
recognize Russia's attempt to
(d) Mutaib bin Abdullah annex territory in Ukraine.
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Oct 2022
6 When is World Heart Day observed? Samantha Cristoforetti from Italy became the
(a) September 26 first European woman to take over the
(b) September 28 command of the International Space Station
(c) September 30 during a ceremony broadcast live from space.
(d) September 29 Cristoforetti also holds the record for the
Answer: (d) longest stay in space by a woman after
spending 199 days in orbit in 2014 and 2015.
Asian Development Bank
announces support of $14 billion
for food security in Asia Pacific
The Asian Development Bank (ADB)
announced a $14 billion financial
support for the food security of the
Asia Pacific region on September 27,
2022. ADB will continue to invest in
other activities which contribute to
food security such as energy transition,
transport, environmental management,
health, and education.
World Heart Day is observed every year on 8 When is World rabies Day observed?
September 29 to draw attention towards the (a) September 27
rising problem of heart disease. The day (b) September 30
encourages people globally to follow the (c) September 26
dietary plan that will help in keeping their (d) September 28
hearts healthy. The theme for World Heart Answer: (d)
Day 2022 is 'Use Heart for Every Heart'.
7 Who has become the first European
woman to command International Space
Station?
(a) Anna Kikina
(b) Johanna Maislinger
(c) Samantha Cristoforetti
(d) Yelena Serova
Answer: (c)
Monthly
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Oct 2022
World Rabies Day is observed on September International Day For Universal Access To
28 to spread awareness about rabies and to Information (IDUAI) 2022 is observed on 28
bring together to enhance prevention and September to highlight the advantage of
control efforts across the world. It is having constitutional, statutory, or policies
celebrated in several countries including the that guarantee the public to access
United States. information for saving lives, building trust,
9 India has banned which Indian-Muslim and also help in the formulation of
Political Organisation? sustainable policies.
(a) Popular Front of India 11 Which International Financial
(b) Democratic Secular Party Institution has announced $14 billion
(c) Punjab Muslim League support for food security in the Asia
(d) Indian Union Muslim League Pacific?
Answer: (a) (a) World Bank
(b) Asian Development Bank
(c) New Development Bank
(d) International Monetary Fund
Answer: (b)
India banned the Popular Front of India (PFI)

and its associates, including the Campus
Front of India and Rehab India Foundation for
a period of five years under the Unlawful The Asian Development Bank has announced
Activities (Prevention) Act. a $14 billion financial support for food
10 When is the International Day for security in the Asia Pacific which is threatened
Universal Access to Information observed? by the Russia-Ukraine war and the global
(a) September 25 climatic conditions. The funding by the bank
(b) September 30 is for the period of 2022-2025.
(c) September 28 12 When is World Tourism Day observed?
(d) September 29 (a) 25 September
Answer: (c) (b) 27 September
© 29 September
(d) 30 September
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Oct 2022
Answer: (b)
World Tourism Day is celebrated every year
on September 27 to promote tourism in
various parts of the world. Tourism Day was
initiated by the UN World Tourism
Organisation and is observed to promote
tourism and understand its importance in the
world economy. The theme of World Tourism
Day 2022 is 'Rethinking Tourism''.

Meta shuts down Russia,
China-based influence campaigns
· The Parent Company of
Facebook, Meta took down two
separate covert influence youngest cabinet minister in Italy's history.
networks operating from China
and Russia. 14 Which country has granted its citizenship
· The company publicly detailed to former US Security contractor Edward
the takedown, as it remains on Snowden?
high alert for foreign (a) Germany
interference in the US midterm (b) North Korea
elections. (c) Russia
· The network from China was (d) Turkey
small and barely received any Answer: ©
attention, however, it did
include some accounts that
posed as the Americans on
both sides of the political
spectrum.
· The Russian Campaign, on the
other hand, was vast as it
pushed the pro-Kremlin
narrative about the war in
Ukraine.
13 Who is set to become the first female

Prime Minister of Italy?
(a) Giorgia Meloni The President of Russia Vladimir Putin
(b) Mara Carfagna granted Russian citizenship to the former US
(c) Daniela Santanche Security contractor Edward Snowden. He is
(d) Mariastella Gelmini one of the 75 foreign nationals listed by the
Answer: (a) decree as being granted Russian citizenship.
The leader of the Brothers of Italy Party, Edward Snowden is a former contractor with
Giorgia Meloni won the elections in Italy. By the US National Security Agency who has
doing so, she has become the first female been living in Russia since 2013 to escape
Prime Minister of Italy, and that too of a right- prosecution in the US after leaking classified
wing government. Meloni was also the documents.
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Oct 2022
15 When is the International Day for Total Current Affairs in Short
Elimination of Nuclear Weapons observed
Russia grants citizenship to
by the United Nations?
the former US Security contractor
(a) September 25
Edward Snowden
(b) September 26
(c) September 24
· Russian President Vladimir Putin
(d) September 27
granted Russian citizenship to
the former US Security
contractor Edward Snowden.
· He is one of the 75 foreign
nationals listed by the decree as
being granted Russian
citizenship. The decree was
published on the official website
of the government.
· Edward Snowden is a former
contractor with the US National
Security Agency. He has been
living in Russia since 2013 to
escape prosecution in the
United States after leaking
classified documents detailing
the surveillance program by the
US govt.
· Snowden was granted
permanent residency in 2020
Answer: (b) and had said at the time that he
The United Nations observed September 26 plans to apply for Russian
every year as the International Day for the citizenship, without renouncing
Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons. The his US citizenship.
aim is to enhance public awareness about the
threat posed to humanity by nuclear weapons
16 Which country has successfully cloned
and the necessity for their total elimination.
the wild Arctic wolf for the first time in the
world?
Current Affairs in Short (a) Japan
Giorgia Meloni: Italy got its first (b) South Korea
woman Prime Minister (c) Russia
Giorgia Meloni, the leader of the

Brothers of Italy party won the
election on September 25, 2022,
and is set to become the first
female Prime Minister of Italy.
Meloni won the election with a
huge margin and that too of a
right-wing government.
Nowble
Availa
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Oct 2022
(d) China
Answer: (d)
Beijing-based Sinogene Biotechnology Co.
has debuted on video the world's first cloned
Wild Arctic Wolf. The wolf pup named 'Maya'
is 100 days old and was born in a lab in
Beijing. Maya's donor cell came from the skin
sample of a wild female arctic wolf, which had
been introduced from Canada to Harbin
Polarland.
Women Asia Cup 2022 is scheduled to start on
October 1, 2022, and will see the seven teams
Current Affairs in Short playing for the coveted cup. Bangladesh is set
China founds a rare lunar to host the Women Asia Cup 2022 and the
crystal and nuclear power match will be played at the Sylhet International
source on moon Cricket Stadium. India will begin their
campaign in the tournament against Sri Lanka
In China, researchers have discovered a and will play its opening match on October 1,
new type of crystal nestled among the 2022.
volcanic debris on the near side of the
moon and a potential fuel source that Current Affairs in Short
could help revolutionize the making of 230 whales beached in Australia
clean and efficient energy on Earth.
The tiny and transparent crystal is · In Australia, more than 200
named Changesite-(Y), after the whales have beached
Chinese moon goddess Chang'e is a themselves in a mass
hundred years old and is as wide as
human hair. In early September,
stranding in Tasmania.
researchers with the International · Reportedly, the whales
Mineralogical Association said that the were discovered in
tiny moon crystal has a never-before- Macquarie harbour. It is the
seen composition and is related to same location where the
distinct minerals found only on the country's worst stranding
moon or in meteors. occurred exactly two years
A new mineral, Changesite-(Y), was ago.
discovered from the moon samples
· Half of the whales on the
retrieved by #China's Chang'e-5 probe,
making China the third country to beach appeared to be alive.
discover a new mineral on moon The reason behind the
stranding is still unknown.
17 Which country will host Women Asia 18 As per the UN Report, how many people
Cup 2022? globally were living in Modern Slavery in
(a) Pakistan 2021?
(b) Sri Lanka (a) 50 million
(c) UAE (b) 70 million
(d) Bangladesh (c) 80 million
Answer: (d) (d) 60 million
Answer: (a)
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Oct 2022
World's second deadliest disease. The day
serves as an opportunity for the world to
express emotional support and confidence
that with a zeal to live one can win the
hardest battle, even cancer.

Valery Polyakov, soviet
cosmonaut died
Valery Polyakov who set the record for
the longest single stay in space died.
According to a report by the United Nations, He spent a record 437 consecutive
around 50 million people globally were living in days aboard the Mir space station
modern slavery in 2021. As per the report, the from January 1994 to March 1995.
COVID-19 pandemic led to an increased risk of Before returning Polyakav orbited the
forced marriages in the countries such as Earth over 7,000 times. Earlier, in 1988-
Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, and Egypt. 89, Polyakov spent 288 days in space
19 World Rose Day is observed every year on a mission.
on?
(a) September 19 20 When is World Alzheimer's Day
(b) September 22 observed every year?
(c) September 20 (a) September 19
(d) September 18 (b) September 22
Answer: (b) (c) September 21
(d) September 23
Answer: ©
World Alzheimer's Day is observed every year

on September 21. Alzheimer is a brain
disorder that destroys the memory and
World Rose Day is observed every year on thinking capability of an individual. On this
September 22 for the welfare of cancer day, medical practitioners raise concerns over
patients. It is celebrated to show support and the problem and suggest ways to control or
love towards the people suffering from prevent it.
Monthly
HSM
Oct 2022
Russian President Putin announces
partial military mobilisation
· The President of Russia Vladimir

Putin announced a partial
military mobilization in Russia
as the war in Ukraine reaches
nearly 7 months and Moscow
seems to be losing ground on
the battlefield.
· As per the officials, the total 22 'Green Fins Hub', a global digital
number of reservists to be platform for sustainable marine tourism, is
called up is 3,00,000. Putin's associated with which global institution?
televised address to the nation (a) ILO
came a day after Russian- (b) UNICEF
controlled regions in eastern (c) UNEP
and southern Ukraine (d) UNDP
announced their plans to hold Answer: ©
votes on becoming integral
parts of Russia.
· His remarks also come against a
backdrop of the UN General
Assembly at which Russia was
warned about its plans.
· In his address, Vladimir Putin
said that he signed a decree on
the partial mobilization, which is
due to start soon.
21 An evacuation warning due to Typhoon

'Nanmadol' has been issued to which
country?
(a) Taiwan
(b) South Korea
(c) The Philippines
(d) Japan
Answer: (d) The United Nations Environmental
In Japan, millions of people were under Programme (UNEP) along with the UK-based
evacuation warnings as Typhoon Nanmodol' Charity Reef-World Foundation, recently
brought strong winds and heavy rain to the launched 'The Green Fins Hub'. It is a global
Southwest of the country after making digital platform that will give sustainable
landfall overnight. The powerful system marine tourism a major boost. The platform
weakened since Typhoon Nanmadol arrived will help diving and snorkeling operators to
around Kagoshima City in the Southwestern make simple, cost-efficient changes to their
region of Kyushu. daily practices.
Monthly
HSM
Oct 2022
Current Affairs in Short World Ozone Day is observed every year on
September 16 to bring global attention and
ICC confirms the venues for focus on the preservation of the Ozone layer
finals of World Test Championship The theme of World Ozone Day 2022 is-
editions of 2023, 2025 'Global Cooperation to protect life on Earth. It
· The International Cricket focuses on and encourages collective efforts
Council confirmed that the ICC and cooperation for the protection of life on
World Test Championship final Earth.
in 2023 will be played at The 24 Roger Federer announced retirement
Oval in London with the 2025 from Tennis on September 15, 2022. How
edition to take place at Lord's. many Grand Slams the tennis star has
· The two venues in London will won?
succeed Southampton, which (a) 15
hosted the inaugural final (b) 20
between New Zealand and India (c) 18
in 2021. (d) 10
· The Oval in London has Answer: (b)
previously hosted the finals of
the 2004 and 2017 editions of
the ICC Men's Champions
Trophy.
· South Africa and Australia are
currently the top two teams in
the standings, with a host of
teams on their trail, hoping to
surpass them on the table.
23 World Ozone Day is observed on?

(a) September 11
(b) September 9
(c) September 16
(d) September 13
Answer: (c)
Tennis star Roger Federer announced their

retirement on September 15, 2022, from
competitive Tennis. In his illustrious career,
Roger Federer has won a total of 20 Grand
Slams in Men's Singles Title. His first win was
in the year 2003 at Wimbledon where he had
beaten Andy Roddick in the semi-finals and
Mark Philippoussis in the final match.
25 United States has announced a new 600
million dollar arms package for which
country?
(a) Taiwan
(b) Ukraine
Monthly
HSM
Oct 2022
(c) Afghanistan 27 Which of the planet vanished from
(d) Israel sight during a lunar occultation on
Answer: (b) September 14, 2022?
(a) Mercury
(b) Mars
(c) Uranus
(d) Venus
Answer: ©
The President of the United States Joe Biden

announced a 600 million dollar arms package
to Ukraine. It includes the High Mobility On September 14, 2022, the sixth planet from
Artillery Rocket System, claymore mines, the sun appeared to pass directly behind the
night vision goggles, and mine clearing Earth's moon and went completely out of
equipment among others. As per the US, it sight for three and a half hours. The great
will provide Ukraine with key capabilities to disappearing act, also known as the 'Lunar
meet its evolving battlefield requirements. Occultation of Uranus', started at 4.41 PM ET
26 International Day of Democracy is and ended by 8.11 PM ET. However, only the
observed on? viewers in Northern Africa, Europe, and
(a) September 15 Western Asia were at the exact right angle to
(b) September 13 see the illusion work.
(c) September 11 28 Who is the Current Finance Minister of
(d) September 10 Pakistan?
(a) Shaukat Fayyaz Ahmed Tarin
(b) Miftah Ismail
(c) Hammad Azhar
(d) Ishaq Dar
Answer: (a)
International Day of Democracy is observed
every year on September 15. The day aims at
making societies collectively aware of their
democratic rights and the measures that are
taken by the governments to protect these
rights. The theme of International Day of Answer: (d)
Democracy this year is the importance of Muhammad Ishaq Dar is serving as the 42nd
media freedom to democracy, peace, and Finance Minister of Pakistan since September
delivering on the Sustainable Development 28, 2022. Dar was declared a Proclaimed
Goals. Offender in 2017 and 2022, respectively.

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