Line distance protection REL670

Power swing detection General

ABB Grid Automation Products
1MRG027053
Power swing detection General
Contents

• Powers swing – Basics

• Transient stability

• Equal Area Criterion

January 29, 2018 Slide 2

Power swing
The problem

• Power swing
• Oscillations of mechanical masses in power
system, Oscillation will decay
• Caused by
• Not recovered power swing, Fault occurrence
or clearance
• Out of step
• Large jump in load

January 29, 2018 Slide 3

Power swing
Mechanical analogy

• The ball represent generator

• The strings represent the transmission
line

January 29, 2018 Slide 4

Power swing
Transient stability

• The simplest generator model,

• The voltage magnitude is fixed, but its angle
changes according to the mechanical
dynamics

𝑉𝑉 ∗ 𝐸𝐸
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 (δ) = sin 𝛿𝛿
(𝑋𝑋𝑑𝑑 + 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇 )

January 29, 2018 Slide 5

Power swing
Transient stability

Assume a generator is supplying power to an

infinite bus through two parallel transmission lines.
Then a balanced three phase fault occurs at the
terminal of one of the lines. The fault is cleared by
the opening of this line’s circuit breakers.

January 29, 2018 Slide 6

Power swing
Transient stability

The pre-fault system has two equilibrium points;

the left one is stable, the right one is unstable

−1
𝑃𝑃𝑀𝑀 𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝛿𝛿 = sin ( )
𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎

January 29, 2018 Slide 7

Power swing
Transient stability

• During the fault the system

changes

 The equivalent system during the fault is then

• During this fault no power can be transferred from the
generator to the system

January 29, 2018 Slide 8

Power swing
Transient stability

• After the fault the system again

changes

• The equivalent system after the fault is

then

January 29, 2018 Slide 9

Power swing
Transient stability

During the disturbance the form of Pe (δ ) changes,

altering the power system dynamics:
1  EaVth 
δ  PM − X sin δ 
M  th 

January 29, 2018 Slide 10

Power swing
Transient stability

January 29, 2018 Slide 11

Power swing
Transient stability

• Synchronous machine is operating in steady state delivering a power Pe equal to Pm when there is a fault occurs in the
system.

• Opening up of the circuit breakers in the faulted section subsequently clears the fault. The circuit breakers take about 5/6
cycles to open and the subsequent post-fault transient last for another few cycles.

• The input power, on the other hand, is supplied by a prime mover that is usually driven by a steam turbine. The time constant
of the turbine mass system is of the order of few seconds, while the electrical system time constant is in milliseconds.

• Therefore, for all practical purpose, the mechanical power is remains constant during this period when the electrical
transients occur. The transient stability study therefore concentrates on the ability of the power system to recover from the
fault and deliver the constant power Pm with a possible new load angle δ .

January 29, 2018 Slide 12

Power swing
Transient stability; Equal Area Criterion

January 29, 2018 Slide 13

Power swing
Transient stability; Equal Area Criterion

January 29, 2018 Slide 14