RULE BOOK ALTERNATIVE TRANSIENT PROGRAM i RB-04E.PDF q W-E Saturable transformer component ~~ [4E1124_] [(CAUE - COMITE ARGENTINO DE USUARIOS DE EMTP - ATPV.E. Sacurable tranatorser component = Iv.E. Saturable transformer component The "saturable transformer" model is not a supporting routine: it has to be used in the actual electrical network simulation data set and should be placed in the grouping of normal branch cards. As output variables of this model, following variables can be obtained by proper flagging in column 80: ~ the branch voltage of the magnetizing reactance branch - the branch current of the magnetizing reactance branch = current in winding 1 Following will explain the input data-deck structure for single-phase and 3-phase winding transformers (with N = 2 or 3). The single-phase and 3-phase 3-leg shell-type or 5-leg core-type transformer basically are using the same model, although a storage-saving option (called "Reference-component procedure") is recommmended to use for the 3-phase 3-leg shell-type or 5-leg core-type case. For the 3-phase 3-leg core-type transformer on the other hand, a totally different model is needed, taking into account the homopolar reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Therefore these models will be discussed separately. IV.£.1 Single-phase case A single-phase two-winding transformer can be represented in the following way (Fig.1). IDEAL BUS1-1 BUSTOP N1:N2 BUS1-2 . a —_— ut R1 i 1 { R2 L2 2 | Low voltage Ze le || High voltage winding acig \ winding eI I BUS2-1 l BUS2-2 . : Fig.1: Single-phase two-winding cose - There is one single-phase 2-winding ideal transformer involved, thus providing the correct transformation ratios for the winding 2 with respect to winding 1. ~ Both windings "k" have an associated leakage-impedance, characterized by resistance Rk and inductance Lk. Note that the value for this leakage-impedance can be obtained out of the short-circuit impedance. Leakage inductance L2 has to be non-zero, but Li can have a zero value. 292(V8, saturable tranetormer component - The saturation effect is confined to a single nonlinear reactor (SATURA, see @ fig.1) in the circuit of winding 1. As a consequence, the saturation branch thus is connected to the star point, which is not always the best connection point: ideally the nonlinear inductance should be connected to that point of the equivalent star circuit where the integrated voltage equals the iron-core flux. Normally, this is only true for the winding which is closest to the iron core. One can consider three different excitation behaviours: - In case of saturation, the TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor model is used internally. In order to obtain the necessary data, excitate the single phase and measure the voltages and corresponding currents at several voltage levels, thus creating a (Vrms,Irms) characteristic. Next, use supporting program "SATURA" (section XIX-G) to create the necessary (FLUX,Current) peak value characteristic. - In the linear case, only one (FLUX, current) peak value should be entered for the magnetizing impedance input data. This value can be obtained from the excitation test. ~ In case no flux-current characteristic is specified, the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist (magnetizing current can be neglected). Excitation losses (iron core) are confined to a linear resistance (RMAG, see fig.1) which is in parallel to the saturation branch. This is all right in the single-phase case, even for multiple windings. The extension to a single-phase N-winding transformer is easy. Fig.2 depicts the schematic representation. busi -1 BUSTOP NI =N2 BUS1-2 Ho ; 3 Bus2- BUS2-2 IDEAL —_ 1 R2 2 il wean 1 INPUT RULES: & : Suppose that a user wants to represent a single-phase transformer using the SATURABLE TRANSFORMER component. The following card sequence should then be inserted in the group cf branch cards of the actual electrical network:Nise ee) 1. TRANSFORMER-special request card 2. flux-current specification ~ to be omitted if the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist; = only one card in the linear case; + card grouping (see TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor element) for the saturated case, Use supporting routine SATURA (see section XIX-G). 3. flag card ending flux-current specification grouping 4. oN winding cards Note: In case the user desires to specify a transformer having parameters identical to those of a previously-defined transformer, the special time- and memory-saving option ("reference-component procedure") should be used. This will be explained in section IV-E-2. Let's discuss the normal card format in more extensive detail now. Recall that this card sequence needs to be inserted in the normal group of branch cards for a normal network simulation run. 1, First comes the special request card. Besides the special request word "TRANSFORMER", this card also bears steady state information of the flux, as well as an output request option. (aR IE [TRANSFORMER €62| e652] 46 [request ava 1 Fras usta amap zl stern Parameters: I, FLUX: (current, flux) pair used to define the linear inductance, representing the magnetizing branch in the first winding during the phasor steady-state solution. Only during a transient run, the saturated part of the (flux-current)-curve can be taken into account, it should be noted. Note the following, in order to avoid problems during the time step loop: 1. Both current and flux are expressed as peak values. I in Ampere and flux in Volt-second. 2, Take the steady-state (current,flux)-pair equal to the first point used in the description of the flux-current characteristic, as obtained using SATURA (see section XIX-G). It is recommended to take this value larger then or equal to 70 percent of the maximum saturated flux value. i BUSTOP: A name for the internal starpoint in winding 1, used to represent the % magnetizing branch (see fig.1). This name alvays should be mentioned, since it uniquely identifies the tranformer. Note that this name also can be used as a reference name, should the user desire to specify another unit having parameters identical to those of a 2dE1V.E. saturable tranaformer component - 6 ® previously-defined transformer (see section IV-E-2 for more details). This internal node can not be connected with other branches of the electrical circuit, however, Rmag : Constant and linear resistance (in Ohms), parallel to the magnetizing reactance (see fig.1). This resistance takes account for the excitation losses (core) and can be calculated as: VRATY LP VRAT is specified in card type 4. Note that a zero or blank in this field is taken to mean Rmag equal to infinity (no excitation losses), which is the normal case for single-phase transformers. flag : Output specification flag for the magnetizing-reactance branch. = 1: branch current output = 2: branch voltage output = 3: both branch current and branch voltage output 2. Next comes a group of cards specifying the flux-current characteristic (see fig.1). A distinction between several possible cases is necessary: ~ In cases where no flux-current characteristic is specified, the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist (exciting current can be neglected). Don't forget to use the flag card, which will be explained in point 3 of this section ~ In a linear case, the flux-current characteristic is represented by one point only (= linear magnetizing impedance). This point merely defines the slope of the (current-flux)-characteristic, which then is assumed to extend to infinity. The values can be derived from excitation test data. ~ For the saturated case, however, several (current-flux) pairs are needed, each such pair representing a breakpoint of the pseudo-nonlinear characteristic (TYPE-98 element) which is used to approximate the saturation curve. Use Supporting routine SATURA (see section XIX-G) for data creation. The last point merely defines a slope of the characteristic, which then is assumed to extend to infinity. For both latter cases, the card format is the same: SE zi80 zi80 ove (caret) Se C Notes: 1. Take the steady-state (current,flux) pair (see first card, bearing the special request word "TRANSFORMER") equal to the first point, used in the description of the saturation curve.I.E. saturable tranatorner component = 5 @ 2. The steady-state flux value should be larger than or equal to 70 percent of the maximum saturated flux value. 3. The supporting routine SATURA (see section XIX-G) can be used as data generator to create the pseudo-nonlinear saturation characteristic (current,flux) (peak values) out of the measured curve (Vis, Ins). 3. The preceding (flux-current) specification group should be terminated by following flag card (even in the case where no flux-current characteristic has been specified! !). (TT 4, Finally, the winding specification cards (one such card per winding) should follow. The card format is as follows: ce TTT T T T EAE n] a6 | a6 e62| 262] e62 | Paraneters: K : Winding reference number (1, 2, ..., N) Note that the cards need to be placed in their natural order (1, 2, ..., N). Recall that N certainly is limited to 3. The low voltage winding should have number 1. BUS1, BUS2: Terminal node names of the transformer winding "K". Thus, each winding will be interpreted as a branch between "BUSI" and "BUS2” (see fig.1). Note that a blank field is taken to mean "ground-connection”. ?7R, L : Leakage resistance (in Ohm) and inductance (in Ohm or al depending on value XOPT), associated with the winding "K" in question. The values for this leakage impedance can be calculated from the short circuit impedance, using the following formula: Pani R ae short-circuit loss Un ran fsonr( ut If Uy = rated voltage of winding k, Um = rated voltage of high-voltage winding and N = total number of windings (mostly 2 or 3) then; Ru UE Givi Tesistance of winding k R 7 Uw x, Xu UE ts f di k oP TE teactance of winding Notes: 1. L in mH if XOPT = 0 on first miscellaneous data card. L in Ohms at frequency "XOPT" Hz if XOPT > 0 on first miscellaneous data card. 2. The resistance part may be zero without restriction. 3. The inductance part must be non-zero however, except for reference winding "1" where it can be zero only if, at the same time, the resistance part for this winding is non-zero. VRAT : Rated voltage (in kV) of winding "K" IP : Output specification flag (should only be mentioned on the card for the first winding !! 1: branch current flowing from "BUSI" of the first winding to the internal node "BUSTOP" will be printed as a time step loop variable. 2 EXAMPLE: Consider the case of a one-phase 2-winding transformer with both primary and secondary winding earthed at one terminal point. The other terminal points are called "Pi" and "Si" for primary and secondary, respectively. Further assume "IT1" being the name of the internal star point of winding 1. Finally, following data were obtained by measurement for this transforne! Power rating S + 0.0063 MVA Excitation losses Pex, tore : Excitation current Tex + 1,85 Amps Short-circuit losses Pah. tor : Short-circuit current Is : Short-circuit voltage Us 8.3 Volts Voltage rating Vpria/Vsce 220/377 Volts( \ WW.£, saturable traneforner component ~ 7 Assuming a linear magnetizing impedance, supporting routine SATURA (section XIX-G) should have following data entry: FREQ = 50. Hz PBASE = 0.0063 MVA UBASE = 0.22 kV (RMS) IPUNCH = 0 KTHIRD = 0 The only point of the linear curve is defined by the excitation test results. Indeed, under nominal voltage, the transformer is essumed to have no saturation. 0,22 0.0063, 1(p.u.)= 1,88.10%x. 70,0646 (p.u.) V(puyel.O (pu) As a result, we then obtain following values (peak values): Tyan” 2,6161665255 A pues 0,9903479478 Vsee Note that 2,6161//2= 1,849, thus almost reconstructing the RMS value 1,85 for the current. In case of a real saturation curve, a similar method should be used to derive other points too. In this linear case, a more direct way for obtaining the (flux-current) peak values can be used, however: Vyae * FugXVB "2,616 A Ue 220 eee” 5 44x f 4, 44x50 The derived values for the other parameters are: *, =0,990 Vsec VRATiy | 220? Pinu 6S '=744.60hms ; core excitation losses 3711 Ohms ; short circuit losses Since in addition, N= 2, R, = the leakage resistance of winding 1 (LV) equals +3711/2 * (220/377)? = 0.063 Ohms and Rz = the leakage resistance of winding 2 (HV) equals -3711/2 = .185 Ohms. ) (-?BV.E, saturable traneforser component Thus, the leakage reactance X; of winding 1 (LV) equals +3624/2 * (220/377)? = 0.0617 Ohms and the leakage reactance X; of winding 2 (HV) equals 3624/2 = .1812 Ohms. Conversion to inductance values (deviding by 2 * PI*50) gives Li © .196 mH and L2 = .576 aH. The data input for this transformer hence looks as follows ¢ 348678901224567090122456789012345670801224567890122456789012345670901234567890 2 3 ‘ ’ 6 7 2 fas, £5 Ht Sus: 0.9903479478 ‘9999 0632 «196 1 1.2348678901234567890 é 7 ° Recall that this is part of the normal branch data in a network simulation data deck. IV.£.2 Reference-component procedure Should the user desire to specify a transformer having parameters identical to those of a previously-defined unit, a handy time- and memory-saving option is available, using the transforner's unique identification name "BUSTOP" as a reference name. 1 INPUT RULES The next card sequence should then be inserted in the group of branch cards: 1, TRANSFORMER-REFBUS special request card 2. "N" winding cards Notes: 1. Again, N is limited to 3 2. In this case, the flux-current specification and corresponding flag card is omitted. This is because we refer to such curve, defined earlier. Let's discuss the normal card format in detail now. © &@ id 1. First comes the special request card. Besides the special request word “TRANSFORMER”, this card only bears two bus nanes: LT HORESTENAEUERE ITRANSFORMER | a6 46 | request word |REFBU lBustoR flog Parameters: REFBUS: This field should carry the internal node name which was used as variable "BUSTOP" for the previously-defined reference component of which a copy is desired (Fig.1). BUSTOP: A name for the internal starpoint in winding "1", used to represent the magnetizing branch. This name should never be omitted since it uniquely identifies the transformer (Fig.1). This internal node can not be connected with other branches of the electrical circuit, it should be noted. € flag: Output specification flag for the shunt magnetizing reactance branch. - 1: branch current output 2 : branch voltage output 3: both branch current and branch voltage output 2. Finally, "N" winding specification cards should follow. The card format is as Le Te UN TUTTI [Pac ca K : Winding reference number (1, 2, ..., N) Note that the cards need to be placed in their natural order (1, 2, ..., N)- Number "1" corresponds to the LV-side. Recall that N is limited to 3. BUS1, BUS2: Terminal node names of the transformer winding "K". Thus, each winding will be interpreted as a branch between "BUSI" and “BUS2". Note that a blank field is taken to mean “ground-connection”. oatI.E, saturable sranaformer ccaponent «22 @ IP : Output specification flag (should only be mentioned on the card for the first winding) . = 1% branch current flowing from "BUSI" of the first winding to the internal node "BUSTOP" will be printed as a time step loop variable. Notes: 1. No other values are necessary, since they are taken the same as the previously-defined reference component. 2. Examples of such reference component usage are discussed extensively in the next section. TM..£.3 Three-phase transformers with low homopolar reluctance For three-phase 3-leg shell-type or 5-leg core-type transformers, an iron-core path is provided for the return of the zero-sequence flux. Further, it is reasonable to assume that: > the magnetic induction of the 3 phases is independent; > the zero sequence parameters are the same as the positive sequence parameters. This implies that only the saturation curve for one core leg is needed. Thus, it seems reasonable to aodel this type of transformer by using 3 separate, identical single-phase units. For this reason, a storage-saving option (called "Reference-component procedure” - see section IV-E-2) has been developed. No new rules are needed. Caution should be made for the measurement of the saturation curve, however. The curve needed here should NOT be obtained from one winding of one phase, with all others open-circuited. The curve needed here can be obtained correctly by balanced excitation of the three phases, thus averaging both the currents and voltages of the three phases. Next, use supporting routine SATURA (see section XIX-G) to turn this measured curve (Vrms,Irms) into a (flux, current) (peak values) characteristic. 1 INPUT RULES Next card sequence has to be applied and needs to be inserted in the group of branch cards for the actual electrical network: AST UNIT 1. TRANSFORMER -special request card 2. flux-current specification - to be omitted if the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist - only one card in the linear case - card grouping (see TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor element) for the saturated case 3. flag card ending flux-current specification grouping 4, "N" winding cards (terminal node names and winding data specified) 2ND UNIT 5. TRANSFORMER-REFBUS -special request card 6. "N" winding cards (only terminal node names specified)I.E. saturable tranaforner 3RD UNIT 7. TRANSFORMER-REFBUS -special request card 8. "N" winding cards (only terminal node names specified) Remark: modelling of DELTA-connected transformers Delta transformer connections can sometimes te a little tricky. Since they are not uncommon in usage, a more specific explanation of this configuration seems to be in order. Three points need to be explained: ~ How to derive the equivalent circuit ? - Need for a path to ground on the delta side of the bank. What about homopolar behaviour ? First, there is the problem of how to dertve the equivalent circuit. Suppose that the primary winding is D-connected and the secondary winding Y-grounded. Fig. 3 shows the resulting interconnection of elementary components. Remark the Following: ~ Ri and Li are the primary winding leakage-impedance parameters (the same for all three phases; reference component option). ~ R2 and L2 are the secondary leakage-impedance parameters (the same for all three phases) ~ Bug Tl is the internal node "BUSTOP" for the first single-phase unit, with primary terminals "PA" and "PB", and secondary terminals "SA" and "TERRA". - Bus T2 is the internal "BUSTOP” for the second single-phase unit, with Ti as reference name "REFBUS" (first transformer), primary terminals "PB" and "PC", and secondary terminals "SB" and "TERRA". - Bus T3 is the internal "BUSTOP" for the third single-phase unit, with Tl as reference name, “REFBUS" (first transformer), primary terminals "PC" and "PA" and secondary terminals "SC" and "Terra". Thus the primary windings (PA-PB, PB-PC, PC-PA) indeed are Delta-connected and the secondary windings (SA-Terra, SB-Terra, SC-Terra) are Wye-connected to ground. Note that through the node name allocation, the clock-system declaration can be established. 20>primary : Delta secondary : grounded ye Pa gu 1 : R2 LZ sa oon onal | le | me PB S| me a rn GR R2 12 sg { Co ZI il i) | coe ao | u RI 3 R2 Tee eee (ooo Fig.3: Delta connected transformer A second problem concerns the need for a path to ground on the Delta-side of the transformer bank. Indeed, a floating delta is not honored by the program, since mathematically the voltage there would then only be defined within an arbitrary constant. ~ Of course there is no problem if a transmission line were connected to the DELTA .-. side. In such cases the line capacitance indeed provides the connection to the.) ground. ~ Likewise, a connection to one or more voltage sources (either direct, or through other, simple elements) will satisfy this requirement.18, aaturable txanatormer component = 13 > The common case of an isolated, delta-connected tertiary of a three-winding transformer requires special attention, though: a) Unbalanced method: simply ground one corner of the DELTA (fig.4a). Use this option only is one is not interested in the voltage value on the DELTA side. Fig.4a: Unbalanced method b) Balanced solution: connect three equal capacitors from the corners of the DELTA to the ground. Take care to use realistic values (e.g. 0.003 » F) in order to avoid matrix singularity (fig.4b)! Use this option whenever it is necessary to preserve the inherent balance on the DELTA side, f i Cc aa Lt aL Fig.4b: Balanced method A third problem concerns the homopolar behaviour of the DELTA connection. In such case, the core construction (shell or core type) is of minor importance since the excitation test really becomes a short-circuit test (a closed DELTA acts as a short-circuit for zero-sequence currents). Accordingly, neither the value of the zero-sequence exciting current nor the value of the zero sequence excitation loss are critical. Only in the case where the DELTA is artificially opened, the actual zero-sequence . test can be performed. In this case, the homopolar flux will close its path through ( the air and the tank. Such situation cannot be represented by this SATURABLE ~ TRANSFORMER component model. It can only be represented by the 3-leg core-type option, explained in section IV-E-4.WV.E, dacurabie tranaforaer component = 14 2 EXAMPLES Consider a DELTA-connected shell-type transforner of the preceeding remark. Further assume following values for the input parameters: Reagn = 3. £5 Ohms Viv = Vw = 3.03 E5 Volts Rw = Ra = .25 Ohms Xu = Xw = 25. mH (XOPT = 0. on miscellaneous data card) The input data format would look as follows: 2 2 2 « 5 Hay. 113.0088 (aaturation curve: firet ines point (aecond ines point (Red eee poine ” C 234567890323456760012945670901294567800 3 é 3 343670901 234867090173¢56769012368678 é 1 2 3 IV.E.4 Three-phase 3-leg core-type transformer In this case, the homopolar reluctance is high and the zero sequence flux is forced to return through the air and the tank, outside the windings. Because of the air gap, the zero-sequence magnetizing curve is nearly linear, quite unlike the positive sequence magnetizing curve, which is highly nonlinear, It seems therefore reasonable to approximate the zero-sequence magnetizing curve as a linear magnetizing inductance L.. The core-leg (positive sequence) nonlinear inductance SATURA can again be added across the first winding of each phase. Because of this, a whole new model (depicted in fig.5) is needed to represent such type of transformer. On the other hand, this complicated model is not recommended to use since it is not possible to represent magnetic coupling between the phases. This type of 3-phase transformer better can be modelled using the supporting routine BCTRAN (see section XIX-C), with the external addition of nonlinear elements at the proper winding connection points (i.e. those windings which are closest to the iron core).BWE Sacuraple eranstoraer component = 15 Ly=winging HV=wieding Fig.5: 2 winding Sieg core type transformer, Yy connected Cs - There are (2 + 3*(N - 1) single-phase 2-winding ideal transformers involved. N= number of windings (2 or 3). = Two of them are used as ideal isolation transformer (turn ratio 1:1). In combination with the zero sequence induction LO, they form the equivalent for an ideal three-phase 3-leg core-type transformer. - The remaining 3*(N - 1) ideal units provide the correct turn ratio's for the windings 2, 3, ..., N with respect to winding "1", for the three phases respectively. - Each of the N windings "k" has 3 associated leakage impedances (one per phase), characterized by resistance R and inductance L. Note that the value for this leakage impedances can be obtained out of the short circuit impedances. - Saturation effects are confined to 3 nonlinear reactors "SATURA" (one per phase) on the low-voltage side. This saturation branch is connected to a fictitious internal star point, which is not always the best connection point; ideally, the nonlinear inductance should be connected to the point in the equivalent star circuit where the integrated voltage is equal to the iron-core flux. Further, it should be clear that this model can not take sagnetic coupling between phases into account. A distinction between several cases is necessary. - In case of saturation, the TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor model is used internally. In order to obtain the necessary input data, use balanced excitation of the three phases and average the voltages and their corresponding currents over the three phases, thus creating a (Vrms,Irms) characteristic. Next use the supporting routine "SATURA" (see section XIX-G) to create the 3071.8. saturabie tranaformer component = 16 necessary (FLUX,Current) characteristic using peak values. The same curve has to be applied to all 3 phases (use the reference branch option of section IV-E-2). NOTE: This is NOT the curve obtained from one winding (one phase), with all others open circuited. - In the linear case, only one value should te entered for the magnetizing impedance input data. Data can be obtained from the direct excitation test. ~ In case no flux-current characteristic is specified, the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist (magnetizing current can be neglected). ~ Excitation losses (core) are confined to 3 linear mutually coupled resistances Raag (dotted elements in Fig.5) one should add manually across the low-voltage winding terminals of all three phases. Such mutual coupling is mandatory for representing homopolar excitation losses in a correct way. It is hence recommended NOT to use the non-coupled resistance Rmag provided by the model (cfr. Fig.1). 1 INPUT RULES As explained before, a whole new transformer model is needed to represent this 3-leg core-type transformer. Therefore new rules are needed. The next card Sequence should then be inserted in the group of branch cards of the actual electrical network: 1, TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE special request card 3-leg flag 1ST UNIT 2. TRANSFORMER -special request card 3. flux-current specification - omitted if the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist > only one card in the linear case - card grouping (see TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor element) for the saturated case 4, flag card ending flux-current specification grouping 5. "N" winding cards 2ND UNIT 6. TRANSFORMER-REFBUS -special request card 7. "N" winding cards 3RD UNIT 8. TRANSFORMER-REFBUS -special request card 9. "N" winding cards Let's discuss the card input in more detail now: 1. First comes the "TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE" special request card. This is a flag card, indicating the fact that the homopolar reluctance option has to be used. At this point, the program will automatically introduce the two ideal isolation transformers, as well as their proper interconnection (see fig.5). Further, @ this card bears the value for the constant magnetic reluctance RO (representing ( the linear zero-sequence inductance LO, recall) and also a unique name "BUS3PH".WW.B, saturable eranetoraer component = 17 ETT [TRANSFORMER THREE PHASE| 46 | 6.2 request word [BUS3PH RO Parameters: BUS3PH: Unique name, associated with the homopolar reluctance of the transforner. ‘This name refers to an internal (hidden) node, that can not be connected with other branches of the electrical network. Accordingly, the name should be distinct from all other names used in the same network study ! RO : Reluctance of the zero-sequence air-return path for flux. This reluctance can be calculated as follows: VRATIy Ble with VRATiy (kV): rated equivalent phase voltage (see card 5) Le (H): homopolar inductance (single-phase value) Rye . 2-5. Next, the first transformer unit needs to be specified. This is done using ( the card sequence explained in section IV-E-1. Special care should be devoted to the following: Le ee TTT ENE For current and flux, we refer to card 3. RMAG = 0: we don't want to add a non-coupled resistance branch representing excitation losses at the internal star point, in parallel with the magnetizing branch, because without coupling, homopolar excitation losses would be Tepresented inaccurately. On the other hand, one should manually add mutually coupled resistance branches (type 51, 52, 53) over the winding terminals of all three phases on the low voltage side. The values to be used can be derived as follows: RFLe - R nuns” 5 Bron ~ Ree) where ee €16.0 ' Flux fone (current=flux) pair In case of saturation, the TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor model is used internally. In order to obtain the necessary input data, use balanced excitation of the three phases and average the voltages and their corresponding currents over the three phases, thus creating a per-phase (Vrus,Irms) characteristic. Next use the supporting routine "SATURA" to create the necessary (FLUX,Current) peak value characteristic. Hence it is clear that this model can not take the magnetic coupling between phases into account. This is NOT the curve obtained from one winding (one phase), with all others open circuited. In the linear case, only one per-phase (Flux-current) peak value should be entered for the magnetizing impedance input data. This value can be obtained from the direct excitation test. In case no flux-current characteristic ts specified, the magnetizing reactance is assumed not to exist (magnetizing current can be neglected). Card 4: mu ls99%WW.f, saturable eranatormer component = Card 5: oT Hestest [es = One should work in equivalent phase values while deriving values for R,L and VRAT WYE connection: VRAT = V/J3 (1ine-to-ground) DELTA connection: VRAT = V (line-line) 6-9. The two other single-phase units are defined using the reference branch option. The rules are already described in section IV-E-2 and thus won't be documented here again. For allocation of internal nodes, we refer to the example explained hereafter. ke Remark: Modelling of DELTA-connected transformers: For DELTA-connection, we refer to section III for some explanation. 2 EXAMPLES Consider the case of a three-legged core type three-phase transformer with both primary and secondary winding WYE-connected, and with both STAR points grounded (vNynO). The other terminals are called BUS1_R, BUSI_S, BUSI_T and BUS2_R, BUS2_; BUS2_T respectively. Further, following data were obtained by standard measurement on this transformer (at 50 Hz). Power rating Voltage rating 35_MVA 132./11.05 kv Direct measurements: Excitation losses 18.112 kW Excitation current 2.39 A Excitation voltage 11,01 kv Short-circuit losses 192.53 kW Short-circuit current 153.1 A Short-circuit voltage 35.213 kV Homopolar measurements: Excitation losses + 115.325 kw F Excitation current 500.0 A \ Excitation voltage : 1.183 kV on® Short-circuit losses + 8.825 kW Short-c#2cuit current 270. A Short-circuit voltage 2 2.86 kV Following data can be obtained for the saturable transformer component model: card type 1: BUS3PH = INHOM Ro = 642.6 This reluctance of the homopolar air-return path for the flux can be calculated via an estimation of the homopolar inductance: Gon ram CL ~ 188 pm XZ Bae 2) Fe Clon! 2)82RF Note the approximation for the voltage drop over the LV short-circuit impedance (fig. 5). Following intermediate results easily can be obtained: Iexnoa = 49.15 % (see section XIX-C-3, value IEXZERO) @ Zante = 26.69 % (see section XIX-C-3, value ZP0S12) Using these intermediate results, the above formula yields fqn MBE. «9 o91115 Tara Easo Finally, this results in rl aie SE 7 642-6 istunit First comes the normal "TRANSFORMER" request card. I = 3.37997 A (peak) FLUX = 28.6335 Vsec (peak) If we assume a linear behaviour for the magnetizing branch, it is sufficient to specify the direct magnetizing impedance, using RMS values for excitation current and voltage: Tee = 2.39 A (RMS) GF Vex = 11.01 kV (RMS) XS This results in following peak values for current and total flux:C IV.E, saturable ccanaformer component = 21 I = 2.39 x (2 y= noted 3.37997 A (peak) * 28.6335 Vsec (peak) BUSTOP = TOP_R RMAG = 0 Indeed, if one wants to be able to represent homopolar exctation losses with enough accuracy, the magnetizing loss should not be confined to one single resistance branch, but one should place mutually coupled resistance branches (type 51, 52, 53) over the terminals of LV winding 1 manually. The values for these self and mutual resistance can be calculated as follows, using excitation voltages: = 6692.8 Ohm 2 direct: Ray, homopolar: Rin = 36.4 Ohm Finally, this results in Ry =F (Ruan 2R ue) * (36.4 + 2x6692.8) = 4474.0 Ohm Ra (Raan Rev) * {(96.4~ 6692.8) = -2218.8 Ohm FLAG = 1 This will result in branch current output. ~ Next comes the linear (flux-current) characteristic, as obtained by supporting routine SATURA. This curve should be terminated by a flag card (9999 in columns 13 up to 19). Of course, in this simple linear case, it is sufficient to repeat the values of the steady state working point, as obtained before: I = 3.379 A (peak) W = 28.6148 Vsec (peak) - Finally, two winding specification cards should follow. Using the direct short-circuit test results, following values can be obtained (equivalent phase values): 92530/3 z . m a Sn 2.738 on 38.213//3 22 7192.79 ohm Xy0VZR-RR= 192.76 Ohm For the high-voltage winding (number 2) we thus obtainWWE, saturable transformer component = 22 66.381 Ohm or 211.mH at SO Hz VRAT, = 132/{3=76.2102 kv For the low-voltage winding (number 1) we obtain: Re 11.08)? -=(3:28)* 0.00859 onm Xo ax( 438) 70.465 Ohm orl.48 mH at SO Hz 132 VRAT, = 11.08/13 = 6.3797kV Further units For the 2nd and 3rd unit, we only have to use the special reference component option. Hence, only the node name allocation still needs to be explained. For the winding terminals, we have: € T wiesing 1 | winding 2 susi-R pusi-s ausz-e ausi-s [Sa | ounce |e ause i ous. au, us + juss | ausz-s | s eust-r user evs, push | eusi-r | euse-r | + evs. use For internal nodes, we have (see fig.5): BUS3PH = INHOM BUSTOP_R = TOP_R BUSTOP_S = TOP_S BUSTOP_T = TOP_T ~ Further, in this example, the homopolar short-circuit losses can not be covered only by winding resistance losses. Hence additional losses can be confined to a single resistance, to be placed between BUSH (star point of HV-side) and ground. The value of this resistance is calculated as follow:W.2. saturable eraneformer component ~ 23 Indeed, we had to upgrade the losses, since the homopolar short circuit test was not performed under nominal conditions. Punvextsa = Pannow ~ Pan,ciz (both under nominal conditions) = 379.94 ~ "192.53 = 187.41 kW Finally we find: 187410 Rea nre” e159.09)7 -0.889 Ohm This finally results in following input file: & shan sqntatance eacvia across vinding i with Acavit (onal ssva7aesasa0-e3 ms section was sad and” towutaal [ana] = -2,a00MN 0780008 added manually ‘tncaliy eo" he pone Teta searor ema Sein alee : « ma tact” ” IN.E.5 Applications of the "SATURABLE TRANSFORMER MODEL" ‘This model can be used to simulate a single-phase or 3-phase (both shell- and core-type) 2-winding transformer, using test data of the exciting test and the short-circuit test at the rated frequency. In the 3-winding case, numerical problems might occur. The obvious symptom of trouble will be following message: "TROUBLE AT 73912 ON TYPE-99 OR 98 ELEMENT NUMBER ...." This message is somewhat deceptive, since there really is no trouble with this TYPE-98 element at all. If one looks at the network node voltages, however, one will observe an exponential blow-up of the solution without any abrupt change or discontinuity. It rather appears to be that roundoff error (numerical noise) was amplified as the simulation progressed, although up to now, the origin of the hash could not yet be located.WW.2, saturable traneforser component = 24 Excitation losses can be taken into account by this model, although these losses can be neglected for both single-phase transformers as wll as 3-phase (3-leg shell-type or 5-leg core-type) transformers. On the other hand, for 3-phase 3-leg core-type transformers, the exciting current is fairly high in the zero-sequence test and these excitation losses should therefore be included. The short-circuit losses can (and always should) be taken into account. Stray capacitances are ignored in this representation, which therefore is only valid up to a few kHz. Because internally, the resistive and inductive parts of all impedances are treated separately, this model also is valid for extremely low frequencies (as it was the case for the "BCTRAN” model). The model can be used in both the linear and the saturated case, depending on the input data netered for the flux-current characteristic (TYPE-98 pseudo-nonlinear reactor model). Hysteresis can be simulated by adding type 96 elements connected to the proper transformer terminals (i.e. the terminal ends of the winding that is closest to the iron core) in the electrical network, during the steady-state or transient run. On the other hand, this complicated three-leg core-type model is not recommended to use since it is not possible to represent magnetic coupling between the phas This type of 3-phase transformer better can be modelled using the supporting routine BCTRAN (see section XIX-C), with the external addition of nonlinear elements at the proper winding connection points (i.e. those windings which are closest to the iron core). Delta transformer connections can be simulated, although sometimes this can be a little tricky. Important points to keep in mind: - How to derive the equivalent circuit ? Need for a path to ground on the delta side of the bank. > What about homopolar behaviour ? @