Section 11.

3 Partial Derivatives 691

55. Because lim f ( x, y ) = L1 , then for ε 2 > 0, there corresponds δ 1 > 0 such that f ( x, y) − L1 < ε 2 whenever
( x , y ) → ( a , b)

(x − a ) + ( y − b ) < δ 1.
2 2
0 <

Because lim g ( x, y ) = L2 , then for ε 2 > 0, there corresponds δ 2 > 0 such that g ( x, y ) − L2 < ε 2 whenever
( x , y ) → ( a , b)

0 < (x − a ) + ( y − b) < δ 2 .
2 2

(x − a ) + ( y − b)
2 2
Let δ be the smaller of δ1 and δ 2 . By the triangle inequality, whenever < δ , we have

ε ε
f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y ) − ( L1 + L2 ) = ( f ( x, y) − L1 ) + ( g ( x, y) − L2 ) ≤ f ( x, y ) − L1 + g ( x, y ) − L2 <
2
+
2
= ε.

So, lim  f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y ) = L1 + L2 .

( x , y ) → ( a , b) 

Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives

1. No, x only occurs in the numerator. 11. z = x 2e 2 y
2. Yes, y occurs in both the numerator and denominator. ∂z
= 2 xe 2 y
∂x
3. No, y only occurs in the numerator. ∂z
= 2 x 2e 2 y
∂y
4. Yes, x occurs in both the numerator and denominator.
x
5. Yes, x occurs in both the numerator and denominator. 12. z = ln = ln x − ln y
y
6. No, y only occurs in the numerator. ∂z 1
=
∂x x
7. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − 5 y + 3
∂z 1
= −
f x ( x, y ) = 2 ∂y y
f y ( x , y ) = −5
(
13. z = ln x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
8. z = 6 x − x y + 8 y ∂z 2x
∂z = 2
= 6 − 2 xy ∂x x + y2
∂x
∂z 2y
∂z = 2
= − x 2 + 16 y ∂y x + y2
∂y

9. z = x y x2 3y2
14. z = +
2y x
∂z
= y
∂x ∂z 2x 3y2 x3 − 3 y 3
= − 2 =
∂z x ∂x 2y x x2 y
=
∂y 2 y ∂z − x2 6y 12 y 3 − x 3
= 2
+ =
∂y 2y x 2 xy 2
10. z = e xy
∂z 15. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y2 )
= ye xy
∂x
∂z hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 )
= xe xy
∂y
hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y 2 )

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692 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

 x (t − 1) dt
y
16. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 21. f ( x, y ) = 2

y
1 2 x t 3   y3   x3 
( ) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) = x + y2 =  − t =  − y −  − x
2 x + y2 2
3 3 3
 x    
1 2 y f x ( x, y ) = − x 2 + 1 = 1 − x 2
( ) (2 y) =
−1 2
f y ( x, y ) = x + y2
2 2
x + y 2
f y ( x, y ) = y 2 − 1

[You could also use the Second Fundamental Theorem

17. z = cos xy
of Calculus.]
∂z
= − y sin xy
∂x y x
∂z 22. f ( x, y ) =  x (2t + 1) dt +  y (2t − 1) dt
= − x sin xy
∂y y y
=  x (2t + 1) dt −  x (2t − 1) dt
18. z = tan ( 2 x − y ) y
2 dt = [2t ]x = 2 y − 2 x
y

∂z
= x
= 2 sec 2 ( 2 x − y )
∂x f x ( x , y ) = −2
∂z
= −sec 2 ( 2 x − y ) f x ( x, y ) = 2
∂y

23. f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y
19. z = e y sin 8 xy
∂z ∂f f ( x + Δx , y ) − f ( x , y )
= e y cos(8 xy )(8 y ) = 8 ye y cos 8 xy = lim
∂x ∂x Δx → 0 Δx
∂z 3( x + Δx) + 2 y − (3 x + 2 y )
= e y sin 8 xy + e y cos(8 xy )(8 x) = lim
∂y Δx → 0 Δx
= e y (sin 8 xy + 8 x cos 8 xy ) 3Δx
= lim = 3
Δx → 0 Δx

20. z = sinh ( 2 x + 3 y ) ∂f f ( x , y + Δy ) − f ( x , y )
= lim
∂z ∂y Δy → 0 Δy
= 2 cosh ( 2 x + 3 y )
∂x 3 x + 2( y + Δy ) − (3 x + 2 y )
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= 3 cosh ( 2 x + 3 y )
∂y 2 Δy
= lim = 2
Δy → 0 Δy

24. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = ( x − y )
2

∂f f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y )
= lim
∂x Δx → 0 Δx
(x + Δx) − 2( x + Δx) y + y 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
2
= lim = lim ( 2 x + Δx − 2 y ) = 2( x − y )
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0

∂f f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )
= lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
x 2 − 2 x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy ) − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
2
= lim = lim ( −2 x + 2 y + Δy ) = 2( y − x)
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0

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 Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives 693

25. f ( x, y) = x+ y

∂f f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y )
= lim
∂x Δx → 0 Δx
x + Δx + y − x+ y
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx

= lim
( x + Δx + y − x+ y )( x + Δx + y + x+ y ) = lim
1
=
1
Δx → 0 Δx ( x + Δx + y + x+ y ) Δx → 0 x + Δx + y + x+ y 2 x+ y

∂f f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) x + y + Δy − x + y
= lim = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy

= lim
( x + y + Δy − x + y )( x + y + Δy + x + y )
Δy → 0 Δy ( x + y + Δy + x + y )
1 1
= lim =
Δy → 0 x + y + Δy + x + y 2 x + y

1
26. f ( x, y ) =
x + y
1 1
−
∂f f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y ) x + Δx + y x+ y −1 −1
= lim = lim = lim =
Δx → 0 ( x + Δx + y )( x + y )
( x + y)
2
∂x Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx

1 1
−
∂f f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) x+ y + Δ x + y −1 −1
= lim = lim = lim =
Δy → 0 ( x + y + Δy )( x + y )
( y)
2
∂y Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy x +

27. f ( x, y ) = e x y 2 xy
29. f ( x, y ) =
x − y
f x ( x, y ) = e x y 2
y( x − y ) − xy − y2
f x ( x, y ) = =
At (ln 3, 2), f x (ln 3, 2) = eln 3 ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12.
2
(x − y) (x − y)
2 2

f y ( x , y ) = 2e x y At ( 2, − 2): f x ( 2, − 2) = −
1
4
At (ln 3, 2), f y (ln 3, 2) = 2e ln 3 ( 2) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12.
x( x − y ) + xy x2
f y ( x, y ) = =
(x − y) (x − y)
2 2
28. f ( x, y ) = cos( 2 x − y )
1
At ( 2, − 2): f y ( 2, − 2) =
f x ( x, y ) = −2 sin ( 2 x − y ) 4
π π  π π  π π
At  , , f x  ,  = −2 sin  −  = −1. 2 xy
4 3 4 3 2 3 30. f ( x, y ) =
4x2 + 5 y 2
f y ( x, y ) = sin ( 2 x − y )
10 y 3
π π  π π  π π 1 f x ( x, y ) =
(4 x + 5 y2 )
32
At  , , f y  ,  = sin  −  = . 2
4 3 4 3 2 3 2
10 10
At (1, 1), f x (1, 1) = = .
93 2 27
8 x3
f y ( x, y ) =
(4 x + 5 y2 )
32
2

8 8
At (1, 1), f y (1, 1) = = .
93 2 27

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694 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

31. z = xy 37. f ( x, y, z ) = x3 yz 2
∂z f x ( x, y, z ) = 3 x 2 yz 2
= y
∂x
f x (1, 1, 1) = 3
∂z
At (1, 2, 2): (1, 2, 2) = 2 f y ( x, y , z ) = x 3 z 2
∂x
f y (1, 1, 1) = 1
∂z
= x
∂y f z ( x, y, z ) = 2 x3 yz
∂z f z (1, 1, 1) = 2
At (1, 2, 2): (1, 2, 2) = 1
∂y
ln x
38. f ( x, y , z ) =
32. g ( x, y ) = 4 − x − y 2 2 yz

g x ( x, y ) = −2 x fx =
1
xyz
At (1, 1): g x (1, 1) = −2
1
f x (1, −1, −1) = =1
g y ( x , y ) = −2 y 1( −1)( −1)
At (1, 1): g y (1, 1) = −2 − ln x
fy =
y2z
33. H ( x, y , z ) = sin ( x + 2 y + 3 z ) f y (1, −1, −1) = 0
H x ( x, y , z ) = cos( x + 2 y + 3 z )
− ln x
H y ( x, y , z ) = 2 cos( x + 2 y + 3z ) fz =
z2 y
H z ( x, y , z ) = 3 cos( x + 2 y + 3 z ) f z (1, −1, −1) = 0

34. w = x2 + y2 + z 2 39. f ( x, y , z ) = z sin ( x + 6 y )

∂w x f x = z cos( x + 6 y )
=
∂x x2 + y2 + z 2
 π 
∂w y f x  0, , − 4  = − 4 cos 3π = 4
=  2 
∂y x2 + y2 + z 2
f y = 6 z cos( x + 6 y )
∂w z
=  π 
∂z x2 + y2 + z 2 f y  0, , − 4  = 6( − 4) cos 3π = 24
 2 
1 f z = sin ( x + 6 y )
35. F ( x, y, z ) = ln x2 + y2 + z 2 = ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
2  π 
x f z  0, , − 4  = sin 3π = 0
Fx ( x, y, z ) =  2 
x2 + y2 + z 2
y 40. 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2
Fy ( x, y, z ) =
x + y2 + z2
2
6x 3x
z f x ( x, y , z ) = =
Fz ( x, y, z ) = 2 2
2 3x + y − 2 z 2 2
3x + y 2 − 2 z 2
2
x + y2 + z2
6 3 3 5
f x (1, − 2, 1) = = =
1 2 3+4−2 5 5
36. G ( x, y, z ) =
1 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 2y y
f y ( x, y , z ) = =
x 2 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2
Gx ( x , y , z ) =
(1 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 )
32
−2 −2 5
f y (1, − 2, 1) = =
y 5 5
G y ( x, y , z ) =
−4 z −2 z
(1 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 )
32
f z ( x, y , z ) = =
2 2 2
2 3x + y − 2 z 3x + y 2 − 2 z 2
2
z
Gz ( x, y , z ) = −2 −2 5
(1 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 )
32
f z (1, − 2, 1) = =
5 5

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 Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives 695

41. f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + y − 2 = 0 46. z = x 4 − 2 xy + 3 y 3

f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 y + 2 = 0 ∂z
= 4 x3 − 2 y
∂x
2x + y − 2 = 0  y = 2 − 2x
∂z
= − 2x + 9 y2
x + 2( 2 − 2 x) + 2 = 0  −3 x + 6 = 0  x = 2, ∂y
y = −2 ∂2 z
= 12 x 2
Point: ( 2, − 2) ∂x 2
∂2z
= −2
42. f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 y − 4, f y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 16 ∂x∂y
f x = f y = 0: 2 x + 4 y = 4 ∂2z
= −2
4 x + 2 y = −16 ∂y∂x

Solving for x and y, ∂2 z

= 18 y
∂ 2
x = − 6 and y = 4.

47. z = x2 + y2
1 1
43. f x ( x, y ) = − + y , f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + x
x2 y ∂z x
=
∂x x + y2
2
1 1
f x = f y = 0: − + y = 0 and − 2 + x = 0
x2 y ∂2 z y2
=
( x2 + y 2 )
2 32
1 1 ∂x
y = and x = 2
x2 y ∂2z − xy
=
(x + y2 )
32
y = y4  y = 1 = x ∂y∂x 2

Points: (1, 1) ∂z y
=
∂y x + y2
2
x 2 + xy + y 2
44. f x ( x, y ) = ( 2 x + y )e = 0
∂2z x2
x 2 + xy + y 2
=
f y ( x , y ) = ( x + 2 y )e = 0 ∂y 2
( x2 + y 2 )
32

2 x + y = 0  y = −2 x ∂2z − xy
=
x + 2( −2 x) = 0  x = 0  y = 0
(x + y2 )
32
∂x∂y 2

Point: (0, 0)
48. z = e x tan y
2
45. z = 3 xy ∂z
= e x tan y
∂z ∂ z 2
∂ z 2 ∂x
= 3 y 2 , 2 = 0, = 6y
∂x ∂x ∂y∂x ∂2 z
= e x tan y
∂x 2
∂z ∂2z ∂2z
= 6 xy , = 6 x, = 6y ∂2 z
∂y ∂y 2
∂x∂y = e x sec 2 y
∂y∂x
∂z
= e x sec 2 y
∂y
∂2z
= 2e x sec 2 y tan y
∂y 2
∂2 z x 2
x y = e sec y
∂ ∂

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696 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

49. z = cos xy 52. f ( x, y , z ) = e − x sin yz

f x ( x, y , z ) = −e − x sin yz
2
∂z ∂ z
= − y sin xy, 2 = − y 2 cos xy
∂x ∂x
f y ( x, y , z ) = ze − x cos yz
∂2 z
= − yx cos xy − sin xy f yy ( x, y , z ) = − z 2e − x sin yz
∂y∂x
∂z ∂2 z f xy ( x, y , z ) = − ze − x cos yz
= − x sin xy, 2 = − x 2 cos xy
∂y ∂y f yx ( x, y , z ) = − ze − x cos yz
∂2 z f yyx ( x, y , z ) = z 2e − x sin yz
= − xy cos xy − sin xy
∂x∂y f xyy ( x, y , z ) = z 2e − x sin yz

y f yxy ( x, y , z ) = z 2e − x sin yz
50. z = arctan
x So, f xyy = f yxy = f yyz .
∂z 1  y −y
= 2 
− 2 = 2
∂x 1 + (y x )
2
x  x + y2
53. z = 5 xy
∂2z 2 xy ∂z
= = 5y
(x + y2 )
2
∂x 2 2
∂x
−( x 2 + y 2 ) + y ( 2 y ) ∂2z
∂2z y 2 − x2 = 0
y = = ∂x 2
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2
∂y∂x
∂z
= 5x
∂z 1 1 x ∂y
=   = 2
∂y 1 + ( y 2 x2 )  x  x + y2 ∂2z
= 0
2
∂ z −2 xy ∂y 2
=
(x + y2 )
2 2
∂y 2
∂2z ∂2z
So, 2
+ 2 = 0 + 0 = 0.
∂x ∂y
∂2z
=
( x 2 + y 2 ) − x( 2 x ) = y 2 − x 2
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2
∂x∂y
54. z = e x sin y
∂z
= e x sin y
51. f ( x, y, z ) = xyz ∂x
f x ( x, y, z ) = yz ∂2 z
= e x sin y
∂x 2
f y ( x, y, z ) = xz
∂z
f yy ( x, y, z ) = 0 = e x cos y
∂y
f xy ( x, y, z ) = z ∂2 z
= −e x sin y
f yx ( x, y, z ) = z ∂y 2
f yyx ( x, y, z ) = 0 ∂2 z ∂2 z
So, 2
+ 2 = e x sin y − e x sin y = 0.
f xyy ( x, y, z ) = 0 ∂x ∂y

f yxy ( x, y, z ) = 0
55. z = sin ( x − ct )
So, f = f = f = 0.
∂z
= −c cos( x − ct )
∂t
∂2 z
= −c 2 sin ( x − ct )
∂t 2
∂z
= cos( x − ct )
∂x
∂2 z
= −sin ( x − ct )
∂x 2
∂2z 2 ∂ z 
2
So, = c  2
.
∂t 2  ∂x 

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 Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives 697

56. z = ln ( x + ct ) 62. A function f ( x, y ) with the given partial derivatives

∂z c does not exist.
=
∂t x + ct
63. No. For example, let z = x + y + 1.
∂2 z −c 2
= z x = 1 and z y = 1, but z ≠ c( x + y ).
( x + ct )
2 2
∂t
∂z 1 64. z = f ( x) g ( x)
=
∂x x + ct
z x + z y = f ′( x ) g ( y ) + f ( x ) g ′( y )
∂2 z −1
=
∂x 2 ( x + ct )2
∂P ∂P
∂2 z −c 2  ∂2 z  65. The units of are dollars per year. is negative,
= = c2  2  ∂A ∂A
( x + ct )
2 2
∂t  ∂x  since the value of a car generally decreases with time.

x 66. (a) f x ( 4, 1) < 0

57. z = e−t cos
c
∂z x (b) f y ( 4, 1) > 0
= −e −t cos
∂t c (c) f x ( −1, − 2) < 0
∂z 1 x
= − e −t sin (d) f y ( −1, − 2) > 0
∂x c c
∂2 z 1 x
= − 2 e −t cos 1
∂x 2
c c 67. A = ab sin θ
2
∂z  ∂2z  ∂A 1
So, = c 2  2 . = a sin θ
∂t  ∂x  ∂b 2
∂A 1
x = ab cos θ
58. z = e −t sin ∂θ 2
c
π ∂A 1 π
∂z x (a) a = 4, b = 1, θ = : = ( 4) sin = 2
= −e −t sin 4 ∂b 2 4
∂t c
∂z 1 x π ∂A 1 π 5
= e −t cos (b) a = 2, b = 5, θ = : = ( 2)(5) cos =
∂x c c 3 ∂θ 2 3 2
∂2 z 1 x
= − 2 e −t sin 68. R = 200 x1 + 200 x2 − 4 x12 − 8 x1 x2 − 4 x22
∂x 2 c c
∂z  ∂2z  ∂r
So, = c 2  2 . (a) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2
∂t ∂x1
 ∂x 
∂R
At ( x1 , x2 ) = ( 4, 12), = 200 − 32 − 96 = 72.
59. u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 2 xy ∂x1
∂u ∂v ∂R
= 2x = (b) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2
∂x ∂y ∂x2
∂u ∂v ∂R
= −2y = − At ( x1 , x2 ) = ( 4, 12), = 72.
∂y ∂x ∂x 2

60. u = e x cos y , v = e x sin y

69. An increase in either price will cause a decrease in
∂u ∂v demand.
= e x cos y =
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
= − e x sin y = −
∂y ∂x

61. Yes. The function f ( x, y ) = cos(3 x − 2 y ) satisfies

both equations.

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698 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

70. T = 500 − 0.6 x 2 − 1.5 y 2 71. PV = nRT

∂T ∂T PV ∂T V
= −1.2 x, (2, 3) = −2.4° m T =  =
∂x ∂x nR ∂P nR
nRT ∂P nRT
∂T ∂T P =  = − 2
= −3 y = ( 2, 3) = −9° m V ∂V V
∂y ∂y
nRT ∂V nR
V =  =
P ∂T P
∂T ∂P ∂V  
V nRT  
nR
⋅ ⋅ =   − 2  
∂P ∂V ∂T  nR  V  P 
nRT nRT
= − = − = −1
VP nRT

72. f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
23

2 2
( x + y 2 ) (2 x) = 2 4 x 2 1 3 .
−1 3
For ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0), f x ( x, y ) =
3 3( x + y )

For ( x, y ) = (0, 0), use the definition of partial derivative.

f (0 + Δx) − f (0, 0) (Δx)

43
f x (0, 0) = lim = lim ( Δx)
13
= lim = 0
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0

Section 11.4 Differentials and the Chain Rules

1. z = 5 x3 y 2
dz = 15 x 2 y 2 dx + 10 x3 y dy
1 2 2
 2
( 2 2
2. z =   e x + y − e − x − y )
 e x2 + y2 + e − x2 − y2 
dz = 2 x   dx
 2 
 
 e x2 + y 2 + e − x 2 − y 2 
+ 2 y  dy
 2 
 
= ex( 2 + y2
+ e− x
2 − y2
)( x dx + y dy)
3. w = x 2 yz 2 + sin yz
dw = 2 xyz 2 dx + ( x 2 z 2 + z cos yz ) dy + ( 2 x 2 yz + y cos yz ) dz

x + y 6. f ( x, y) = 16 − x 2 − y 2
4. w =
z − 3y
(a) f ( 2, 1) = 11
1 3x + z x+ y
dw = dx + dy − dz f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 10.4875
( ) ( − 3 y)
2 2
z − 3y z − 3 y z
Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2.1) = −0.5125
5. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y (b) dz = −2 x dx − 2 y dy
(a) f ( 2, 1) = 1 = −2( 2)(0.1) − 2(1)(0.05) = −0.5
f ( 2.1, 1.05) = 1.05
Δz = f ( 2.1, 1.05) − f ( 2, 1) = 0.05

(b) dz = 2 dx − 3 dy = 2(0.1) − 3(0.05) = 0.05

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