C H A P T E R 1 1

Functions of Several Variables

Section 11.1 Introduction to Functions of Several Variables
1. x 2 z + 3 y 2 − xy = 10 4. f ( x, y ) = xe y
x 2 z = 10 + xy − 3 y 2 (a) f ( −1, 0) = ( −1)e 0 = −1
2
10 + xy − 3 y
z = (b) f (0, 2) = 0e 2 = 0
x2
Yes, z is a function of x and y. (c) f ( x, 3) = xe3

(d) f (t , − y ) = te − y
x2 y2
2. + + z2 = 1
4 9 5. f ( x, y ) = x sin y
No, z is not a function of x and y. For example,
( x, y ) = (0, 0) corresponds to both z = ±1.  π π  2
(a) f  2,  = 2 sin = 2  = 2
 4 4  2 
3. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − y + 3 (b) f (3, 1) = 3 sin 1
(a) f (0, 2) = 2(0) − 2 + 3 = 1 (c) f ( − 3, 0) = − 3 sin 0 = 0
(b) f ( −1, 0) = 2( −1) − 0 + 3 = 1  π π
(d) f  4,  = 4 sin = 4(1) = 4
(c) f (5, 30) = 2(5) − 30 + 3 = −17  2 2

(d) f (3, y ) = 2(3) − y + 3 = 9 − y y

6. g ( x, y ) =  x (2t − 3) dt
(e) f ( x, 4) = 2 x − 4 + 3 = 2 x − 1
y
= t 2 − 3t  = y 2 − 3 y − x 2 + 3x
(f) f (5, t ) = 2(5) − t + 3 = 13 − t x

(a) g ( 4, 0) = 0 − 16 + 12 = −4

(b) g ( 4, 1) = (1 − 3) − 16 + 12 = −6

(c) g 4,( 32 ) = ( 94 − 92 ) − 16 + 12 = − 25
4

(d) g ( 32 , 0) = 0 − 94 + 92 = 94

7. f ( x, y ) = 2 x + y 2

f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y ) 2( x + Δx) + y 2 − ( 2 x + y 2 ) 2Δx

(a) = = = 2, Δx ≠ 0
Δx Δx Δx

f ( x , y + Δy ) − f ( x , y ) 2 x + ( y + Δy ) − 2 x − y 2
2
2 yΔy + ( Δy 2 )
(b) = = = 2 y + Δy, Δy ≠ 0
Δy Δy Δy

8. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − y 9. g ( x, y) = x y

Domain: {( x, y ): x, y are real numbers.} Domain: {( x, y): y ≥ 0}

Range: all real numbers Range: all real numbers

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 Section 11.1 Introduction to Functions of Several Variables 683

x + y 16. f ( x, y ) = 4
10. z =
xy
Plane z

Domain: {( x, y): x ≠ 0 and y ≠ 0} 5

3
Range: all real numbers 2

1
11. f ( x, y) =
2 1
4 − x2 − y 2 3 2 3
4 y
5

Domain: 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0 x

x2 + y 2 ≤ 4
17. f ( x, y) = y 2
{( x, y): x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4}
Because the variable x is missing, the surface is a
Range: 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 cylinder with rulings parallel to the x-axis. The
generating curve is z = y 2 . The domain is the entire
12. f ( x, y ) = arccos( x + y )
xy-plane and the range is z ≥ 0.
Domain: {( x, y): −1 ≤ x + y ≤ 1} z

5
Range: 0 ≤ z ≤ π 4

13. f ( x, y ) = ln (5 − x − y )
1
Domain: 5 − x − y > 0 4
2 3 y
x
x + y < 5

{( x, y): y < − x + 5} 18. z = − x 2 − y 2

Paraboloid
Range: all real numbers
Domain: entire xy-plane
−4 x Range: z ≤ 0
14. f ( x, y ) =
x + y2 + 1
2 z

(a) View from the positive x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0) 1

−2
2 2 y
(b) View where x is negative, y and z are positive: x

(−15, 10, 20)

(c) View from the first octant: ( 20, 15, 25)
(d) View from the line y = x in the xy-plane:
( 20, 20, 0)
19. f ( x, y) = e− x
15. (a) Domain:
Because the variable y is missing, the surface is a
{( x, y ): x is any real number, y is any real number} cylinder with rulings parallel to the y-axis. The
generating curve is z = e − x .
Range: −2 ≤ z ≤ 2
The domain is the entire xy-plane and the range is
(b) z = 0 when x = 0 which represents points on the
z > 0.
y-axis.
z
(c) No. When x is positive, z is negative. When x is
8
negative, z is positive. The surface does not pass
through the first octant, the octant where y is 6

negative and x and z are positive, the octant where y 4

is positive and x and z are negative, and the octant 2
where x, y and z are all negative.
4 4 y
x

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684 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

20. z = e1− x
2 − y2 25. z = x 2 + 4 y 2
Level curves: The level curves are ellipses of the form x2 + 4 y 2 = c

c = e1− x
2 − y2
(except x2 + 4 y 2 = 0 is the point (0, 0)).
y
ln c = 1 − x 2 − y 2
c=0
2 c=1
x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln c c=2
c=3
c=4
Circles centered at (0, 0)
x
−2 2
Matches (c)

2 + y2 −2
21. z = e1− x
Level curves:
26. f ( x, y ) =
y
9 − x2 − y 2 c=2
1− x2 + y 2
c = e c=1
c=0
The level curves are of the form
ln c = 1 − x 2 + y 2 1
2 2 c = 9 − x2 − y2 c=3
x − y = 1 − ln c −1 1
x

x 2 + y 2 = 9 − c 2 , circles. −1
Hyperbolas centered at (0, 0)
Matches (d)
( x2 + y 2 = 0 is the point (0, 0).)

22. z = ln y − x 2 x
27. f ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2
Level curves: y
The level curves are of the form c = −1
2 2
c = ln y − x 2
x c = −3 c=1
± ec = y − x 2 c = 2
c=2
x2 + y 2
2 c
y = x ±e x x
x2 − + y2 = 0 2

Parabolas c c = −2 c= 3
2
2 2
Matches (b) c= 1
 1 2 1 c = −1 2
x −  + y =   .
 2c   2c 
 x + 2 y2 
23. z = cos  So, the level curves are circles passing through the origin
 4 
and centered at ( ±1 2c, 0).
Level curves:
 x2 + 2 y 2  28. Yes. The definition of a function of two variables
c = cos 
 4  z = f ( x, y ) requires that z be unique for each ordered
x2 + 2 y 2 pair ( x, y ) in the domain.
cos −1 c =
4
x + 2 y = 4 cos −1 c
2 2 29. No, the following graphs are not hemispheres.

Ellipses z = e
(
− x2 + y2 )
Matches (a) 2
z = x + y 2

y
24. z = x + y x
4 30. f ( x, y ) =
Level curves are parallel y
lines of the form 2
x 1
x + y = c. The level curves are the lines c = or y = x.
x y c
−2 2 4 c=4

−2 These lines all pass through the origin.

c=2

c = −1 c=0

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 Section 11.1 Introduction to Functions of Several Variables 685

31. f ( x, y ) = xy , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 35. f ( x, y , z ) = x − y + z , c = 1 z

(a) z
1 = x − y + z 2

25
Plane 1
20
−2
15 −1
1 1
10 2 y
2
5 y
x

5
x

(b) g is a vertical translation of f three units downward. 36. f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z

4
(c) g is a reflection of f in the xy-plane. c = 9
(d) The graph of g is lower than the graph of f.
9 = x2 + y 2 + z 2
If z = f ( x, y ) is on the graph of f, then 12 z is on
−4

Sphere 4 4 y
the graph of g. x

(e) z
z = f (x, x) −4

25

20 z
15 37. f ( x, y, z ) = 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − z 2
2
10
c = 0
5 y −2
0 = 4x2 + 4 y 2 − z 2 −2
2 1 y
5 2
x
Elliptic cone x

32. The surface is sloped like a saddle. The graph is not

unique. Any vertical translation would have the same
level curves. 38. f ( x, y , z ) = sin x − z z

One possible function is 2

c = 0
f ( x, y ) = xy .
0 = sin x − z or z = sin x 4 y

x 8

33. The surface could be an ellipsoid centered at (0, 1, 0). Cylinder

One possible function is π d 

2
L
39. Y ( d , L) =   ⋅
(y − 1)
2
 4  10,000
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + − 1.
4  56π 
2
4
(a) Y (56, 4) =   ⋅ ≈ 0.774 m3
 4  10,000
10
1 + 0.06(1 − R )  2
34. V ( I , R ) = 1000    76π  4
 1+ I  (b) Y (76, 4) =   ⋅ ≈ 1.425 m3
 4  10,000
Inflation Rate
Tax Rate 0 0.03 0.05
0 $1790.85 $1332.56 $1099.43
0.28 $1526.43 $1135.80 $937.09
0.35 $1466.07 $1090.90 $900.04

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686 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

40. T = 600 − 0.75 x 2 − 0.75 y 2 44. z = Cx a y1 − a

The level curves are of the form ln z = ln C + a ln x + (1 − a ) ln y
2 2
c = 600 − 0.75 x − 0.75 y ln z − ln y = ln C + a ln x − a ln y
600 − c
x2 + y2 = . z x
0.75 ln = ln C + a ln
y y
The level curves are circles centered at the origin.
c = 600 y c = 300 45. (a) Highest pressure at C
c = 500 c = 200
c = 400 30 c = 100
c=0
(b) Lowest pressure at A
(c) Highest wind velocity at B
x

46. C = 48 xy + 27( 2)( yz ) + 27( 2)( xz )

− 30 30

z
= 48 xy + 54( yz + xz )
− 30

x
41. f ( x, y ) = 80 x 0.5 y 0.5
47. (a) No; the level curves are uneven and sporadically
f (600, 350) = 80(600) (350)
0.5 0.5
spaced.
= 8000 21 (b) Use more colors.
≈ 36,661 units
48. False. Let
f ( x, y ) = 2 xy
42. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.65 y 0.35
f (1, 2) = f ( 2, 1), but 1 ≠ 2.
f (600, 350) = 100(600) (350)
0.65 0.35

49. False. Let

≈ 49,685 units
f ( x, y ) = 5.
43. Let f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1 − a
Then, f ( 2 x, 2 y) = 5 ≠ 22 f ( x, y).
1− a
f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y )
a

1− a 1− a
50. False. The equation of a sphere is not a function.
= C ( 2) x a ( 2) ( y)
a

51. False. If there were a point ( x, y ) on the level curves

= 2Cx a y1 − a
= 2 f ( x, y ) f ( x, y ) = C1 and f ( x, y ) = C2 , then C1 = C2 .

52. We claim that g ( x ) = f ( x, 0). First note that x = y = z = 0 implies 3 f (0, 0) = 0  f (0, 0) = 0.

Letting y = z = 0 implies f ( x, 0) + f (0, 0) + f (0, x ) = 0  − f (0, x) = f ( x, 0).

Letting z = 0 implies f ( x, y ) + f ( y , 0) + f (0, x) = 0  f ( x, y ) = − f ( y , 0) − f (0, x) = f ( x, 0) − f ( y , 0).

Hence, f ( x, y ) = g ( x) − g ( y ), as desired.

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 Section 11.2 Limits and Continuity 687

Section 11.2 Limits and Continuity

1. lim x =1 4. lim y = b
( x , y) → (1, 0) ( x , y) → (a , b)
f ( x, y ) = x, L = 1 Let ε > 0 be given. Find δ > 0 such that
Show that for all ε > 0, there exists a δ -neighborhood f ( x, y) − L = y − b < ε
about (1, 0) such that
whenever 0 < (x − a) + ( y − b) < δ . Take
2 2

f ( x, y) − L = x − 1 < ε . δ = ε.
whenever ( x, y ) ≠ (1, 0) lies in the neighborhood. Then if 0 < (x − a ) + ( y − b) < δ = ε , you have
2 2

(x − 1) + ( y − 0) < δ , it follows that

2 2
From 0 < (y − b) < ε
2

x −1 = (x − 1) ≤
2
(x − 1) + ( y − 0) < δ .
2 2 y − b < ε.

So, choose δ = ε and the limit is verified. 5. lim  f ( x, y) − g ( x, y) = 4 − ( − 5) = 9

( x, y) → ( a, b) 
2. lim x = 4
( x , y) → (4, −1)
 3 f ( x, y )  3( 4) 12
Let ε > 0 be given. Find δ > 0 such that 6. lim   = =
( x , y ) → ( a , b)  g ( x, y )  −5 −5
 
f ( x, y) − L = x − 4 < ε
7. lim  f ( x, y) g ( x, y) = 4( − 5) = − 20
whenever ( x, y) → ( a, b) 

0< ( x − a ) 2 + ( y − b) 2 = ( x − 4)2 + ( y + 1)2 < δ.  f ( x , y ) + g ( x, y )  4−5 1

8. lim   = = −
Take δ = ε . ( x , y ) → ( a , b) 
 f ( x , y ) 
 4 4

(x − 4) + ( y + 1) < δ = ε , you have

2 2
Then if 0 <
9. lim
( x , y) → (3,1)
( x2 − 2 y) = 32 − 2(1) = 9 − 2 = 7
(x − 4) < ε
2
Continuous everywhere
x − 4 < ε.
10. lim e xy = e1(2) = e 2
( x , y) → (1, 2)
3. lim y = −3. f ( x, y ) = y , L = −3
( x , y ) → (1, − 3) Continuous everywhere
Show that for all ε > 0, there exists a δ -neighborhood
x 0
about (1, −3) such that 11. lim = = 0
( x , y ) → (0, 2) y 2
f ( x, y) − L = y + 3 < ε Continuous for all y ≠ 0
whenever ( x, y ) ≠ (1, −3) lies in the neighborhood.
xy 1
12. lim =
( x , y ) → (1,1) x 2 + y 2 2
From 0 < (x − 1) + ( y + 3) < δ it follows that
2 2

Continuous except at (0, 0)

(y + 3) ≤ (x − 1) + ( y + 3) < δ .
2 2 2
y +3 =
So, choose δ = ε and the limit is verified. π   1
13. lim y cos xy = 2 cos ⋅ 2  = 2 −  = −1
( x , y ) → (π 3, 2) 3   2
Continuous everywhere

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688 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

arcsin xy arcsin 0 23. No. The existence of f ( 2, 3) has no bearing on the

14. lim = = 0
( x , y ) → (0,1) 1 − xy 1 existence of the limit as ( x, y ) → ( 2, 3).
arcsin xy
The domain of f ( x, y ) = is xy ≠ 1 and
1 − xy 24. No, f ( 2, 3) can equal any number, or not even be
xy ≤ 1  −1 ≤ xy < 1. It is continuous on the defined.
interior of its domain, which is −1 < xy < 1.
25. Yes. lim f ( x, 0) = 0 if f ( x, 0) exists.
( x , 0) → (0, 0)
15. lim x+ y + z = 1+3+ 4 = 2 2
( x , y , z) → (1, 3, 4) 26. The limit appears to exist at all the points except (c)
Continuous for x + y + z ≥ 0 (0, 0) . Near this point, the graph tends to − ∞.

16. lim xe yz = ( −2)e1(0) = −2 27. lim e xy = 1

( x , y , z ) → ( −2,1, 0) ( x , y) → (0, 0)

Continuous everywhere Continuous everywhere

17. lim
xy − 1
=
1−1
= 0
 cos( x 2 + y 2 ) 
( x , y ) → (1,1) 1 + xy 1+1 28. lim 1 −  = −∞
( x , y) → (0, 0)  x2 + y 2 
 
1 The limit does not exist.
18. lim does not exist
( x , y) → (0, 0) x + y
Continuous except at (0, 0)
Because the denominator x + y approaches 0 as
( x, y ) → (0, 0). x2 + y 2
29. lim
( x , y) → (0, 0) xy
x − y
19. lim (a) Along y = ax:
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x − y
x 2 + ( ax)
2
x 2 (1 + a 2 )
does not exist because you cannot approach (0, 0) from lim = lim
( x , ax) → (0, 0) x( ax) x→0 ax 2
negative values of x and y.
1 + a2
= ,a ≠ 0
20. The limit does not exist because along the line y = 0 a
you have If a = 0, then y = 0 and the limit does not exist.
x + y x 1 (b) Along
lim = lim = lim
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x 2 + y ( x , 0) → (0, 0) x 2 ( x , 0) → (0, 0) x
x2 + ( x2 )
2
2 1 + x2
which does not exist. y = x : lim = lim
( x, x2 ) → (0, 0) x( x 2 ) x →0 x
2
x 0
21. lim = = 0 Limit does not exist.
(
( x , y) → (0, 0) x 2 + 1 y 2 + 1 )( ) (1)(1) (c) No, the limit does not exist. Different paths result in
different limits.
22. The limit does not exist because along the path x = 0,
y = 0, you have
xy + yz + xz 0
lim = lim = 0
( x , y , z ) → (0, 0, 0) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (0, 0, z ) → (0, 0, 0) z 2

whereas along the path x = y = z , you have

xy + yz + xz x2 + x2 + x2
lim 2 2 2
= lim
( x , y , z ) →(0, 0, 0) x + y + z ( x , x , x) →(0, 0, 0) x 2 + x 2 + x 2
=1

x4 − y 4 ( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = lim x2 − y 2 = 0
30. lim
( x , y) → (0, 0) x 2 + y 2
= lim
( x , y) → (0, 0) x2 + y 2 ( x , y) → (0, 0)
( )
So, f is continuous everywhere, whereas g is continuous everywhere except at (0, 0). g has a removable discontinuity at (0, 0).

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 Section 11.2 Limits and Continuity 689

 x 2 + 2 xy 2 + y 2 
31. lim f ( x, y ) = lim  
( x , y ) → (0, 0) ( x , y ) → (0, 0)  x2 + y 2 
 2 xy 2 
= lim 1 +  =1
( x , y ) → (0, 0)  x + y2 
2

(same limit for g)

So, f is not continuous at (0, 0), whereas g is continuous at (0, 0).

xy 2 ( r cos θ )(r 2 sin 2 θ ) 39. f ( x, y , z ) =

sin z
32. lim = lim ex + e y
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x 2 + y 2 r →0 r2
= lim ( r cos θ sin 2 θ ) = 0 Continuous everywhere
r →0
40. For xy ≠ 0, the function is clearly continuous.
x2 y2 r 4 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ For xy ≠ 0, let z = xy. Then
33. lim = lim
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x 2 + y 2 r →0 r2
sin z
lim =1
= lim r 2 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ = 0 z →0 z
r →0
implies that f is continuous for all x, y.
34. lim
( x , y) → (0, 0)
( )
cos x 2 + y 2 = lim cos r 2 = cos (0) = 1
r →0
( )
41. For x 2 ≠ y 2 , the function is clearly continuous.
For x 2 ≠ y 2 , let z = x 2 − y 2 . Then
35. lim sin x 2 + y 2 = lim sin ( r ) = sin (0) = 0
( x , y) → (0, 0) r →0
sin ( z )
lim = 1
z →0 z
36. x2 + y 2 = r implies that f is continuous for all x, y.
sin 2
x + y 2
sin ( r )
lim = lim =1
( x , y ) → (0, 0) x2 + y2 r →0 + r 42. f (t ) = t 2 , g ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y

f ( g ( x, y )) = f ( 2 x − 3 y ) = ( 2 x − 3 y )
2
37. x 2 + y 2 = r 2
Continuous everywhere
1 − cos( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 − cos( r 2 )
lim = lim = 0
( x , y) → (0, 0) x2 + y 2 x →0 r2 1
43. f (t ) = , g ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y
t
1
38. f ( x, y, z ) = 1
x2 + y2 + z 2 f ( g ( x , y )) = f ( 2 x − 3 y ) =
2x − 3 y
Continuous except at (0, 0, 0)
2
Continuous for all y ≠ x
3

44. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 y

( x + Δx )2 − 4 y  − ( x 2 − 4 y )
f ( x + Δx , y ) − f ( x , y ) 2 xΔx + ( Δx)
2
(a) lim = lim   = lim = lim ( 2 x + Δx) = 2 x
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0

f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )  x 2 − 4( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 4 y ) −4Δy
(b) lim = lim  = lim = lim ( −4) = −4
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0

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690 Chapter 11 Functions of Several Variables

x
45. f ( x, y ) =
y
x + Δx x Δx
−
f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y ) y y y 1 1
(a) lim = lim = lim = lim =
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 y y
x x
−
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) y + Δy y xy − ( xy + xΔy ) − xΔy −x −x
(b) lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = 2
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 ( y + Δy ) yΔy Δy → 0 ( y + Δy ) yΔy Δy → 0 ( y + Δy ) y y

46. f ( x, y ) = 3 x + xy − 2 y

f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y ) 3( x + Δx) + ( x + Δx) y − 2 y − (3 x + xy − 2 y )

(a) lim = lim
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
3Δx + yΔx
= lim = lim (3 + y ) = 3 + y
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0

f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) 3x + x( y + Δy ) − 2( y + Δy ) − (3 x + xy − 2 y )
(b) lim = lim
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy
xΔy − 2Δy
= lim = lim ( x − 2) = x − 2
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0

47. f ( x, y) = y ( y + 1)

f ( x + Δx, y ) − f ( x, y ) y ( y + 1) − y ( y + 1)
(a) lim = lim = 0
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx

( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy ) − ( y 3 2 + y1 2 )
32 12
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )
(b) lim = lim
Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy

= lim
(y
+ Δy ) − y
32
+ lim
( y + Δy ) − y1 2
32 12

Δy → 0 Δy Δy → 0 Δy
3 1
= y1 2 + y −1 2 ( L′Hôpital's Rule)
2 2
3y + 1
=
2 y

48. lim
xyz
= lim
( ρ sin φ cos θ )( ρ sin φ sin θ )( ρ cos φ )
( x , y , z ) → (0, 0, 0) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ρ → 0+ ρ2
= lim ρ sin 2 φ cos θ sin θ cos φ  = 0
ρ → 0+

 1  1 π ln ( x 2 + y 2 ), ( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0)

49. lim tan −1  2 2
= lim tan −1  2  = 52. False. Let f ( x, y ) =  .
( x , y , z ) → (0, 0, 0)  x + y 2
+ z  ρ → 0 + ρ
  2
0, x = 0, y = 0
50. True
53. True
51. True

54. As ( x, y ) → (0, 1), x 2 + 1 → 1 and x 2 + ( y − 1) → 0.

2

 x2 + 1  π
So, lim tan −1   = .
 x + ( y − 1) 
2
( x , y ) → (0,1) 2 2

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives 691

55. Because lim f ( x, y ) = L1 , then for ε 2 > 0, there corresponds δ 1 > 0 such that f ( x, y) − L1 < ε 2 whenever
( x , y ) → ( a , b)

(x − a ) + ( y − b ) < δ 1.
2 2
0 <

Because lim g ( x, y ) = L2 , then for ε 2 > 0, there corresponds δ 2 > 0 such that g ( x, y ) − L2 < ε 2 whenever
( x , y ) → ( a , b)

0 < (x − a ) + ( y − b) < δ 2 .
2 2

(x − a ) + ( y − b)
2 2
Let δ be the smaller of δ1 and δ 2 . By the triangle inequality, whenever < δ , we have

ε ε
f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y ) − ( L1 + L2 ) = ( f ( x, y) − L1 ) + ( g ( x, y) − L2 ) ≤ f ( x, y ) − L1 + g ( x, y ) − L2 <
2
+
2
= ε.

So, lim  f ( x, y ) + g ( x, y ) = L1 + L2 .

( x , y ) → ( a , b) 

Section 11.3 Partial Derivatives

1. No, x only occurs in the numerator. 11. z = x 2e 2 y
2. Yes, y occurs in both the numerator and denominator. ∂z
= 2 xe 2 y
∂x
3. No, y only occurs in the numerator. ∂z
= 2 x 2e 2 y
∂y
4. Yes, x occurs in both the numerator and denominator.
x
5. Yes, x occurs in both the numerator and denominator. 12. z = ln = ln x − ln y
y
6. No, y only occurs in the numerator. ∂z 1
=
∂x x
7. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − 5 y + 3
∂z 1
= −
f x ( x, y ) = 2 ∂y y
f y ( x , y ) = −5
(
13. z = ln x 2 + y 2 )
2 2
8. z = 6 x − x y + 8 y ∂z 2x
∂z = 2
= 6 − 2 xy ∂x x + y2
∂x
∂z 2y
∂z = 2
= − x 2 + 16 y ∂y x + y2
∂y

9. z = x y x2 3y2
14. z = +
2y x
∂z
= y
∂x ∂z 2x 3y2 x3 − 3 y 3
= − 2 =
∂z x ∂x 2y x x2 y
=
∂y 2 y ∂z − x2 6y 12 y 3 − x 3
= 2
+ =
∂y 2y x 2 xy 2
10. z = e xy
∂z 15. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y2 )
= ye xy
∂x
∂z hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 )
= xe xy
∂y
hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y 2 )

© 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.