Sol 10-4 - 10-5

642 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions
Section 10.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors

1. r (t ) = t 2i + 2tj, t = 1 6. r(t ) = cos ti + 3 sin tj + (3t − 4)k , P(1, 0, − 4)
r′(t ) = 2ti + 2 j, r′(t ) = 4t 2 + 4 = 2 t 2 + 1 r′(t ) = − sin ti + 3 cos tj + 3k
r′(1) 1 2 2 t = 0 at P(1, 0, − 4)
T(1) = = (i + j) = i + j
r′(1) 2 2 2 r′(0) = 3j + 3k
π r′(0) = 9 + 9 = 3 2
2. r (t ) = 5 cos ti + 5 sin tj, t =
3
1 2
r′(t ) = − 5 sin ti + 5 cost j T(0) = (3j + 3k ) = ( j + k)
3 2 2
r′(t ) = 25 sin 2 t + 25 cos 2 t = 5
Direction numbers: a = 0, b = 1, c = 1
π 
r′  Parametric equations: x = 1, y = 3t , z = − 4 + 3t or
π  π π 3 1
T  =   = −sin i + cos j = −
3
i + j x = 1, y = t , z = − 4 + t
3  π 3 3 2 2
r′ 
3
7. r (t ) = 2 cos t , 2 sin t , 4 , P ( 2, 2, 4 )
3. r(t ) = 3ti − ln tj, t = e r′(t ) = −2 sin t , 2 cos t , 0
1 π π 
r′(t ) = 3i − j When t = , r′  = − 2, 2, 0 ,
t 4 4
1 π
r′(e) = 3i − j  
e t = 4 at

( 2, )
2, 4 .

r′(e)
T(e) = π  r′(π 4) 1
r′(e) T  = = − 2, 2, 0
4 r (π 4)
′ 2
1
3i − j Direction numbers: a = − 2, b = 2, c = 0
e = 3ei − j
= ≈ 0.9926i − 0.1217 j
1 9e 2 + 1 Parametric equations: x = − 2t + 2, y = 2t + 2,
9+ 2
e z = 4
4. r(t ) = et cos ti + et j, t = 0 8. r (t ) = 2 sin t , 2 cos t , 4 sin 2 t , P 1, ( 3, 1 )

r′(t ) = (et cos t − et sin t )i + et j r′(t ) = 2 cos t , − 2 sin t , 8 sin t cos t
r′(0) = i + j π π 
When t = , r′  = 3, −1, 2 3 ,
6 6
r′(0) i + j 2 2
T(0) = = = i + j  π 
r′(0) 2 2 2 (
t = 6 at 1, 3, 1 .
 
)
5. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + tk , P(0, 0, 0) π  r′(π 6) 1
T  = = 3, −1, 2 3
r′(t ) = i + 2tj + k
6
  r ′(π 6) 4
Direction numbers: a = 3, b = −1, c = 2 3

When t = 0, r′(0) = i + k , t = 0 at (0, 0, 0).
Parametric equations: x = 3t + 1, y = −t + 3,
r′(0) 2 z = 2 3t + 1
T(0) = = (i + k )
r′(0) 2
Parametric equations: x = t , y = 0, z = t
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Section 10.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors 643
1 2
9. r (t ) = t i + t j, t = 2
2
r′(t ) = i + tj
r′(t ) i + tj
T(t ) = =
r′(t ) 1 + t2
−t 1
T′(t ) = i + j
(t + 1) (t + 1)
32 32
2 2
−2 1
T′( 2) = i + 32j
53 2 5
T′( 2) 1 −2 5 5
N( 2) = = ( −2i + j) = i + j
T′( 2) 5 5 5
10. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + ln tk , t = 1
1
r′(t ) = i + 2tj + k
t
1
r′(t ) i + 2tj + k
t ti + 2t 2 j + k
T(t ) = = =
r′(t ) 1 4t 4 + t 2 + 1
1 + 4t 2 + 2
t
1 − 4t 4 2t 3 + 4t −8t 3 − t
T′(t ) = i + j+ k
(4t 4 + t 2 + 1) (4t 4 + t 2 + 1) (4t 4 + t 2 + 1)
32 32 32
−3 6 −9 3
T′(1) = i + 3 2 j + 3 2 k = 3 2 [−i + 2 j − 3k ]
63 2 6 6 6
−i + 2 j − 3k − 14 2 14 3 14
N(1) = = i + j− k
14 14 14 14
11. r (t ) = 6 cos ti + 6 sin tj + k , t =

3π 12. r(t ) = cos 3ti + 2 sin 3tj + k , t = π
4
r′(t ) = −3 sin 3ti + 6 cos 3tj
r′(t ) = −6 sin ti + 6 cos tj
r′(t ) −3 sin 3ti + 6 cos 3tj
T(t ) = =
r′(t ) r′(t ) 9 sin 2 3t + 36 cos 2 3t
T(t ) = = −sin ti + cos tj
r′(t )
The normal vector is perpendicular to T(t ) and points
T′(t ) = −cos ti − sin tj, T′(t ) = 1 toward the z-axis:
−6 cos 3ti − 3 sin 3tj
 3π  T′(3π 4) 2 2 N (t ) =
N  = = i − j 9 sin 2 3t + 36 cos 2 3t
 4  T′(3π 4) 2 2
6i
N(π ) = = i
36
1 1
13. r (t ) = ti + j, t0 = 2 15. r (t ) = ti + j, t = 1
t t
1 1
x = t , y =  xy = 1 v(t ) = i − 2 j, v(1) = i − j,
t t
1 2
r′(t ) = i − 2 j a(t ) = 3 j, a(1) = 2 j
t t
t 2i − j v (t ) t2
 1  1
T(t ) = T(t ) =
v (t )
=  i − 2 j = (t 2i − j)
t +14
t + 1
4 t  4
t +1
i + t2j 1 2
N (t ) = T(1) = (i − j) = (i − j)
t4 + 1 2 2
1 2t 2t 3
r ( 2) = 2i + j i + j
(t 4 + 1) (t 4 + 1)
2 32 32
T′(t )
17 N (t ) = =
T( 2) = (4i − j) T′(t ) 2t
17 ( + 1)
t 4
17
N ( 2) = (i + 4 j) 1
17 =
4
(i + t 2 j)
t +1
y
1 2
N(1) = (i + j) = (i + j)
3 2 2
2
aT = a ⋅ T = − 2
N
aN = a ⋅ N = 2
1
) )
2, 1
2 T x
1 2 3 16. r (t ) = et i + e −2t j, t = 0
v (t ) = et i − 2e −2t j, v(0) = i − 2 j
a(t ) = et i + 4e −2t j, a(0) = i + 4 j

14. r (t ) = ( 2t + 1)i − t 2 j, t0 = 2
v (t ) et i − 2e −2t j
x = 2t + 1, T(t ) = =
v (t ) 4e −4t + e 2t
2
 x − 1 i − 2j
y = −t 2 = − 
 2  T( 0 ) =
5
r( 2) = 5i − 4 j 2i + j
N ( 0) =
5
r′(t ) = 2i − 2tj
1 −7 5
2i − 2tj i − tj aT = a ⋅ T = (1 − 8) =
T( t ) = = 5 5
4 + 4t 2 1 + t2
1 6 5
i − 2j aN = a ⋅ N = ( 2 + 4) =
T ( 2) = 5 5
5
π
N ( 2) =
− 2i − j
, perpendicular to T( 2) 17. r (t ) = (et cos t )i + (et sin t ) j, t =
5 2
v(t ) = e (cos t − sin t )i + e (cos t + sin t ) j
t t
y
2 a(t ) = et ( −2 sin t )i + et ( 2 cos t ) j

x
π v 1 2
(−i + j) = (−i + j).
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
At t = , T = =
(5, −4)
2 v 2 2
−4
−6 N Motion along r is counterclockwise. So,

T
1 2
−8
N = ( −i − j) = − (i + j).
2 2
aT = a ⋅ T = 2eπ 2
aN = a ⋅ N = 2eπ 2
18. r(t ) = 4 cos 3ti + 4 sin 3tj, t = π 23. r (t ) = ti + 2tj − 3tk , t = 1

v(t ) = −12 sin 3ti + 12 cos 3tj v(t ) = i + 2 j − 3k
a(t ) = − 36 cos 3ti − 36 sin 3tj a (t ) = 0
a(π ) = 36i
v
T(t ) =
At t = π , vπ = −12 j and T(π ) = − j v
Movement is counterclockwise around a circle. So, 1
N(π ) = i.
= (i + 2 j − 3k )
14
aT = a ⋅ T = 0 14
= (i + 2 j − 3k ) = T(1)
aN = a ⋅ N = 36 14
T′
N(t ) = is undefined.
19. r(t ) = a cos ω ti + a sin ω tj T′
v(t ) = −aω sin ω ti + aω cos ω tj aT , aN are not defined.
a(t ) = − aω 2 cos ω ti − aω 2 sin ω tj

t2
24. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + k, t = 1
v (t ) 2
T(t ) = = −sin ω ti + cos ω tj
v (t ) v(t ) = i + 2tj + tk
T′(t ) v(1) = i + 2 j + k
N (t ) = = −cos ω ti − sin ω tj
T′(t ) a (t ) = 2 j + k
aT = a ⋅ T = 0 v 1
T(t ) = = (i + 2tj + tk )
v 1 + 5t 2
aN = a ⋅ N = aω 2
6
T(1) = (i + 2 j + k )
20. T(t ) points in the direction that r is moving. N(t ) points 6
in the direction that r is turning, toward the concave side −5ti + 2 j + k
(1 + 5t 2 )
of the curve. 32
T′ −5ti + 2 j + k
y N (t ) = = =
T′ 5 5 1 + 5t 2
a T
1 + 5t 2
N 30
x N (1) = (−5i + 2 j + k )
a 30
5 6
aT = a ⋅ T =
6
30
aN = a ⋅ N =
21. Speed: v(t ) = aω 6
The speed is constant because aT = 0.
22. If the angular velocity ω is halved,

2
ω  aω 2
aN = a  = .
2 4
1
aN is changed by a factor of .
4
25. r(t ) = et sin ti + et cos tj + et k , t = 0 26. r(t ) = et i + 2tj + e−t k , t = 0
v(t ) = (et cos t + et sin t )i + ( −et sin t + et cos t ) j + et k v (t ) = e t i + 2 j − e − t k , v (t ) = e 2t + 4 + e −2t
v ( 0) = i + j + k a(t ) = e t i + e − t k , a(t ) = e 2t + e −2t
a(t ) = 2et cos ti − 2et sin tj + et k v ( 0) = i + 2 j − k , a ( 0) = i + k
a ( 0) = 2i + k i + 2j − k
T( 0 ) =
6
v
T(t ) = aT = a ⋅ T = 0
v
1 aN = a 2 − aT2 = 2
= (cos t + sin t )i + ( −sin t + cos t ) j + k 
3
a = i + k = aTT + aN N = 2N
1
T(0) = [i + j + k ]  N =
1
(i + k )
3
2
1
N (t ) = ( −sin t + cos t )i + ( −cos t − sin t ) j 27. If aN = 0, then the motion is in a straight line.
2
2 2 28. If aT = 0, then the speed is constant.
N ( 0) = i − j
2 2
29. r (t ) = 3ti + 4tj
aT = a ⋅ T = 3
v(t ) = r′(t ) = 3i + 4 j, v(t ) = 9 + 16 = 5
aN = a ⋅ N = 2
a(t ) = v′(t ) = 0
v (t ) 3 4
T(t ) = = i + j
v (t ) 5 5
T′(t ) = 0  N(t ) does not exist.

The path is a line. The speed is constant (5).
30. (a) (i) The vector s represents the unit tangent vector because it points in the direction of motion.
(ii) The vector t represents the unit tangent vector because it points in the direction of motion.
(b) (i) The vector z represents the unit normal vector because it points in the direction that the curve is bending.
(ii) The vector z represents the unit normal vector because it points in the direction that the curve is bending.
31. r (t ) = π t − sin π t, 1 − cos π t

The graph is a cycloid.
(a) r (t ) = π t − sin π t, 1 − cos π t
v(t ) = π − π cos π t, π sin π t
a(t ) = π 2 sin π t, π 2 cos π t

v (t ) 1
T(t ) = = 1 − cos π t, sin π t
v (t ) 2(1 − cos π t)
T′(t ) 1
N( t ) = = sin π t, −1 + cos π t
T′(t ) 2(1 − cos π t)
1 π 2 sin π t
aT = a ⋅ T = π 2 sin π t(1 − cos π t) + π 2 cos π t sin π t =
2(1 − cos π t) 2(1 − cos π t)
1 π 2 (1 − cos π t) π2 2(1 − cos π t)

aN = a ⋅ N = π 2 sin 2 π t + π 2 cos π t( −1 + cos π t) = =
2(1 − cos π t ) 2(1 − cos π t ) 2
y
1 π2 2π 2 2π 2
When t = : aT = = , aN =
2 2 2 2
t = 21
t=1
When t = 1: aT = 0, aN = π 2 t = 23
3 2π 2 2π 2
When t = : aT = − , aN = x
2 2 2
(b) Speed: s = v (t ) = π 2(1 − cos π t)

ds π sin π t
2
= = aT
dt 2(1 − cos π t)
1 2π 2
When t = : aT = > 0  the speed in increasing.
2 2
When t = 1: aT = 0  the height is maximum.
3 2π 2
When t = : aT = − < 0  the speed is decreasing.
2 2
t π
32. r(t ) = 2 cos ti + 2 sin tj + k , t0 =
2 2
1
r′(t ) = −2 sin ti + 2 cos tj + k
2
2 17  1 
T(t ) =  −2 sin ti + 2 cos tj + k 
17  2 
N(t ) = −cos ti − sin tj z
π  π 3
r  = 2 j + k
2 4 2
B
π  T
1
2 17  1  17 −2 −2
T  =  −2i + k  = (−4i + k ) −1
N
2 17  2  17
1 ( 0, 2, π2 )
π  x
2
y
N  = − j
2
i j k
π  π  π  4 17 17 17 4 17 17
B  = T  × N  = − 0 = i + k = (i + 4k )
2 2 2 17 17 17 17 17
0 −1 0
π
33. r(t ) = i + sin tj + cos tk , t0 =
4
r′(t ) = cos tj − sin tk ,
r′(t ) = 1
π  π  2 2
r′  = T  = j− k
4 4 2 2
T′(t ) = −sin tj − cos tk ,
π  2 2
N  = − j− k
4 2 2
i j k
π  π  π  2 2
B  = T  × N  = 0 − = −i
4 4 4 2 2
2 2
0 − −
2 2
π
34. r(t ) = 4 sin ti + 4 cos tj + 2tk , t0 =
3
r′(t ) = 4 cos ti − 4 sin tj + 2k ,
r′(t ) = 16 cos 2 t + 16 sin 2 t + 4 = 20 = 2 5
π 
r′  = 2i − 2 3 j + 2k
3
π  1 5 15 5 5
T  =
3
  2 5
(
2i − 2 3j + 2k = ) 5
i −
5
j+
5
k =
5
(
i − 3j + k )
1
T′(t ) = (−4 sin ti − 4 cos tj)
2 5
π  3 1
N  = − i− j
3
  2 2
i j k
5 15 5
π  π  π  5 15 4 5 5
B  = T  × N  =
3 3 3
5
−
5 5 =
10
i −
10
j−
10
k =
10
i − ( 3 j − 4k )
3 1
− − 0
2 2
π
35. r(t ) = 3 cos 2ti + 3 sin 2tj + tk , t =
4
r′(t ) = −6 sin 2ti + 6 cos 2tj + k
r′(t ) = 37
π 
r′  = −6i + k
4
r ′(t ) 1
T(t ) = = (−6 sin 2ti + 6 cos 2tj + k )
r ′(t ) 37
1
T′(t ) = (−12 cos 2ti − 12 sin 2tj)
37
π  1
T  = ( −6i + k )
4 37
T′(t )
N (t ) = = −cos 2ti − sin 2tj
T′(t )
π 
N  = − j
4
i j k
π  π  π  −6 1 1 6
B  = T  × N  = 0 = i + k
4 4 4 37 37 37 37
0 −1 0
36. r(t ) = 3ti + 2t 2 j 37. r (t ) = 2ti + 4tj + t 2k

v(t ) = 3i + 4tj v(t ) = 2i + 4 j + 2tk
a(t ) = 4 j a(t ) = 2k
v ⋅ v = 9 + 16t 2 v ⋅ v = 4 + 16 + 4t 2 = 20 + 4t 2
v ⋅ a = 16t v ⋅ a = 4t
⋅ v )a − ( v ⋅ a) v = (9 + 16t 2 )4 j − (16t )(3i + 4tj) ( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v = ( 20 + 4t 2 )2k − 4t ( 2i + 4 j + 2tk )

(v
= − 48ti + 36 j = − 8ti − 16tj + 40k
( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v ( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v 1
N = =
1
(− 4ti + 3j) N = = (− ti − 2tj + 5k )
( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v 9 + 16t 2 ( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v 2
5t + 25
38. From Theorem 10.3 you have:

r (t ) = (v0t cos θ )i + ( h + v0t sin θ − 4.9t 2 ) j
v(t ) = v0 cos θ i + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t ) j
a(t ) = − 9.8 j
T( t ) =
(v0 cos θ )i + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t ) j
cos θ + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t )
2
v02 2
N (t ) =
(v0 sin θ − 9.8t )i − v0 cos θ j
( Motion is clockwise.)
cos θ + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t )
2
v02 2
− 9.8(v0 sin θ − 9.8t )

aT = a ⋅ T =
v02 cos 2 θ + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t )
2
9.8v0 cos θ
aN = a ⋅ N =
cos θ + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t )
2
v02 2
Maximum height when v0 sin θ − 9.8t = 0; ( vertical component of velocity)

At maximum height, aT = 0 and aN = 9.8.
39. r (t ) = 10 cos 10π t, 10 sin 10π t, 4 + 4t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

20
(a) r′(t ) = −100π sin (10π t), 100π cos (10π t), 4
r′(t ) = (100π ) sin 2 (10π t) + (100π ) cos 2 (10π t) + 16

2 2
(100π )
2
= + 16 = 4 625π 2 + 1 ≈ 314 mi h
(b) aT = 0 and aN = 1000π 2

aT = 0 because the speed is constant
40. r (t ) = ( a cos ω t )i + ( a sin ω t ) j

From Exercise 19, you know a ⋅ T = 0 and
a ⋅ N = aω 2 .
(a) Let ω0 = 2ω . Then (b) Let a0 = a 2. Then
= a( 2ω ) = 4aω
2
a ⋅ N = aω 2
0
2
a 1
a ⋅ N = a0ω 2 =  ω 2 =   aω 2
or the centripetal acceleration is increased by a factor 2  2
of 4 when the velocity is doubled. or the centripetal acceleration is halved when the
radius is halved.
41. False. These vectors are perpendicular for an object 45. r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j
traveling at a constant speed but not for an object
traveling at a variable speed. y(t ) = m( x(t )) + b, m and b are constants.
42. True. r (t ) = x(t )i + m( x(t )) + b j
43. (a) r (t ) = cosh (bt )i + sinh (bt ) j, b > 0 v (t ) = x′(t )i + mx′(t ) j
x = cosh (bt ), y = sinh (bt ) v (t ) =

2 2
 x′(t ) + mx′(t ) = x′(t ) 1 + m2
x 2 − y 2 = cosh 2 (bt ) − sinh 2 (bt ) = 1, hyperbola
v (t ) ±(i + mj)
T(t ) = = , constant
(b) v (t ) = b sinh (bt )i + b cosh (bt ) j v (t ) 1 + m2
a(t ) = b2 cosh(bt )i + b2 sinh(bt ) j = b2r(t ) So, T′(t ) = 0.
44. Let T(t ) = cos φ i + sin φ j be the unit tangent vector. 46. Using a = aT T + aN N, T × T = 0, and T × N = 1,
Then you have:
dT v × a = v T × ( aTT + aN N)
T′(t ) =
dt
= v aT (T × T) + v aN (T × N)
d T dφ dφ dφ
= = −(sin φi − cos φ j) = M .
dφ dt dt dt = v aN (T × N)
M = −sin φi + cos φ j v × a = v aN T × N = v aN
= cos φ + (π 2) i + sin φ + (π 2) j v×a

So, aN = .
v
and is rotated counterclockwise through an angle of π 2
from T. 2
47. a = a⋅a
If dφ dt > 0, then the curve bends to the left and M
= ( aTT + aN N) ⋅ ( aTT + aN N)
has the same direction as T′. y
So, M has the same = aT 2 T 2

+ 2aT aN T ⋅ N + aN 2 N 2
direction as
T = aT 2 + aN 2
T′
N = , ϕ aN 2 = a 2 − aT 2
T′ M
which is toward the x

Because aN > 0, we have aN = a 2 − aT 2 .
concave side of the curve.
dv dv
If dφ dt < 0, then the curve bends to the right and M 48. F = ma = (1) = Force
dt dt
has the opposite direction y
as T′. Thus, x = at + bt 2 + ct 3
T′ dx
N = T v = = a + 2bt + 3ct 2
T′ ϕ dt
M
again points to the N dv
= 2b + 6ct
concave side of the curve. x dt
F 2 = 4b 2 + 24bct + 36c 2t 2
= 4b 2 + 12c + ( 2bt + 3ct 2 )
= 4b 2 + 12c + (v − a )
F = f (v ) = ± 4b 2 − 12ac + 12cv
The sign of the radical is the sign of 2b + 6ct , which
cannot change.
Section 10.5 Arc Length and Curvature

1. r (t ) = 3ti − tj, [0, 3] y
dx dy dz 3
= 3, = −1, = 0 (0, 0)
dt dt dt x
6 9
3 3 (9, − 3)
32 + ( −1) dt =  10t  = 3 10
2
s = 0 0
−3
−6
2. r(t ) = t 3i + t 2 j, [0, 1] y
(1, 1)
dx dy dz 1
= 3t 2 , = 2t , = 0
dt dt dt
1 1
s = 0 9t 4 + 4t 2 dt = 0 9t 2 + 4 t dt
32 1
x
1 1 2 1 2 1
(9t + 4) (18t ) dt = ( 9t + 4)  = (133 2 − 8) ≈ 1.4397
12 (0, 0)

1
=
18 0 
27   0 27
3. r(t ) = a cos3 ti + a sin 3 tj, [0, 2π ]

y
dx dy a
= −3a cos 2 t sin t , = 3a sin 2 t cos t
dt dt
x
π 2 2 2 −a a
s = 4 −3a cos 2 t sin t  + 3a sin 2 t cos t  dt
0
−a
π 2 π 2 π 2
= 12a  sin t cos t dt = 3a  2 sin 2t dt = [−3a cos 2t ]0 = 6a
0 0
4. r (t ) = a cos ti + a sin tj, [0, 2π ] y
a
dx dy
= − a sin t , = a cos t
dt dt
2π 2π x
2π
s = 0 a 2 sin 2 t + a 2 cos 2 t dt = 0 a dt = [at ]0 = 2π a a
5. r(t ) = 50 2ti + 3 + 50 2t − 16t 2  j
(
v(t ) = 50 2i + 50 2 − 32t j )
3 + 50 2t − 16t 2 = 0  t ≈ 4.4614
(50 2 ) ( )
4.4614 2 2
s = 0 + 50 2 − 32t dt ≈ 362.9 ft
6. r (t ) = −ti + 4tj + 3tk , [0, 1]

z
4
dx dy dz 3
= −1, = 4, = 3 2 −3 (− 1, 4, 3)
dt dt dt (0, 0, 0) −2
1 1 1
s = 0 1 + 16 + 9 dt =  26t  =
0
26 3
2
−1
1
2
3
x −2 4
5 y
Section 10.5 Arc Length and Curvature 653
7. r(t ) = i + t 2 j + t 3k , [0, 2] z
dx dy dz 8
(1, 4, 8)
= 0, = 2t , = 3t 2 7
6
dt dt dt 5
4
2
0
3
s = 4t 2 + 9t 4 dt 2
−4
1
2 (1, 0, 0)
1
(4 + 9t 2 )  = 271 (403 2 − 43 2 ) = 271 80 10 − 8
2 32 y
0 4 + 9t 2 t dt = 3
= 4
5 6
27 0
x
 3π  z
8. r (t ) = 4t , −cos t , sin t , 0, 
 2 (0, −1, 0)
− 12 6
−9
dx dy dz −6
= 4, = sin t , = cos t 6
dt dt dt 12
9 −3 6
15 −6 9 y
18
3π 2 3π 2 3π 2 3π 21 −9
s = 0 16 + sin 2 t + cos 2 t dt = 0 17 dt =  17t 
0
=
2
17 x (6 π , 0, −1) − 12
9. r (t ) = 2 sin t , 5t , 2 cos t , [0, π ] z
12
dx dy dz 10
= 2 cos t , = 5, = −2 sin t 8
−10
dt dt dt 6
4 −6
−8
(0, 0, 2) −4
π π 4 6 8
s = 0 4 cos 2 t + 25 + 4 sin 2 t dt = 0 29 dt = 29π
x
10 12 14
y
−4
−6 (0, 5 π, −2)
10. r (t ) = a cos ti + a sin tj + btk , [0, 2π ] z
dx dy dz (a, 0, 2π b)
2π b
= −a sin t , = a cos t , = b
dt dt dt
2π
0
πb
s = a 2 sin 2 t + a 2 cos 2 t + b 2 dt
2π 2π
= 0 a 2 + b 2 dt =  a 2 + b 2 t  = 2π a2 + b2 y
 0 x (a, 0, 0)
 π  z
11. r (t ) = cos t + t sin t , sin t − t cos t , t 2 , 0, 
 2 3
dx
= t cos t ,
dy
= t sin t ,
dz
= 2t
2
(π2 , 1, π4 ) 2
dt dt dt
(1, 0, 0)
π 2 1
(t cos t ) + (t sin t ) + ( 2t ) dt
2 2 2
0
2 y
s = 2 3
3
π 2
π 2 t2  5π 2 x
= 0 5t 2 dt = 5 
2 0
=
8
12. r(t ) = ti + ( 4 − t 2 ) j + t 3k , [0, 2]
(a) r (0) = 0, 4, 0 , r ( 2) = 2, 0, 8
distance = 2 2 + 4 2 + 82 = 84 = 2 21 ≈ 9.165
(b) r (0) = 0, 4, 0
r (0.5) = 0.5, 3.75, 0.125
r (1) = 1, 3, 1
r (1.5) = 1.5, 1.75, 3.375
r ( 2) = 2, 0, 8
distance ≈ (0.5)2 + (0.25) + (0.125)

2 2
+ (0.5)2 + (0.75) + (0.875)

2 2
+ (0.5)2 + (1.25) + ( 2.375)

2 2
+ (0.5)2 + (1.75) + ( 4.625)

2 2
≈ 0.5728 + 1.2562 + 2.7300 + 4.9702

≈ 9.529
(c) Increase the number of line segments.
13. r (t ) = 2 cos t , 2 sin t , t
t 2 2 2 t t t
x′(u ) +  y′(u ) +  z′(u ) du =  0 (−2 sin u) + (2 cos u) + (1) du
2 2 2
(a) s = 0 = 0 5 du =  5u =
0
5t
s
(b) = t
5
 s   s  s
x = 2 cos , y = 2 sin  , z =
 5  5 5
 s   s  s
r( s) = 2 cos i + 2 sin  j + k
 5  5 5
4
(c) When s = 5: x = 2 cos 1 ≈ 1.081 When s = 4: x = 2 cos ≈ −0.433
5
y = 2 sin 1 ≈ 1.683
4
z =1 y = 2 sin ≈ 1.953
5
(1.081, 1.683, 1.000) 4
z = ≈ 1.789
5
(−0.433, 1.953, 1.789)
2 2
 2  s   2  s   1 
2
4 1
(d) r′( s ) = − sin    +  cos  +   = + =1
 5  5   5  5    5 5 5
 2   2  1
14. r( s) = 1 + s i + 1 − s  j 18. r(t ) = ti + j, t = 1
2 2 t
   
1
2 2 1 1 v (t ) = i − j
r′( s ) = i − j and r′( s ) = + =1 t2
2 2 2 2
v(1) = i − j
r′( s )
T( s ) = = r′( s )
r′( s ) a (t ) =
2
j
t3
T′( s) = 0  K = T′( s) = 0 (The curve is a line.)
a(1) = 2 j
s 3 s t 2i − j
15. r( s ) = cos i + sj + sin  k T(t ) =
2 2  2 t4 + 1
1 s 3 1 s 1
r′( s ) = − sin  i + j + cos k , r′( s ) = 1 N (t ) = (i + t 2 j)
(t + 1)
12
2  2 2 2  2 4
r′( s ) 1 s 3 1 s

T( s ) = = − sin  i + j + cos k N (1) =
1
(i + j)
r′( s ) 2  2 2 2  2 2
1 s 1 s
T′( s ) = − cos i − sin  k a⋅N 2
4 2
  4 2 K = =
v 2 2
1 s 1 s 1
K = T′( s ) = cos 2   + sin 2   =
16  
2 16  
2 4 1 3
19. r(t ) = ti + t j, t = 2
9
16. r (t ) = 4ti − 2tj, t = 1 1
v (t ) = i + t 2 j
3
v (t ) = 4i − 2 j
4 16 5
1 v ( 2) = i + j, v( 2) = 1+ =
T (t ) = ( 2i − j) 2 9 3
5
2
a(t ) = tj
T′(t ) = 0 3
T′(t ) 4
K = = 0 a ( 2) = j
r′(t ) 3
(The curve is a line.) 1

i + t2j
3 3i + t 2 j
T(t ) = =
17. r(t ) = t 2i + j, t = 2 1+
t4 9 + t4
9
v(t ) = 2ti
3i + 4 j
T( 2) =
T( t ) = i 5
T′(t ) = 0 N( 2) =
−4i + 3j
5
T′(t )
K = = 0 a⋅N 45 36
r′(t ) K = = =
v 2 25 9 125
π t2
20. r(t ) = t , sin t , t = 24. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + k
2 2
r′(t ) = 1, cos t , r′(t ) = 1 + cos 2 t r′(t ) = i + 2tj + tk
π  π  T( t ) =
i + 2tj + tk
r′  = 1, 0 , r′  = 1
2
  2 1 + 5t 2
π  −5ti + 2 j + k
a(t ) = 0, −sin t , a  = 0, −1 T′(t ) =
(1 + 5t 2 )
32
2
1
T(t ) = 1, cos t 5
1 + cos 2 t
K =
T′(t )
=
(1 + 5t 2 ) =
5
π  r′(t ) 1 + 5t 2 (1 + 5t 2 )
32
T  = 1, 0
2
π 
N   = 0, −1
2 25. r (t ) = 4ti + 3 cos tj + 3 sin tk
a⋅N 1 r′(t ) = 4i − 3 sin tj + 3 cos tk

K = = =1
v 2 1
1
T( t ) = [4i − 3 sin tj + 3 cos tk]
π 5
21. r(t ) = 5 cos t , 4 sin t , t =
3 1
T′(t ) = [−3 cos tj − 3 sin tk]
x(t ) = 5 cos t , y (t ) = 4 sin t 5
T′(t ) 35 3
x′y′′ − y′x′′ K = = =
K = r′(t ) 5 25
2 32
( x′)2 + ( y′) 
 
( −5 sin t )(−4 sin t ) − (4 cos t )( −5 cos t ) 26. r(t ) = 3ti + 2t 2 j, P( −3, 2)  t = −1
= 32
25 sin 2 t + 16 cos 2 t  x = 3t , x′ = 3, x′′ = 0
20
= 32
y = 2t 2 , y′ = 4t , y′′ = 4
25 sin 2 t + 16 cos 2 t 
x′y′′ − y′x′′ 3( 4) − 0
K = =
π  20 160 91 ( x′) + ( y′) 
2 2 32
9 + ( 4t )2 
32
K  = =
 
3 25(3 4) + 16(1 4)
32
 8281    
 
12 12
At t = −1, K = =
(9 + 16)
32
125
22. r (t ) = 4 cos 2π ti + 4 sin 2π tj
r′(t ) = −8π sin 2π ti + 8π cos 2π tj 27. r(t ) = et i + 4tj, P(1, 0)  t = 0

T(t ) = −sin 2 π ti + cos 2tj
x = et , x′ = et , x′′ = et
T′(t ) = −2π cos 2π ti − 2π sin 2π tj y = 4t , y′ = 4, y′′ = 0
T′(t ) 2π 1 x′y′′ − y′x′′ 0−4 4

K = = = K = = =
2 32
(1 + 16)
32
r′(t ) 8π 4 ( x′) + ( y′) 
2 173 2
 
23. r (t ) = a cos ω ti + a sin ω tj
r′(t ) = − aω sin ω ti + aω cos ω tj
T(t ) = −sin ω ti + cos ω tj
T′(t ) = −ω cos ω ti − ω sin ω tj

T′(t ) ω 1
K = = =
r′(t ) aω a
t3
28. r (t ) = ti + t 2 j + k , P ( 2, 4, 2)  t = 2
4
3 2
r′(t ) = i + 2tj + t k
4
r′( 2) = i + 4 j + 3k , r′( 2) = 26
3
r′′(t ) = 2 j + tk
2
r′′( 2) = 2 j + 3k
i j k
r′( 2) × r′( 2) = 1 4 3 = 6i − 3j + 2k
0 2 3
r′( 2) × r′′( 2) = 49 = 7
r′ × r′′ 7 7 26
K = = =
r′ 3 263 2 676
29. r(t ) = et cos ti + et sin tj + et k , P(1, 0, 1)  t = 0
r′(t ) = (et cos t − et sin t )i + (et sin t + et cos t ) j + et k
r′(t ) = et (cos2 t − 2 cos t sin t + sin 2 t ) + (sin 2 t + 2 sin t cos t + cos2 t ) + 1 = 3et
1
T (t ) = (cos t − sin t )i + (sin t + cos t ) j + k 
3
1
T′(t ) = ( −sin t − cos t )i + (cos t − sin t ) j
3
r′(0) = i + j + k  r′(0) = 3
1 2
T′(0) = (−i + j)  T′(0) =
3 3
T′(0) 2 3 2
K = = =
r′(0) 3 3
30. y = 6 x, x = 3 32. y = 5 x 2 + 7, x = −1
This is a line, so the curvature is 0. y′ = 10 x, y′′ = 10
1 At x = −1, y′ = −10 and y′′ = 10.
K = 0, is undefined.
K
y′′ 10 10
K = = =
4 1 + ( y′)  2 32 2 32 1013 2
31. y = x − , x = 2
  1 + 10 
x
4 8 1 1013 2
y′ = 1 + , y′′ = − 3 =
x2 x K 10
At x = 2, y′ = 2 and y′′ = −1.
y′′ 1 1
K = 32
= 32
= ≈ 0.0894
1 + ( y′)2  53 2
1 + 2 
2
 
1
= 53 2
K
33. y = 2 9 − x 2 , x = 0 π
34. y = sin 2 x, x =
4
− 2x −18
y′ = , y′′ = y′ = 2 cos 2 x, y′′ = − 4 sin 2 x
(9 − x 2 )
32
9 − x2
π
At x = , y′ = 0 and y′′ = − 4.
2 4
At x = 0, y′ = 0 and y′′ = − .
3
y′′ 4
2 K = 32
= = 4
1 + ( y′)2  1
y′′ 2  
K = 32
= 3 =
1 + ( y′)2  1 3 1 1
  =
K 4
1 3
=
K 2
35. y = e − x 4 , x = 8
1 1 −x 4
y′ = − e − x 4 , y′′ = e
4 16
1 1 −2
At x = 8, y′ = − e− 2 and y′′ = e .
4 16
1 e− 2
y′′ 16 1
K = = =
2 32 32 32
1 + ( y′)   1 e− 4 
16e 2 1 + 1 
  1 + 16 
 
16e4 
32
1  1 
= 16e2 1 +
K  16 e 4 
36. y = x 3 , x = 2 38. y = ( x − 1) + 3, y′ = 2( x − 1), y′′ = 2

2
y′ = 3 x 2 , y′′ = 6 x 2 2
K = =
(1 + 2( x − 1) ) 2 32 32
At x = 2, y = 8, y′ = 12, y′′ = 12 1 + 4( x − 1)2 
 
12 12
K = = dK − 24( x − 1)
(145)
32 32
1 + (12)2  = 52
  dx 1 + 4( x − 1)2 
 
1 145 145
= (a) K is maximum when x = 1 or at the vertex (1, 3).
K 12
(b) lim K = 0
x →∞
n
37. y = x , x = 1, n ≥ 2
39. y = x3 , y′ = 3 x 2 , y′′ = 6 x
y′ = nx n −1
y′′ = n( n − 1) x n − 2 K =
6x
(1 + 9 x4 )
32
At x = 1, y = 1, y′ = n, y′′ = n( n − 1)
n( n − 1) dK − 6( 45 x 4 − 1)
K = =
(1 + 9 x 4 )
32 52
1 + n 2  dx
 1 1   −1 −1 
(a) K is maximum at  4 , ,  4 , .
4 4
 45 45   45
3
453 
(b) lim K = 0
x →∞
2 −1 3 2 44. y = 1 − x 4 , y′ = − 4 x 3 , y′′ = −12 x 2

40. y = x 2 3 , y′ = x , y′′ = − x −4 3
3 9
12 x 2
K = 32
= 0  x = 0
(−2 9) x −4 3 1 + − 4 x3 2 
K = =
6

( ) 
x1 3 (9 x 2 3 + 4)
32 32
1 + ( 4 9) x −2 3 
Curvature is 0 at (0, 1).
dK − 8(9 x + 1) 23
45. y = ( x − 2) + 3 x
6
=
x (9 x 2 3 + 4)
52
dx 43
y′ = 6( x − 2) + 3
5
(a) K → ∞ as x → 0. No maximum
y′′ = 30( x − 2)
4
(b) lim K = 0
x →∞
30( x − 2)
4
1 1 2 K = = 0 at x = 2
41. y = , y′ = − 2 , y′′ = 3 . Assume x > 0. 1 + ( y′) 2 
32
x x x  
y′′ 2 x3 2 x3 Curvature is 0 at ( 2, 6).
K = = =
2 32
(1 + 1 x ) (x + 1)
32 32
1 + ( y′)  4 4
  x 1 x 1 x
46. y = cos , y′ = − sin , y′′ = − cos
2 2 2 4 2
dK 6 x 2 (1 − x 4 )
= − 14 cos x
( x4 + 1) x
52
dx K = 2
= 0  cos = 0
2 32 2
1 + ( y′) 
(a) K has a maximum at x = 1  
(and x = −1 by symmetry). x π
So, = + nπ  x = π + 2nπ
(b) lim K = 0 2 2
x →∞
Curvature is 0 at (π + 2nπ , 0).
1 1
42. y = ln x, y′ = , y′′ = − 2
x x 47. y = sin x, y′ = cos x, y′′ = −sin x
sin x
−1 x 2 x K = = 0 for x = nπ .
(1 + cos 2 x)
32
K = =
2 32
(x + 1)
32
1 + (1 x)  2
  Curvature is 0 for x = nπ : ( nπ , 0)
dK −2 x 2 + 1
=
48. y = e cx , y′ = ce cx , y′′ = c 2e cx
( x 2 + 1)
52
dx
1
c 2ecx
(a) K has a maximum when x = . K = 32
1 + cecx 2 
2

( ) 
(b) lim K = 0
x →∞ c2
At x = 0, K = 32
.
1 + c 2 
43. y = e , y′ = y′′ = e
x x
y′′ dK c( 2 − c 2 )
ex =
K = =
(c2 + 1)
52
dc
(1 + e2 x )
32 32
1 + ( y′)2 
 
K is a maximum at c = ± 2.
dK e x (1 − 2e 2 x )
=
(1 + e2 x )
52
dx y′′
49. K = 32
1 1 1 1 1 + ( y′)2 
(a) 1 − 2e 2 x = 0  e 2 x =  x = ln  = − ln 2  
2 2  2 2
At the smooth relative extremum y′ = 0, so K = y′′ .
1
K has maximum curvature at x = − ln 2. Yes, for example, y = x 4 has a curvature of 0 at its
2
relative minimum (0, 0). The curvature is positive at any
(b) lim K = 0
x →∞
other point on the curve.
50. r(t ) = t i + t 2 j
dx dy
(a) = 1, = 2t
dt dt
2
1 2 1 1
1 + 4t 2  (Theorem 6.2)
2
0 1 + 4t 2 ( 2) dt (u = 2t ) =
20
s = 1 + 4t 2 dt = ⋅ 2t 1 + 4t 2 + ln 2t +
2 2   0
1
= 4 17 + ln 4 + 17  ≈ 4.647
4 
(b) Let y = x 2 , y′ = 2 x, y′′ = 2

At t = 0, x = 0, y = 0, y′ = 0, y′′ = 2
2
K = = 2
[1 + 0]
32
At t = 1, x = 1, y = 1, y′ = 2, y′′ = 2
2 2
K = = ≈ 0.179
2 32 32
5
1 + ( 2) 
 
At t = 2, x = 2, y = 4, y′ = 4 y′′ = 2
2 2
K = = ≈ 0.0285
[1 + 16]
32
173 2
(c) As t changes from 0 to 2, the curvature decreases.
x
51. y1 = ax(b − x), y2 =
x + 2
You observe that (0, 0) is a solution point to both equations. So, the point P is origin.
y1 = ax(b − x ), y1′ = a(b − 2 x), y1′′ = −2a
x 2 −4
y2 = , y2′ = , y2′′ =
( ) ( + 2)
2 3
x + 2 x + 2 x
2 1
At P, y1′ (0) = ab and y2′ (0) = = .
(0 + 2)
2
2
1 1
Because the curves have a common tangent at P, y1′ (0) = y2′ (0) or ab = . So, y1′ (0) = .
2 2
Because the curves have the same curvature at P, K1 (0) = K 2 (0).
y1′′ (0) −2a y2′′ (0) −1 2

K1 (0) = = K 2 ( 0) = =
2 32 2 32 32 32
1 + ( y (0))  1 + (1 2)  1 + ( y (0))2  1 + (1 2)2 
 1
    2
  
1 1
So, 2a = ± or a = ± . In order that the curves intersect at only one point, y
2 4
4
the parabola must be concave downward. So, y2 =
x
2
x+2
1 1
a = and b = = 2. P
4 2a −4 −2 2 4
x
1 x
y1 = x( 2 − x) and y2 =
4 x + 2 −4
1
y1 = x(2 − x)
4
52. From the shape of the ellipse, you see that the curvature is greatest at the endpoints of the major axis, ( ± 2, 0),
and least at the endpoints of the minor axis, (0, ± 1).
53. (a) Imagine dropping the circle x 2 + ( y − k ) = 16

2
into the parabola y = x 2 . The circle will drop to the point where the tangents to the circle and parabola are equal.
( )
2
y = x 2 and x 2 + ( y − k ) = 16  x 2 + x 2 − k
2
= 16 y
−x
Taking derivatives, 2 x + 2( y − k ) y′ = 0 and y′ = 2 x. So, ( y − k ) y′ = − x  y′ = .
y − k 15
−x 1
So, = 2 x  − x = 2 x( y − k )  −1 = 2( x 2 − k )  x 2 − k = − . 10
y−k 2
2
 1
So, x 2 + ( x 2 − k ) = x 2 +  −  = 16  x 2 = 15.75.
2 x
− 10 −5 5 10
 2
1
Finally, k = x 2 + = 16.25, and the center of the circle is 16.25 units from the vertex of the parabola. Because the
2
radius of the circle is 4, the circle is 12.25 units from the vertex.
(b) In 2-space, the parabola z = y 2 (or z = x 2 ) has a curvature of K = 2 at (0, 0). The radius of the largest sphere that will
1
touch the vertex has radius = 1 K = .
2
c
54. s =
K
1 3
y = x
3
y′ = x 2
y′′ = 2 x
2x
K =
(1 + x4 )
32
1
When x = 1: K =
2
c 4
s = = 2c
1 2
50
50 = 4
2c  c = 4
2
3 3
At x = , K = 32
≈ 0.201
2 1 + (81 16)
c 50 4 2
s = = ≈ 93.78 km h
K K
1
55. P ( x0 , y0 ) point on curve y = f ( x). Let (α , β ) be the center of curvature. The radius of curvature is .
K
−1
y′ = f ′( x ). Slope of normal line at ( x0 , y0 ) is .
f ′( x0 )
−1
Equation of normal line: y − y0 = ( x − x0 )
f ( x0 )
′
(α , β ) is on the normal line: − f ′( x0 )( β − y0 ) = α − x0 Equation 1
32 2
( x0 , y0 ) lies on the circle: ( x0 − α ) + ( y0 − β )

2 2 1

=   = 
(
 1 + f ′( x0 )
2
2
) 

Equation 2
f ′′( x0 ) 
K  
 
Substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2:
2
2 1 y
 f ′( x0 )( β − y0 ) + ( y0 − β ) =  K 
2
 
(β − y0 ) + 1 +
2
f ′( x )  =
2 (1 + f ′( x0 ) )
2 3 P( x0, y0)
1
 0
 K
( f ′′( x0 ))
2
(α, β )
2 2
1 + f ′( x0 )  x
(β − y0 ) =  
2
f ′′( x0 )
2
When f ′′( x0 ) > 0, β − y0 > 0, and if f ′′( x0 ) < 0, then β − y0 < 0.
1 + f ′( x0 )
2
So β − y0 =
f ′′( x0 )
1 + f ′( x0 )
2
β = y0 + = y0 + z
f ′′( x0 )
Similarly, α = x0 − f ′( x0 ) z.
56. (a) y = f ( x) = e x , f ′( x) = f ′′( x) = e x , (0, 1)
1 + f ′(0)
2
z = = 2
f ′′(0)
(α , β ) = (0 − 2, 1 + 2) = ( −2, 3)
x2  1
(b) y = , y′ = x, y′′ = 1, 1, 
2  2
1 + f ′(1)
2
z = = 2
f ′′(1)
 1   5
(α , β ) = 1 − 2, + 2  =  −1, 
 2   2
(c) y = x 2 , y′ = 2 x, y′′ = 2, (0, 0)
1 + f ′(0)
2
1
z = =
f ′′(0) 2
 1  1
(α , β ) =  0, 0 +  =  0, 
 2   2
57. r (θ ) = r cos θ i + r sin θ j = f (θ ) cos θ i + f (θ ) sin θ j
x(θ ) = f (θ ) cos θ
y (θ ) = f (θ ) sin θ
x′(θ ) = − f (θ ) sin θ + f ′(θ ) cos θ
y′(θ ) = f (θ ) cos θ + f ′(θ ) sin θ
x′′(θ ) = − f (θ ) cos θ − f ′(θ ) sin θ − f ′(θ ) sin θ + f ′′(θ ) cos θ = − f (θ ) cos θ − 2 f ′(θ ) sin θ + f ′′(θ ) cos θ
y′′(θ ) = − f (θ ) sin θ + f ′(θ ) cos θ + f ′(θ ) cos θ + f ′′(θ ) sin θ = − f (θ ) sin θ + 2 f ′(θ ) cos θ + f ′′(θ ) sin θ
f 2 (θ ) − f (θ ) f ′′(θ ) + 2( f ′(θ ))
2
r 2 − rr ′′ + 2( r ′)
2
x′y′′ − y′x′′
K = 32
= 32
= 32
( x′)2 + ( y′)2   f 2 (θ ) + ( f ′(θ ))2  r 2 + ( r ′)2 
     
58. (a) r = 1 + sin θ

r ′ = cos θ
r ′′ = −sin θ
2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2 2 cos 2 θ − (1 + sin θ )( −sin θ ) + (1 + sin θ )

2 2
3(1 + sin θ ) 3
K = = = =
2 2(1 + sin θ )
32
2 3 8(1 + sin θ )
3
( r ′) + r
2 2
cos 2 θ + (1 + sin θ ) 
   
(b) r = θ
r′ = 1
r ′′ = 0
2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2
2
2 + θ2
K = =
(1 + θ 2 )
32 32
( r ′)2 + r 2 
 
(c) r = a sin θ
r ′ = a cos θ
r = −a sin θ
2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2
2
2a 2 cos 2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ 2a 2 2
K = 32
= = 3
= ,a > 0
( r ′)2 + r 2  a 2 cos 2 θ + a 2 sin 2 θ 
3 a a
 
(d) r = eθ
r ′ = eθ
r′′ = eθ
2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2
2
2e 2θ 1
K = = =
(2e )
32 32
( r ′) + r 2 
2 2θ 2eθ
 
59. r = e aθ , a > 0 (a) As θ → ∞, K → 0.

r ′ = ae aθ (b) As a → ∞ , K → 0.
2 aθ
r ′′ = a e
2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2
2
2a 2e 2 aθ − a 2e 2 aθ + e 2 aθ 1
K = 32
= 32
=
( r ′)2 + r 2  a e
2 2 aθ
+ e 2 aθ  eaθ a2 + 1
 
60. At the pole, r = 0. 64. x(θ ) = a(θ − sin θ ) y (θ ) = a (1 − cos θ )

2( r ′) − rr ′′ + r 2( r ′) x′(θ ) = a(1 − cos θ ) y′(θ ) = a sin θ
2 2 2
2
K = = =
( r ′)2 + r 2 
32
r′ 3
r′ x′′(θ ) = a sin θ y′′(θ ) = a cos θ
 
x′(θ ) y′′(θ ) − y′(θ ) x′′(θ )
K = 32
61. r = 4 sin 2θ  x′(θ )2 + y′(θ )2 
 
r ′ = 8 cos 2θ a 2 (1 − cos θ ) cos θ − a 2 sin 2 θ
= 32
2 2 1 a 2 (1 − cos θ )2 + a 2 sin 2 θ 
At the pole: K = = =  
r′(0) 8 4
1 cos θ − 1
=
62. r = cos 3θ a [2 − 2 cos θ ]3 2
r ′ = −3 sin 3θ 1 1 − cos θ
= (1 − cos ≥ 0)
a 2 2 [1 − cos θ ]3 2
At the pole,
π
1 1 θ 
π  = = csc 
θ = , r ′  = −3, 2a 2 − 2 cos θ 4a 2
6 6
and 1
Minimum: (θ = π)
4a
2 2
K = = .
r ′(π 6) 3 Maximum: none (K → ∞ as θ → 0)
63. x = f (t ), y = g (t ) ( )
65. (a) r(t ) = 3t 2i + 3t − t 3 j
dy v(t ) = 6ti + (3 − 3t ) j
2
dy g ′(t )
y′ = = dt = ds d 2s
dx dx f ′(t ) = v (t ) = 3(1 + t 2 ), 2 = 6t
dt dt
dt
2
d  g ′(t )  K =
3(1 + t 2 )
2
 
dt  f ′(t ) 
y′′ =
dx d 2s
aT = = 6t
dt dt 2
f ′(t ) g ′′(t ) − g ′(t ) f ′′(t ) 2
 ds  2
⋅ 9(1 + t 2 ) = 6
2
2 aN = K   =
=  f ′(t ) =
f ′(t ) g ′′(t ) − g ′(t ) f ′′(t )  dt  3(1 + t )
2
2
f ′(t ) 3
 f ′(t )
f ′(t ) g ′′(t ) − g ′(t ) f ′′(t )

3
y′′  f ′(t )
K = 32
= 32
1 + y′ 2    g ′(t ) 2 
 ( )  1 +   
  f ′(t )  
 
f ′(t ) g ′′(t ) − g ′(t ) f ′′(t )
3
 f ′(t ) f ′(t ) g ′′(t ) − g ′(t ) f ′′(t )
= =
  f ′(t ) + g ′(t )

 
2
 
2 3


( f ′(t) 2
+ g ′(t ) )
2 32
2
  f ′(t ) 
1 2  ds 
2
(b) r(t ) = ti + t 2 j + t k 66. F = maN = mK  
2  dt 
v(t ) = i + 2tj + tk 2
 25,000 N  1  50(1000) m 
=  2   
ds  9.8 m sec  30 m  3600 sec 
= v (t ) = 5t 2 + 1
dt ≈ 16,403.2 N
d 2s 5t
= 2
dt 2 5t 2 + 1  ds 
67. F = maN = mK  
a (t ) = 2 j + k
 dt 
2
 30,000 N  1  60(1000) m 
=  2   
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = v(t ) × a(t )  9.8 m sec  75 m  3600 sec 
i j k ≈ 11,337.9 N
= 1 2t t = − j + 2k
e x + e− x
0 2 1 68. y = cosh x =
2
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) 5 e x − e− x
K = = y′ = = sinh x
r′(t ) 3
(5t 2 + 1)
32
2
e x + e− x
d 2s 5t y′′ = = cosh x
aT = 2 = 2
dt 5t 2 + 1
cosh x cosh x 1 1
2 K = = = = 2
 ds  5
3 2(
5t 2 + 1) 2 32
(cosh x)
32 2
aN = K  = 1 + (sinh x)  2 cosh x y
 dt  (5t + 1)
2  
5
=
2
5t + 1
dT d T dt
69. (a) K = T′( s ) = = ⋅ , by the Chain Rule
ds dt ds
d T dt T′(t ) T′(t )
= = =
ds dt v (t ) r′(t )
r′(t ) r′(t )
(b) T(t ) = =
r′(t ) ds dt
ds
r′(t ) = T(t )
dt
 d 2s  ds
r′′(t ) =  2 T(t ) + T′(t )
 dt  dt
2
 ds  d 2 s   ds 
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) =   2  T(t ) × T(t ) +   T(t ) × T′(t )
 dt  dt   dt 
ds
Because T(t ) × T(t ) = 0 and = r′(t ) , you have:
dt
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = r′(t ) 2 T(t ) × T′(t )
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = r′(t ) 2
T(t ) × T′(t ) = r′(t ) 2
T (t ) T′(t ) = r′(t ) 2
(1) K r′(t ) from ( a )
r′(t ) × r′′(t )
So, = K.
r′(t ) 3
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) v (t ) × a(t )

r′(t ) × r′′(t ) r′(t ) v (t ) a (t ) ⋅ N (t )
(c) K = = = =
r′(t )
3
r′(t ) 2
r′(t ) 2
r′(t ) 2
70. False. See Exploration on page 639. 72. True
71. True 73. True

2
 ds 
aN = K  
 dt 
2 2 2
74. Let r = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k . Then r = r =  x(t ) +  y (t ) +  z (t ) and r ′ = x′(t )i + y′(t ) j + z′(t )k . Then,
2 1
{ } 
−1 2
 dr 
⋅ ( 2 x(t ) x′(t ) + 2 y(t ) y′(t ) + 2 z (t ) z′(t ))
2 2 2 2 2
r  =  x(t ) +  y (t ) +  z (t )   x(t ) +  y(t ) +  z (t )
 dt   2 
= x(t ) x′(t ) + y (t ) y′(t ) + z (t ) z′(t ) = r ⋅ r′.
−GmM
75. F = ma  ma = r
r3
GM
a = − 3 r
r
Because r is a constant multiple of a , they are parallel. Because a = r′′ is parallel to r , r × r′′ = 0. Also,
d
 (r × r′) = r′ × r′ + r × r′′ = 0 + 0 = 0. So, r × r ′ is a constant vector which we will denote by L.
 dt 
76. Let r = xi + yj + zk where x, y, and z are function of t, and r = r .
d r  rr′ − r ( dr dt ) rr′ − r (r ⋅ r′) r 

  = 2
=
dt  r  r r2
r 2r′ − (r ⋅ r′)r
=
r3
=
( x + y 2 + z 2 )( x′i + y′j + z′k ) − ( xx′ + yy′ + zz′)( xi + yj + zk )
2
r3
1
= 3 ( x′y 2 + x′z 2 − xyy′ − xzz′)i + ( x 2 y′ + z 2 y′ − xx′y − zz′y ) j + ( x 2 z′ + y 2 z′ − xx′z − yy′z )k 
r
i j k
1 1
= yz ′ − y ′z − ( xz ′ − x′z ) xy ′ − x′y = 3 {[r × r′] × r}
r3 r
x y z
d  r′ r 1 1
77. ×L−  = [r′ × 0 + r′′ × L] − 3 {[r × r′] × r}
dt  GM r GM r
1   −GMr   1
= 0 +  3  × [r × r′] − 3 {[r × r′] × r}
GM   r   r
r 1
= − 3 × [r × r′] − 3 {[r × r′] × r}
r r
1
= 3 {[r × r′] × r − [r × r′] × r} = 0
r
 r′  r
So,   × L −   is a constant vector which we will denote by e.
 GM  r
78. From Exercise 75, you have concluded that planetary motion is planar. Assume that the planet moves in the xy-plane with
the sum at the origin. From Exercise 77, you have
r 
r′ × L = GM  + e .
r 
Because r ′ × L and r are both perpendicular to L, so is e.
So, e lies in the xy-plane. Situate the coordinate system so that e lies along the positive x-axis and θ is the angle between
e and r. Let e = e . Then r ⋅ e = r e cos θ = re cos θ . Also,
2
L = L⋅L
y
= (r × r′) ⋅ L
= r ⋅ (r ′ × L )
Planet
  r  Sun
= r ⋅ GM  e +  r
  r 
 r ⋅ r θ
= GM r ⋅ e + x
r 
e

= GM [re cos θ + r ].
L 2 GM
So, = r
1 + e cos θ
and the planetary motion is a conic section. Because the planet returns to its initial position periodically, the conic is an ellipse.
79. L = r × r′
Let: r = r (cos θ i + sin θ j)

dθ  dr dr dθ 
r′ = r ( −sin θ i + cos θ j)  = ⋅ 
dt  dt dθ dt 
i j k
r cos θ r sin θ 0 dθ dθ
Then: r × r′ = = r2 k and L = r × r′ = r 2 .
dθ dθ dt dt
− r sin θ r cos θ 0
dt dt
1 β 2
2 α
80. A = r dθ
So,
dA dA dθ 1 dθ 1
= = r2 = L
dt dθ dt 2 dt 2
and r sweeps out area at a constant rate.
81. Let P denote the period. Then

P dA 1
A = 0 dt
dt =
2
L P.
Also, the area of an ellipse is π ab where 2a and 2b are the lengths of the major and minor axes.
1
π ab = L P
2
2π ab
P =
L
4π 2 a 2 2 4π 2 a 2 2 4π 2 a 4  ed  4π 2ed 3 4π 2 ( L 2
GM ) 4π 2 3
P2 =
L 2
( a − c 2
) =
L 2
a (1 − e 2
) =  
L 2  a 
=
L 2
a =
L 2
a3 =
GM
a = Ka 3
Review Exercises for Chapter 10

1. r (t ) = tan t i + j + t k 3. r (t ) = t 2 − 9i − j + ln (t − 1)k
π
(a) Domain: t ≠ + nπ , n an integer (a) t 2 − 9 ≥ 0  t 2 ≥ 9  t ≤ − 3, t ≥ 3
2
t −1 > 0  t >1
π
(b) Continuous for all t ≠ + nπ , n an integer Domain: [3, ∞ )
2
(b) Continuous for all t ≥ 3
1
2. r (t ) = ti + j+k
t −4
4. r(t ) = ( 2t + 1) i + t 2 j + t k
(a) Domain: [0, 4) and ( 4, ∞ )
(a) Domain: ( −∞, ∞ )
(b) Continuous except at t = 4
(b) Continuous for all t
5. r(t ) = ( 2t + 1) i + t 2 j − t + 2k
(a) r(0) = i − 2k
(b) r ( −2) = −3 i + 4 j
(c) r (c − 1) = ( 2c − 1) i + (c − 1) j −
2
c + 1k
(d) r(1 + Δt ) − r(1) = 2(1 + Δt ) + 1 i + (1 + Δt ) j −

2
(
3 + Δt k − 3 i + j − 3k )
= 2Δt i + ( Δt + 2Δt ) j −
2
( 3 + Δt − )
3 k
6. (a) r (0) = 3 i + j
π  π
(b) r   = − k
2 2
(c) r( s − π ) = 3 cos( s − π ) i + (1 − sin( s − π )) j − ( s − π ) k
(d) r (π + Δt ) − r (π ) = (3 cos(π + Δt ) i + (1 − sin (π + Δt )) j − (π + Δt ) k ) − ( −3 i + j − π k )

= ( −3 cos Δt + 3) i + sin Δt − Δt k
7. P(3, 0, 5), Q( 2, − 2, 3) 9. r (t ) = π cos t , π sin t


v = PQ = −1, − 2, − 2 x = π cos t , y = π sin t
r(t ) = (3 − t )i − 2tj + (5 − 2t )k , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 x 2 + y 2 = π 2 , circle
x = 3 − t , y = − 2t , z = 5 − 2t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 y
4
(Answers may vary)
2
8. P ( − 2, − 3, 8), Q(5, 1, − 2) 1
x
 −4 −2 −1 1 2 4
v = PQ = 7, 4, −10 −2
r(t ) = ( − 2 + 7t )i + ( − 3 + 4t ) j + (8 − 10t )k , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 −4
x = − 2 + 7t , y = − 3 + 4t , z = 8 − 10t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
(Answers may vary)
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 669
10. r (t ) = t + 2, t 2 − 1 13. 3 x + 4 y − 12 = 0
12 − 3t
x = t + 2  t = x − 2 Let x = t , then y = .
4
y = t 2 − 1 = ( x − 2) − 1, parabola
2
12 − 3t
y r ( t ) = ti + j
4
4
3
Alternate solution: x = 4t , y = 3 − 3t
2
r (t ) = 4ti + (3 − 3t ) j
1
x
−1
−1
1 2 3 4 5 14. y = 9 − x 2
−2
Let x = t , then y = 9 − t 2 .
r (t ) = t i + (9 − t 2 ) j
11. r (t ) = (t + 1)i + (3t − 1) j + 2tk
x = t + 1, y = 3t − 1, z = 2t 15. z = x 2 + y 2 , y = 2 z
This is a line passing through the points (1, −1, 0) and z = x2 + 4

12
( 2, 2, 2). x = t , y = 2, z = t 2 + 4
z 4
−4 2
−3
4
3
3 4 2
−3 3
(2, 2, 2) x 4 y
(1, −1, 0) −2
−5
−2
(0, −4, −2) 3 y
2 4 z
3 −2
16. x 2 + z 2 = 4, x − y = 0, t = x
4
−3
x −4 x = t, y = t, z = ± 4 − t2
r (t ) = t i + t j + 4 − t2 k
4 3
12. r (t ) = 2 cos ti + tj + 2 sin tk x
r (t ) = t i + t j − 4 − t2 k 5
x = 2 cos t , y = t , z = 2 sin t y
x 2 + z 2 = 4, Circular helix
 1  1
z 17. lim  3 − t i + ln tj − k  = ln 3 j − k
t →3  t  3
4
−4  sin 2t 
2
18. lim  i + e − t j + 4k  = 2i + j + 4k
t →0  t 
2
4 2
−2 4  sin 2t 2 cos 2t 
x  Note: tlim = lim = 2
−4 8  →0 t t →0 1 
10 y
19. r (t ) = (t 2 + 4t ) i − 3t 2 j
(a) r′(t ) = ( 2t + 4) i − 6tj
(b) r′′(t ) = 2i − 6 j
(c) r′(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = ( 2t + 4)( 2) + ( − 6t )( − 6) = 40t + 8
20. r (t ) = 5 cos ti + 2 sin tj
(a) r′(t ) = − 5 sin ti + 2 cos tj
(b) r′′(t ) = − 5 cos ti − 2 sin tj
(c) r′(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = ( − 5 sin t )( − 5 cos t ) + ( 2 cos t )( − 2 sin t ) = 21 sin t cos t
21. r(t ) = 2t 3i + 4tj − t 2k 23. r (t ) = (t − 1) i + (t − 1) j

3 4
(a) r′(t ) = 6t 2i + 4 j − 2tk r′(t ) = 3(t − 1) i + 4(t − 1) j

2 3
(b) r′′(t ) = 12ti − 2k Not smooth at t = 1.
(c) r′(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = 6t 2 (12t ) + ( − 2t )( − 2) Smooth on ( − ∞, 1) and (1, ∞ )
= 72t 3 + 4t t
24. r (t ) = i + tj + 1 + t k , t ≥ −1, t ≠ 2
 i j k  t − 2
 
(d) r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = 6t 2 4 − 2t  −2 1
12t r′(t ) = i + j+ k
 0 − 2  (t − 2)
2
2 1+t
= − 8i − ( −12t 2 + 24t 2 ) j + ( − 48t )k Smooth on ( −1, 2) and ( 2, ∞ )
= − 8i − 12t 2 j − 48tk
22. r (t ) = ( 4t + 3)i + t 2 j + ( 2t 2 + 4)k
(a) r′(t ) = 4i + 2tj + 4tk
(b) r′′(t ) = 2 j + 4k
(c) r′(t ) ⋅ r′′(t ) = ( 2t )( 2) + ( 4t )( 4)

= 4t + 16t = 20t
i j k
 
(d) r′(t ) × r′′(t ) = 4 2t 4t 
0 2 4 

= (8t − 8t )i − (16 − 0) j + (8 − 0)k
= −16 j + 8k
25. r (t ) = 3ti + (t − 1) j, u(t ) = ti + t 2 j + 23 t 3k

r′(t ) = 3i + j, u′(t ) = i + 2tj + 2t 2k
(a) r′(t ) = 3i + j
d
(b) u(t ) − 2r (t ) = u′(t ) − 2r′(t )
dt 
= (i + 2tj + 2t 2k ) − 2(3i + j)
= (1 − 6)i + ( 2t − 2) j + 2t 2k
= − 5i + ( 2t − 2) j + 2t 2k
d
(c) (3t )r(t ) = (3t )r′(t ) + 3r(t )
dt
= (3t )(3i + j) + 33ti + (t − 1) j
= 9ti + 3tj + 9ti + (3t − 3) j
= 18ti + (6t − 3) j
d
(d) r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) = r (t ) ⋅ u′(t ) + r′(t ) ⋅ u(t )
dt 
 ( )
= (3t )(1) + (t − 1)( 2t ) + (0)( 2t 2 ) + (3)(t ) + (1)(t 2 ) + (0) 23 t 3 

= (3t + 2t − 2t ) + (3t + t
2 2
)
= 4t + 3t 2
d
(e) r (t ) × u(t ) = r (t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
dt 
= ( 2t 3 − 2t 2 )i − 6t 3 j + (6t 2 − t + 1)k  +  23 t 3i − 2t 3 j + (3t 2 − t )k 
= ( 83 t 3
)
− 2t 2 i − 8t 3 j + (9t 2 − 2t + 1)k
d
(f ) u( 2t ) = 2u′( 2t )
dt 
= 2 i + 2( 2t ) j + 2( 2t ) k 
2
 
= 2i + 8tj + 16t 2k
1
26. r(t ) = sin t i + cos t j + t k , u(t ) = sin t i + cos t j + k
t
1
r′(t ) = cos t i − sin t j + k , u′(t ) = cos t i − sin t j − 2 k
t
(a) r′(t ) = cos t i − sin t j + k
d
(b) u(t ) − 2r(t ) = u′(t ) − 2r′(t )
dt 
 1 
=  cos t i − sin t j − 2 k  − 2(cos t i − sin t j + k )
 t 
 1
= − cos t i + sin t j −  2 + 2  j
 t 
d
(c) (3t )r (t ) = (3t )r′(t ) + 3r (t )
dt 
= (3t )(cos t i − sin t j + k ) + 3(sin t i + cos t j + t k )
= (3t cos t + 3 sin t )i + (3 cos t − 3t sin t ) j + 6t k
d
(d) r (t ) ⋅ u(t ) = r (t ) ⋅ u′(t ) + r′(t ) ⋅ u(t )
dt 
  1    1 
= (sin t )(cos t ) + (cos t )( − sin t ) + (t ) − 2  + (cos t )(sin t ) + ( − sin t )(cos t ) + (1) 
  t    t 
1 1
= sin t cos t − sin t cos t − + sin t cos t − sin t cos t +
t t
= 0
d
(e) r(t ) × u(t ) = r(t ) × u′(t ) + r′(t ) × u(t )
dt 
 1   1  
=  − 2 cos t + t sin t i −  − 2 sin t + t cos t  j + ( − sin 2 t − cos 2 t )k 
 t   t  
 1  1  
+  − sin t − cos t i −  cos t − sin t  j + (cos 2 t + sin 2 t )k 
 t   t  
 1  1   1   1 
=  t − sin t − 1 + 2 cos t  i −  − t cos t − 1 + 2 sin t  j
 t  t    t   t  
d  1  1
(f ) u( 2t ) = 2u′( 2t ) = 2 cos( 2t )i − sin ( 2t ) j − k  = 2 cos( 2t )i − 2 sin ( 2t ) j − 2 k
( ) 
2
dt  2t  2t
t3 5
(t i + 5tj + 8t k ) dt
2 3
27. = i + t 2 j + 2t 4 j + C
3 2
28. (6i − 2tj + ln t k )dr = 6ti − t 2 j + (t ln t − t )k + C
 2 
29.   3 ti +
t
j + k  dt = 2t 3 2 i + 2 ln t j + tk + C

1 2t
 (sin t i + j + e k ) dt
2t
30. = − cos t i + t j + e k +C
2
2
 3t 2 2t 3 t4  32
 − 2(3t i + 2t j − t k ) dt =  2 i + 3 j − 4 k  = 3 j
2
2 3
31.
−2
1
t 2 2  9
0( )
3
32. ti + t j + 4t k dt =  i + t 3 2 j + 2t 2k  = i + 2 3 j + 18k
2 3 0 2
 0 (e i − 3t 2 j − k ) dt = 2et 2 i − t 3 j − t k  = ( 2e − 2)i − 8 j − 2 k
2 2
t 2
33.
0
π 3 π 3  1  1
34.  0 (2 cos t i + sin t j + 3k ) dt = [2 sin t i − cos t j + 3t k ] 0 =  3i − j + π k  − ( − j) = 3i + j + πk
 2  2
35. r(t ) =  (2t i + e j + e k ) dt 38. r(t ) =

−t
t
= t 2 i + et j − e − t k + C t i + 5tj + 2t 2k , t = 4
r(0) = j − k + C = i + 3 j − 5 k  C = i + 2 j − 4 k 1
(a) v(t ) = r′(t ) = i + 5 j + 4t k
r(t ) = (t + 1)i + (e + 2) j − (e
2 t −t
+ 4)k 2 t
1
Speed = v(t ) = + 25 + 16t 2
36. r(t ) =  (sec t i + tan t j + t k ) dt
2
4t
1
t3 a(t ) = r′′(t ) = − 3 2 i + 4k
= ln sec t + tan t i − ln cos t j + k +C 4t
3
r ( 0) = C = 3 k 1
(b) v( 4) = i + 5 j + 16k
4
 t3 
r (t ) = ln sec t + tan t i − ln cos t j +  + 3k 1
3  a( 4) = − i + 4k
32
37. r(t ) = 4t i + t 3 j − tk , t = 1
(a) v(t ) = r′(t ) = 4i + 3t 2 j − k
Speed = v(t ) = 16 + 9t 4 + 1 = 17 + 9t 4
a(t ) = r′′(t ) = 6t j
(b) v(1) = 4i + 3 j − k
a(1) = 6 j
39. r(t ) = cos3 t , sin 3 t , 3t , t = π
(a) v(t ) = r′(t ) = − 3 cos 2 t sin t , 3 sin 2 t cos t , 3 (b) v(π ) = 0, 0, 3

a(π ) = 3, 0, 0
Speed = v(t ) = 9 cos 4 t sin 2 t + 9 sin 4 t cos 2 t + 9
= 3 cos 2 t sin 2 t (cos 2 t + sin 2 t ) + 1
= 3 cos 2 t sin 2 t + 1
a(t ) = − 6 cos t ( − sin 2 t ) + ( − 3 cos 2 t ) cos t , 6 sin t cos 2 t + 3sin 2 t ( − sin t ), 0
= 3 cos t ( 2 sin 2 t − cos 2 t ), 3 sin t (2 cos 2 t − sin 2 t ), 0
40. r(t ) = t , − tan t , et , t = 0
(a) v(t ) = r′(t ) = 1, − sec 2 t , et
Speed = v(t ) = 1 + sec 4 t + e 2t

a(t ) = 0, − 2 sec 2 t tan t , et
(b) v(0) = 1, −1, 1

a(0) = 0, 0, 1
41. r (t ) = (v0 cos θ )t i + h + (v0 sin θ )t − 4.9t 2  j∂
= (36 cos 30°)t i + (1.5 + (36 sin 30°)t − 4.9t 2 ) j
= 18 3t i + (1.5 + 18t − 4.9t 2 ) j
r′(t ) = v(t ) = 18 3 i + (18 − 9.8t ) j

Find the maximum height
18 90
y′(t ) = 18 − 9.8t = 0  t = = ≈ 1.837
9.8 49
2
 90   90   90 
y  = 1.5 + 18  − 4.9  ≈ 18.03 m, Maximum height
 49   49   49 
112 56 56 3
112 = 18 3 t  t = = = ≈ 3.592
18 3 9 3 27
 56 3 
y  ≈ 2.93 m
 27 
The baseball clears the 2.5-meter fence.
 1 
42. r (t ) = ( v 0 cos θ )ti + h + ( v 0 sin θ )t − gt 2  j
 2 
= (120 cos 60°)ti + 6 + (120 sin 60°)t − 4.9t 2  j
r′(t ) = 60i + 60 3 − 4.9t k
Range: 6 + 120 sin 60°t − 4.9t 2 = 0  t ≈ 21.266 sec

(120 cos 60°)(21.266) ≈ 1276.0 m
60 3
Maximum height: 60 3 − 9.8t = 0  t = ≈ 10.604 sec
9.8
2
 60 3   60 3 
6 + (120 sin 60°)  − 4.9  ≈ 557 m
 9.8   9.8 
43. r(t ) = 6ti − t 2 j, t = 2 47. r(t ) = 2t i + 3t 2 j, t = 1
r′(t ) = 6i − 2tj r′(t ) = 2i + 6t j, r′(1) = 2i + 6 j
r′( 2) = 6i − 4 j, r′(t ) = 4 + 36t 2 , r′(1) = 40 = 2 10

r′(1) 2i + 6 j 1
r′( 2) = 36 + 16 = 2 13 T(1) = = = (i + 3j)
r′(1) 2 10 10
1
T( 2) = (3i − 2 j) N (1) is orthogonal to T(1) and points towards the
13
concave side. Hence,
π 1
44. r(t ) = 2 sin t i + 4 cos t j, t = N(1) = ( − 3i + j).
6 10
r′(t ) = 2 cos t i − 4 sin t j
48. r (t ) = t i + ln t j, t = 2
π 
r′  = 3 i − 2j 1 1
6 r′(t ) = i + j, r′( 2) = i + j
t 2
π 
r′  = 3+ 4 = 7 1 1 2 1
6 r′(t ) = 1 + 2 = t + 1, r′( 2) = 5
t t 2
π 
r′  r′( 2) 2  1  2 1
π  1 T( 2) =
T  =
6
6 =
π  7
( 3 i − 2j ) r′( 2)
=
5
 i + j =
2  5
i +
5
j
r′ 
6 N( 2) is orthogonal to T( 2) and points towards the
21 2 7 concave side. Hence,
= i − j
7 7
1 2 5 2 5
N (t ) = i − j = i − j.
5 5 5 5
45. r(t ) = e 2t i + cos tj − sin 3tk , P(1, 1, 0)
r′(t ) = 2e 2t i − sin tj − 3 cos 3tk π

49. r(t ) = 3 cos 2t i + 3 sin 2t j + 3k , t =
4
At P (1, 1, 0), t = 0.
r′(t ) = − 6 sin 2t i + 6 cos 2t j, r′(t ) = 6
r(0) = i + j T(t ) = − sin 2t i + cos 2t j, T(π 4) = − i
r′(0) = 2i − 3k T′(t ) = − 2 cos 2t i − 2 sin 2t j, T′(t ) = 2
r′(0) = 4+9 = 13 N(t ) = − cos 2t i − sin 2t j
1 N(π 4) = − j
T(0) = (2i − 3k )
13
2π
Direction numbers: a = 2, b = 0, c = − 3 50. r(t ) = 4 cos t i + 4 sin t j + k , t =
3
Parametric equations: x = 1 + 2t , y = 1, z = − 3t r′(t ) = − 4 sin t i + 4 cos t j, r′(t ) = 4
 16   2π  3 1
46. r (t ) = t i + t 2 j + 23 t 3 k , P 2, 4,  T(t ) = − sin t i + cos t j, T  = − i − j
 3  3  2 2
r′(t ) = i + 2t j + 2t 2 k T (t ) = − cos t i − sin t j, T (t ) = 1
′ ′
 16   2π  1 3
t = 2 at P 2, 4,  N(t ) = − cos t i − sin t j, N  = i − j
 3  3  2 2
r′( 2) = i + 4 j + 8k
r′( 2) i + 4 j + 8k 1 4 8
T( 2) = = = i + j+ k
r′( 2) 9 9 9 9
Parametric equations:
x = t + 2, y = 4t + 4, z = 8t + 16
3
3
51. r (t ) = i − 6t j, t = 3
t
3 1
v(t ) = − 2 i − 6 j, v(3) = − i − 6 j
t 3
6 2
a(t ) = 3 i, a(3) = i
t 9
 3
v (t )  − 2 i − 6 j − 3i − 6t 2 j
= 
t 
T(t ) = =
v (t ) 9 3 1 + 4t 4
4
+ 36
t
− 3i − 54 j − i − 18 j 13 18 13
T(3) = = = − i− j
3 1 + 324 325 65 65
N(3) is orthogonal to T(3), and points in the direction the curve is bending. Hence,
18i − j 18 13 13
N(3) = = i − j.
325 65 65
2 2 13
aT = a ⋅ T = − = −
9 325 585
4 4 13
aN = a ⋅ N = =
325 65
π
52. r (t ) = 3 cos 2t i + 3 sin 2t j, t =
6
π 
v(t ) = − 6 sin 2t i + 6 cos 2 t j, v  = − 3 3 i + 3 j
6
π 
a(t ) = −12 cos 2t i −12 sin 2t j, a  = − 6i − 6 3 j
6
v (t ) = 36 sin 2 2t + 36 cos 2 2t = 6
v (t ) 1
T( t ) = = (− 6 sin 2t i + 6 cos 2tj) = − sin 2t i + cos 2 t j
v (t ) 6
π  3 1
T  = − i + j
6 2 2
T′(t ) = − 2 cos 2t i − 2 sin 2t j, T′(t ) = 2
T′(t )
N (t ) = = − cos 2t i − sin 2t j
T′(t )
π  1 3
N  = − i − j
6 2 2
 3 1 
(
aT = a ⋅ T = − 6i − 6 3 j ⋅  − )
i + j = 3 3 − 3 3 = 0
 2 2 
 1 3 
(
aN = a ⋅ N = − 6i − 6 3 j ⋅  − i −
2 2
)
j = 3 + 9 = 12
 
π
53. r (t ) = sin ti − 3tj + cos tk , t =
6
r′(t ) = v(t ) = cos ti − 3 j − sin tk
r′′(t ) = a(t ) = − sin ti − cos tk
π  3 1 π  1 3
r′  = i − 3 j − k ; r′′  = − i − k
6 2 2  
6 2 2
π  3 1
r′  = +9+ = 10
6 4 4
π  1  3 1 
T  =  i − 3j − k 
6 10  2 2 
1  1 3   3 1 
aT = a ⋅ T = − i − k ⋅  i − 3 j − k  = 0
10  2 2   2 2 
2
aN = a − aT2 = a = 1
t3
54. r(t ) = i − 6tj + t 2k , t = 2
3
r′(t ) = t 2i − 6 j + 2tk
r′′(t ) = 2ti + 2k
r′( 2) = 4i − 6 j + 4k , r′′( 2) = 4i + 2k
r′( 2) = 16 + 36 + 16 = 68 = 2 17
1
T( 2) = (2i − 3j + 2k )
17
1 1 12
aT = a ⋅ T = (4i + 2k ) ⋅ (2i − 3j + 2k ) = (8 + 4) =
17 17 17
2 144 14 17
aN = a − aT2 = 20 − =
17 17
55. r(t ) = 2t i − 3t j, [0, 5]

r′(t ) = 2 i − 3 j
b 5 5
s =  a r′(t ) dt = 0 4 + 9 dt =  13 t  = 5 13
0
2 (0, 0)
x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
−4
−6
−8
− 10
− 12
− 14 (10, − 15)
− 16
56. r (t ) = t 2 i + 2t k , [0, 3] 59. r (t ) = −3t i + 2t j + 4t k , [0, 3]

r′(t ) = 2t i + 2k r′(t ) = −3 i + 2 j + 4 k
b 3
 a r′(t ) 0
b 3
s = dt = 9 + 4 + 16 dt
s =  a r′(t ) dt = 0 4t 2 + 4 dt
3
0
3
= 29 dt = 3 29
= ln t2 + 1 + t + t t 2 + 1
  0
= ln ( 10 + 3 + 3 10 ≈ 11.3053 ) 12
z (−9, 6, 12)
z 10
8
6 6
4
5
2
4 (0, 0, 0)
2
3 2 4
x 6 8
10 y
2
(0, 0, 0)
−2
1 1 y
2
60. r(t ) = t i + t 2 j + 2t k , [0, 2]
(9, 0, 6) 2
3
4
5 r′(t ) = i + 2t j + 2 k , r′(t ) = 5 + 4t 2
6
7 b 2
9
s =  a r′(t ) dt = 
0
5 + 4t 2 dt
( )
x
= 21 + 5 ln 5 − 5 ln 105 − 4 5 ≈ 6.2638
4 4
π 
57. r(t ) = 2 sin ti + j,  , π 
z
2  4
r′(t ) = 2 cos ti 3
(2, 4, 4)
2
r′(t ) = 4 cos t = 2 cos t 2
1
π
π 2 2 cos t dt
1
s = 2
1
2
3 y
4
π x
= [2 sin t ] π 2
= 0 − ( − 2) = 2  π
61. r(t ) = 8 cos t , 8 sin t , t , 0, 
y  2
3 r′(t ) = −8 sin t , 8 cos t , 1 , r′(t ) = 65
2
b π 2 π 65
1
(0, 1) (2, 1) s =  a r′(t ) dt = 
0
65 dt =
2
x z
−1 1 2 3
π
−1 2
)0, 8, π2 )
4
6
58. r(t ) = 10 cos t i + 10 sin t j, [0, 2π ]
8
x 4
(8, 0, 0) 6
8
r′(t ) = −10 sin t i + 10 cos t j y
r′(t ) = 10  π
62. r(t ) = 2(sin t − t cos t ), 2(cos t + t sin t ), t ,  0, 
2π  2
s = 0 10 dt = 20π
y
r′(t ) = 2t sin t , 2t cos t ,1 , r′(t ) = 4t 2 + 1
b π 2
8
6
s =  a r′(t ) dt = 0 4t 2 + 1 dt
4
−8 −6 −4 −2
2
2 4 6 8
x =
1
4
ln ( π2 + 1 + π + ) π
4
π 2 + 1 ≈ 3.055
−4
−6
−8
63. r (t ) = 3t i + 2t j 1 2 1  1 1
67. r (t ) = t i + t j + t 3 k , P , 1,   t = 1
2 3  2 3
Line
K = 0 r′(t ) = t i + j + t 2 k , r′(1) = i + j + k
r′′(t ) = i + 2t k , r′′(1) = i + 2 k
64. r (t ) = 2 t i + 3t j
i j k
1 1 1 + 9t
r′(t ) = i + 3 j, r′(t ) = +9 = r′ × r′′ = 1 1 1 = 2 i − j − k
t t t
1 0 2
1
r′′(t ) = − t −3 2 i r′ × r′′
2 4+1+1 6 2
K = = = =
r′ 3
( 3)
3
3 3 3
i j k
1 3 −3 2 3 68. r (t ) = 4 cos t i + 3 sin t j + t k , P( −4, 0, π )  t = π
r′ × r′′ = 3 0 = t k ; r′ × r′′ = 3 2
t 2 2t r′(t ) = −4 sin t i + 3 cos t j + k , r′(π ) = −3 j + k
1 −3 2 r′′(t ) = −4 cos t i − 3 sin t j, r′′(π ) = 4 i
− t 0 0
2
i j k
r′(t ) × r′′(t ) 3/2t 3 2 3
K = = = r′ × r′′ = 0 −3 1 = 4 j + 12 k
r′(t ) 3
(1 + 9t )3 2 t3 2 2(1 + 9t )
32
4 0 0
1 2 r′ × r′′ 16 + 144 2
65. r(t ) = 2t i + t j + t2 k K = = =
2 r′ 3 (9 + 1)
32
5
r′(t ) = 2 i + t j + 2t k , r′ = 5t 2 + 4
1 2
r′′(t ) = j + 2 k 69. y = x + x, x = 4
2
i j k y′ = x + 1
r′ × r′′ = 2 t 2t = −4 j + 2 k , r′ × r′′ = 20 y′′ = 1
0 1 2
y′′ 1
r′ × r′′ 20 2 5 K = =
2 32
(1 + x2 )
32
K = = = 1 + ( y′) 
r′ 3 ( ) ( 5t 2 )
32 32
5t 2
+ 4 4 +  
1
At x = 4, K = and r = 263 2 = 26 26.
66. r(t ) = 2t i + 5 cos t j + 5 sin t k 263 2
r′(t ) = 2 i − 5 sin t j + 5 cos t k , r′(t ) = 29 70. y = e− x 2 , x = 0

r′′(t ) = 5 cos t j − 5 sin t k 1 1
y′ = − e − x 2 , y′′ = e− x 2
2 4
i j k
1 −x 2
r′ × r′′ = 2 −5 sin t 5 cos t y′′ e
K = = 4
3 2 32
0 −5 cos t −5 sin t 1 + ( y′)2   1 
  1 + e− x 
= 25i + 10 sin t j − 10 cos t k 4 
r′ × r′′ = 725 14 2 2 2 5
At x = 0, K = = = = ,
(5 4)
32
r′ × r′′ 53 2 5 5 25
725 25 ⋅ 29 5
K = = = =
r′ 3 ( 29)
32
29 29 29 5 5
r = .
2
71. y = ln x, x = 1 π
72. y = tan x, x =
1 4
y′ =
x y′ = sec 2 x
1 y′′ = 2 sec2 x tan x
y′′ = − 2
x
y′′ 1 x2 y′′ 2 sec 2 x tan x
K = 3 2
= 3 2
K = 3 2
= 3 2
1 + ( y′ ) 2  1 + (1 x)2  1 + ( y′ ) 2  1 + sec x
4
     
1 1 2 π 4 4 4 5 5 5
At x = 1, K = = = and r = 2 2. At x = ,K = = = and r = .
23 2 2 2 4 4 53 2 5 5 25 4
2
 ds 
73. F = maN = mk  
 dt 
2
 35,000 lb  1  45(1000)m 
=  2   
 9.8 m/sec  50 m  3600 sec 
≈ 11,160.7 N

Sol 10-4 - 10-5

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642 Chapter 10 Vector-Valued Functions

Section 10.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors

r′(t ) = 2ti + 2 j, r′(t ) = 4t 2 + 4 = 2 t 2 + 1 r′(t ) = − sin ti + 3 cos tj + 3k

4. r(t ) = et cos ti + et j, t = 0 8. r (t ) = 2 sin t , 2 cos t , 4 sin 2 t , P 1, ( 3, 1 )

Direction numbers: a = 3, b = −1, c = 2 3

11. r (t ) = 6 cos ti + 6 sin tj + k , t =

a(t ) = et i + 4e −2t j, a(0) = i + 4 j

2 a(t ) = et ( −2 sin t )i + et ( 2 cos t ) j

−6 N Motion along r is counterclockwise. So,

18. r(t ) = 4 cos 3ti + 4 sin 3tj, t = π 23. r (t ) = ti + 2tj − 3tk , t = 1

a(t ) = − aω 2 cos ω ti − aω 2 sin ω tj

22. If the angular velocity ω is halved,

25. r(t ) = et sin ti + et cos tj + et k , t = 0 26. r(t ) = et i + 2tj + e−t k , t = 0

v(t ) = (et cos t + et sin t )i + ( −et sin t + et cos t ) j + et k v (t ) = e t i + 2 j − e − t k , v (t ) = e 2t + 4 + e −2t

v ( 0) = i + j + k a(t ) = e t i + e − t k , a(t ) = e 2t + e −2t

a(t ) = 2et cos ti − 2et sin tj + et k v ( 0) = i + 2 j − k , a ( 0) = i + k

T′(t ) = 0  N(t ) does not exist.

31. r (t ) = π t − sin π t, 1 − cos π t

v(t ) = π − π cos π t, π sin π t

a(t ) = π 2 sin π t, π 2 cos π t

1 π 2 (1 − cos π t) π2 2(1 − cos π t)

(b) Speed: s = v (t ) = π 2(1 − cos π t)

r′(t ) = 16 cos 2 t + 16 sin 2 t + 4 = 20 = 2 5

36. r(t ) = 3ti + 2t 2 j 37. r (t ) = 2ti + 4tj + t 2k

⋅ v )a − ( v ⋅ a) v = (9 + 16t 2 )4 j − (16t )(3i + 4tj) ( v ⋅ v)a − ( v ⋅ a) v = ( 20 + 4t 2 )2k − 4t ( 2i + 4 j + 2tk )

38. From Theorem 10.3 you have:

v(t ) = v0 cos θ i + (v0 sin θ − 9.8t ) j

− 9.8(v0 sin θ − 9.8t )

Maximum height when v0 sin θ − 9.8t = 0; ( vertical component of velocity)

39. r (t ) = 10 cos 10π t, 10 sin 10π t, 4 + 4t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1

r′(t ) = (100π ) sin 2 (10π t) + (100π ) cos 2 (10π t) + 16

(b) aT = 0 and aN = 1000π 2

40. r (t ) = ( a cos ω t )i + ( a sin ω t ) j

42. True. r (t ) = x(t )i + m( x(t )) + b j

43. (a) r (t ) = cosh (bt )i + sinh (bt ) j, b > 0 v (t ) = x′(t )i + mx′(t ) j

x = cosh (bt ), y = sinh (bt ) v (t ) =

= cos φ + (π 2) i + sin φ + (π 2) j v×a

So, M has the same = aT 2 T 2

which is toward the x

Section 10.5 Arc Length and Curvature

3. r(t ) = a cos3 ti + a sin 3 tj, [0, 2π ]

4. r (t ) = a cos ti + a sin tj, [0, 2π ] y

5. r(t ) = 50 2ti + 3 + 50 2t − 16t 2  j

6. r (t ) = −ti + 4tj + 3tk , [0, 1]

9. r (t ) = 2 sin t , 5t , 2 cos t , [0, π ] z

10. r (t ) = a cos ti + a sin tj + btk , [0, 2π ] z

12. r(t ) = ti + ( 4 − t 2 ) j + t 3k , [0, 2]

r (1.5) = 1.5, 1.75, 3.375

distance ≈ (0.5)2 + (0.25) + (0.125)

+ (0.5)2 + (0.75) + (0.875)

+ (0.5)2 + (1.25) + ( 2.375)

+ (0.5)2 + (1.75) + ( 4.625)

≈ 0.5728 + 1.2562 + 2.7300 + 4.9702

13. r (t ) = 2 cos t , 2 sin t , t

r′( s ) 1 s 3 1 s

(The curve is a line.) 1

a⋅N 1 r′(t ) = 4i − 3 sin tj + 3 cos tk

r′(t ) = −8π sin 2π ti + 8π cos 2π tj 27. r(t ) = et i + 4tj, P(1, 0)  t = 0

T′(t ) 2π 1 x′y′′ − y′x′′ 0−4 4

23. r (t ) = a cos ω ti + a sin ω tj

r′(t ) = − aω sin ω ti + aω cos ω tj

T(t ) = −sin ω ti + cos ω tj

T′(t ) = −ω cos ω ti − ω sin ω tj