Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Natural and Social Sciences

Department of Physics and Statistics
Physics LAB Report

Title: Simple Pendulum

Section H_2 Group Members
Name ID NO
1. Haylemaryam Daget ETS0755/14
2. Haylemeskel Haylemaryam ETS0756/14
3. Henok Ketema ETS0773/14
4. Henok Tademe ETS0775/14
5. Heneok Asegdew ETS0776/14
6. Henok Getachew ETS0779/14
7. Henok Adugna ETS0785/14
8. Henok Nega ETS0788/14
9. Henok Biniyam ETS0789/14
10.Henok Alemayehu ETS0782/14
11.Henok Temesegen ETS0781/14

Submission Date: Nov 16, 2022

Submitted To: Inst Mengesha
 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
1. Title……………………………………………………………...1
2. Objectives……………………………………………………….1
3. Apparatus……………………………………………………….1
4. Theory…………………………………………………….…….1
5. Experimental setup………………………………………….…3
6. Procedure…………………………………………………….…3
7. Data………………………………………………………..…….3
8. Data analysis……………………………………………………4
9. Result and discussion……………………………………….….4
10. Conclusion………………………………………………………4
11. References………………………………………………………4
 1. Title
 Simple Pendulum

2 . Objective:
 To calculate the acceleration due to gravity g at Addis Ababa
 To demonstrate how the length of the string and mass of the
pendulum bob affects the simple pendulum’s period

3. Apparatus/ Materials Used:

1. Table clamp
2. Measuring tape
3. Protractor
4. String used as a rigid rod
5. Stopwatch
6. Metal Ball
7. Rough paper

4. Theory:
 A weight suspended from a pivot such that it can freely swing is called a pendulum. Gravity's
restoring force will cause a pendulum to accelerate back toward its equilibrium position if it is
sideways moved from its resting, equilibrium position. When the pendulum is freed, the restoring
force acting on its mass causes it to oscillate, swinging back and forth, about its equilibrium point. The
period is the length of time required for one full cycle, one left swing, and one right swing. The period
is influenced by the pendulum's length and, to a lesser extent, by the amplitude, or swing's width.
Another mechanical mechanism that oscillates is the straightforward pendulum. It consists of a point
mass "m" hung from a fixed support by a light, inextensible string of length L. The gravitational force
is what causes the motion to move in a vertical plane. the gravitational force's tangential component,
mgsin10°, and the restoring force acting tangent to the arc. A pendulum exhibits simple harmonic
motion (SHM), which allowed us to measure the gravitational constant by measuring the period of the
pendulum. The period T, of a pendulum of length L undergoing simple harmonic motion, is given by:
T=2π√L/g

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Consequently, we could determine the value of g by measuring the pendulum's
length and period: g=4π2L/T2

Figure: The Simple pendulum

We made the assumption that the length of the pendulum string, as opposed to the angle at
which it was dropped, determines the frequency and period of the pendulum. A massed object
is attached to a massless string of a specific length to form a basic pendulum device. Tools
that illustrate elementary harmonic motion include simple pendulums (if the angle of
displacement is less than 30 degrees). The displacement angle is 0 degrees when the
pendulum is at rest. The string swings back and forth as the mass is released from an angle
of displacement, with gravity acting as the restoring force. The duration is the amount of
time required to complete a whole cycle. The time it takes for a basic pendulum to swing
from one side to the other and back again is known as its period.
The frequency is inversely proportional to the period, which has units of seconds. This experiment
is also capable of demonstrating the acceleration caused by gravity in addition to obtaining results regarding
the period (due to gravity being the restoring force). Excel may be used to calculate a slope by plotting the
first three simple pendulum trials' length vs. period2 data. Once the slope has been determined, an equation
can be used to calculate the acceleration due to gravity. Simple pendulums have a period that is inversely
proportional to the square root of the local acceleration brought on by gravity. The period of a simple
pendulum is directly proportional to its length squared.

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 5. Experimental Setup:
Set the pendulum in such a way that the length can be varied as shown below

6. Procedure:
1. A string measuring 1 meter was displaced to make 10° from the starting
point (equilibrium).
2. The bob was released right away while the stopwatch started recording the
time for 10 complete oscillations.
3. The trial was repeated for 3 sessions.
4. The length of the string was decreased from 1 meter and tried with the
same procedures for 4 sessions.
5. The results were recorded with three trials each
7. Data table:
Length of the Time (trial 1) Time (trial 2) Time (trial
Average time trial
string 3) for 10 oscillations
(sec)
1.0 19.75 20.14 19.82 19.90
0.9 19.06 18.86 18.88 18.93
0.8 17.68 17.70 17.91 17.76
0.7 16.75 16.81 16.77 16.77
0.6 15.49 15.58 15.51 15.52
0.5 14.14 14.19 14.15 14.16
Table 1: The table which shows the length of the string and time measures with
constant mass

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 8. Data Analysis:
Length Avg. time taken per Time Acceleration Percentage
(m) 10 oscillations(s) period of one due to uncertainty
oscillation(s) gravity (m/s2) (%)
1 19.90 1.990 9.969 1.621
0.9 18.93 1.893 9.915 1.070
0.8 17.76 1.776 10.01 2.038
0.7 16.77 1.677 9.826 0.163
0.6 15.52 1.552 9.833 0.234
0.5 14.16 1.416 9.844 0.346
Formulas used:
 Time Period = (Average time)/10
 Acceleration due to gravity= (4π2L)/T2
 Uncertainty Percentage= ((Accepted value-calculated value)/ (Accepted
value) (100%)

9. Results and discussion:

Overall, the experiment ran extremely smoothly, and the data collected were fairly accurate.
It was challenging to achieve flawless results, as human error significantly influences the
outcomes. To quickly summarize our findings from the experiment, we can say that the length of
the pendulum has an impact on the pendulum's period.
The equation T2 = (4π2 L)/g shows that the length is directly related to the square of the time
interval. As a result, the time period shortens as the length does. Speaking about the mistakes
we have made random error is the primary cause of the uncertainties in the computations
because it results from a record reading error. To avoid that, we had to do numerous trials.

10.Conclusion:
The main goal of this lab was to ascertain how the basic pendulum's length affected the
acceleration g caused by gravity. Calculating the acceleration due to gravity and
demonstrating the precise impact of process duration required using the average time for 10
oscillations and periods. All things considered, a basic pendulum's time period is influenced
by its length. According to the formula T2 = (4π2 L)/g, T2 is directly proportional to the length of
a simple pendulum. So as the value of length is decreased, the value of time period also
decreases.

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 11.References:
 https://www.baylor.edu/physics/doc.php/110769.pdf

 https://www.examples.com/business/physics-lab-report.html

 https://www.studocu.com/row/document/haramaya-university/

physics/sample-lab-report/17172114

 https://www.sampletemplates.com/business-templates/report/

physics-lab-report-samples.html

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