1. What is Blue vitriol?

Discuss its chemical composition, properties, applications and

uses.

Blue Vitriol
The most significant copper salt is cupric sulfate (CuSO 4), often known as blue
vitriol. Therefore, CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O is the most common crystal form, and it has a bright
blue color. Copper oxides are treated with sulfuric acid to create them. While it is water-
soluble, it is not soluble in alcohol. The anhydrous salt is a desiccating agent since it is
hygroscopic. Metallic iron is easily able to remove copper from aqueous salt solutions.
Copper sulfate is the basic salt used in the electrolytic refinement of copper, and it's
also used to make pigments.
Cupric sulfate is a salt that is generated when cupric oxide is treated with sulfuric
acid. Blue vitriol is the commercial name for enormous, bright blue crystals containing
five molecules of water (CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O). The anhydrous salt is made by heating the
hydrate to 150 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit).

Chemical Composition: CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O

Properties:
Physical properties: Character bright blue asymmetric triclinic crystal or powder.
Chemical properties: The relative density is 2.284
The solubility is easily soluble in water (0 ℃, 31.6g/100ml water, 100 ℃, 203.3g/100ml
water), slightly soluble in methanol, insoluble in anhydrous ethanol.
Applications and uses: Cupric sulfate is primarily used as a pesticide, germicide, feed
addition, and soil additive in agriculture. It's used as a raw material to make other
copper compounds, as a reagent in analytic chemistry, as an electrolyte for batteries
and electroplating baths, and as a locally applied fungicide, bactericide, and astringent
in medicine.

5. What are the structural characteristics of a chelating agent?

Chelating agents are organic compounds that contain two or more metal ions. In
this structure, there are more electron-donor groups. when the donor creates a five- or
six-membered ring A cation is grouped into complexes.

REFERENCES:

Blue Vitriol. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2022 from,

https://www.chembk.com/en/chem/Blue%20Vitriol

Gregersen, Erik., (n.d.). Cupric Sulfate. Britannica. Retrieved April 13, 2022 from,
https://www.britannica.com/science/cupric-sulfate

Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S.R. (2013). Fundamentals of
Analytical Chemistry. Cengage Learning.
1. What is Talc? Discuss its chemical composition, properties, applications and uses.

Talc
Talc is a common silicate mineral with a softness that sets it apart from
practically all other minerals (it has the lowest rating [1] on the Mohs scale of hardness).
The word soapstone refers to dense aggregates of talc and other rock-forming minerals
that have a soapy or oily texture. Steatite is a dense aggregation of high-purity talc.
Talc is a metamorphic mineral that may be found in veins, foliated masses, and
specific rocks. In the lower metamorphic facies, it is frequently found with serpentine,
tremolite, forsterite, and virtually usually with carbonates (calcite, dolomite, or
magnesite). It can also be found as a byproduct of tremolite or forsterite alteration.
Talc is a basic magnesium silicate, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2, and one of its most
notable characteristics is its simple, practically unchanging composition. Despite the fact
that an iron analog of talc exists and the structurally comparable chlorite forms at least a
partial series between iron and magnesium end-members, talc appears to be unable to
take iron or aluminum into its structure to create chemical-replacement series.
Chemically and visually, talc may be distinguished from pyrophyllite.

Chemical composition: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

Talc is a naturally occurring mineral made up of magnesium, silicon, oxygen, and
hydrogen that is extracted from the soil. Talc is a magnesium silicate that is hydrous
and has the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2.
Properties:
Talc may be identified by its high softness and hue, which ranges from white to
colorless, light to dark green, or yellowish to brown. It is more usually found as foliated,
fibrous, or large aggregates than in crystals. It's frequently found with other minerals like
serpentine and calcite. Steatite is a dense, high-purity talc. It's a metamorphic mineral
that may be found in veins and rocks with a lot of magnesium. It occurs as an alteration
result of silica-poor igneous rocks and is frequently associated with serpentine,
tremolite, and forsterite. Talc is widely distributed and may be found in almost any
location where low-grade metamorphism occurs. Because of their soapy or oily texture,
dense masses of talc and other minerals are called soapstone.

Chemical Properties
Chemical Classification Silicate mineral
Chemical Composition Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

Physical Properties
Color White, beige, gray, yellow, brown,
pink, purple, blue, green. Rarely
colorless.
Streak White
Luster Greasy, waxy, pearly
Diaphaneity Translucent
Mohs Hardness 1
Specific Gravity 2.7 to 2.8
 Diagnostic Properties Feel, color, softness, cleavage
Crystal System Triclinic or monoclinic.
Tenacity Sectile
Fracture Fibrous, Micaceous
Density 2.58 – 2.83 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.78
g/cm3 (Calculated)

Application and Uses:

Talc is often used as lubricants, leather dressings, bathroom and dusting
powders, and some marking pencils that all include talc. It's used as a filler in ceramics,
paint, paper, roofing materials, plastic, and rubber; as an insecticide carrier; and as a
mild abrasive in rice and maize polishing.
Uses of talc may include the following:
Talc in Plastics
About 26% of the talc consumed in the United States in 2011 was used in the
production of plastics. Its primary function is that of a filler. Talc particles have a platy
form that can improve the rigidity of polypropylene, vinyl, polyethylene, nylon, and
polyester. It can also improve the heat resistance and shrinking of these items. Talc's
low hardness causes less wear on equipment than harder mineral fillers when the
plastic is extruded in the production process.
Talc in Ceramics
In 2011, ceramics items such as bathroom fixtures, ceramic tile, pottery, and
tableware accounted for nearly 17% of the talc consumed in the United States. Talc can
enhance the firing properties of greenware and the strength of the end product when
used as a filler in ceramics.
Talc in Paint
The majority of paints are liquid suspensions of mineral particles. The liquid
element of the paint makes application easier, but the mineral particles stay on the wall
when the liquid evaporates. Talc is used in paintings as an extender and filler. Talc
particles have a platy form that increases solids dispersion in the container and helps
liquid paint cling to a wall without drooping.
The hue of powdered talc is a dazzling white. Talc is a good filler in paint since it
whitens and brightens the paint at the same time. Talc's low hardness is desirable
because it reduces abrasion damage to spray nozzles and other paint-applying
equipment. In 2011, paint accounted for around 16 percent of all talc consumed in the
United States.
Talc in Paper
The majority of papers are manufactured from organic fiber pulp. Wood, rags,
and other organic resources are used to make this pulp. Filler is added to the pulp in the
form of finely powdered mineral materials. Mineral matter fills crevices between pulp
fibers as the pulp is rolled into thin sheets, resulting in a paper with a significantly
smoother writing surface. Talc is a mineral filler that can increase the paper's opacity,
brightness, and whiteness. Talc can also help the paper absorb ink more effectively.
The paper sector utilized over 16 percent of the talc used in the United States in 2011.
Talc in Cosmetics and Antiperspirants
 Many cosmetic products contain finely powdered talc as a powder basis. Talc
powder's small platelets stick to the skin easily yet may be easily wiped away. Because
of its softness, talc may be applied and removed without causing skin irritation.
Talc is also capable of absorbing oils and sweat from the human skin. Talc is a
significant element in many antiperspirants because of its capacity to absorb moisture,
absorb odor, stick to the skin, function as a lubricant, and generate an astringent action
when in contact with human skin. In 2011, cosmetics and antiperspirant accounted for
around 7% of all talc consumed in the United States.
Talc in Roofing Materials
To strengthen the weather resilience of asphaltic roofing materials, talc is added.
It's also used to keep shingles and roll roofing from adhering. Roofing materials
accounted for nearly 6% of the talc consumed in the US in 2011.
Dimension Stone
A huge variation of talc with various proportions of other minerals such as micas,
chlorite, amphiboles, and pyroxenes is known as "soapstone." It's a soft, easy-to-work
rock that's found its way into a wide range of dimension stone and sculpting
applications. Countertops, electrical panels, hearthstones, sculptures, statues, and a
variety of other applications call for it.
Other Uses of Talc
In situations involving high temperatures, ground talc is utilized as a lubricant. It
can withstand temperatures that would render oil-based lubricants useless.
Insecticides and fungicides are transported using talc powder. It is easy to blast via a
nozzle and immediately adheres to plant leaves and stems. The softness of the material
decreases wear on the application equipment.

Talc. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2022 from, https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-

ingredients/talc#:~:text=Talc%20is%20a%20naturally%20occurring,and%20other
%20personal%20care%20products.

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, May 24). talc. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved April 22, 2022 from, https://www.britannica.com/science/talc

Talc. (n.d.). GEOLOGYSCIENCE. Retrieved April 22, 2022 from,

https://geologyscience.com/minerals/talc/

Act 20

1. Complete the table regarding the properties of the common indicators used in acid –
base titrations:

Indicator Acid color Base color pH range pKa

Phenolphthalein Colorless Red 8.3 to 10.0 9.6
Cresol red Yellow Red 0.2 to 1.8 1.0
Thymol blue Yellow Blue 8.0 to 9.6 8.9
Bromophenol blue Yellow Blue 3.0 to 4.6 3.85
Methyl orange Red Yellow 3.1 to 4.4 3.4
Congo red Blue Red 3.0 to 5.0 4.5
Bromocresol green Yellow Blue 4.0 to 5.6 4.7
Methyl red Red Yellow 4.4 to 6.2 4.95

Acid-Base Indicators. (n.d.). Wired Chemist. Retrieved April 22, 2022 from,
https://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/acid-base-indicators