STUDY OF THERMAL EFFECTS OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM MOBILE

PHONES ON HUMAN HEAD

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

APARNA G [REG NO: 1131110010]

SHOBEN A [REG NO: 1131110014]
ASHA MARGARET A[REG NO: 1131110019]
ADITYA JEROME NARENDRA [REG NO: 1131110063]

Under the guidance of

Mrs.VARSHINI KARTHIK
(Asst.Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
of

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram District

April 2015
 SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “STUDY OF THERMAL EF-

FECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONES
ON HUMAN HEAD” is the bonafide work of “ APARNA G [REG
NO: 1131110010], SHOBEN A [REG NO: 1131110014], ASHA MAR-
GARET A[REG NO: 1131110019], ADITYA JEROME NARENDRA
[REG NO: 1131110063]”, who carried out the project work under my
supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work
reported herein does not form any other project report or dissertation on
the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion
on this or any other candidate.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mrs.VARSHINI KARTHIK Dr. M. ANBURAJAN

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Asst.Professor Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering

Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation

on human head through mobile phones before and after call, in order to

find the temperature variation on skin in the right outer ear (Concha) us-

ing a thermal camera. A study population of n=10 male subjects within

the age group of 20-25 years were considered for the study. The sub-

jects were allowed to use three mobile phones of different brands op-

erating atsame frequency and different SAR (Specific absorption rate)

for 5 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes. The goal of this study is to

investigate the rise in temperature and validate it against the maximum

theoretical temperature rise calculated from the SAR of the phone and

Bio-Heat Equations. Both experimental and analytical results show that

the thermal effects on human head are SAR (brand/model) and talk time

dependent.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, We express our heartfelt and deep sense of gratitude to our Chan-
cellor Dr.T.R.Paarivendhar, Shri. P. Ravi Chairman of the SRM Group of Educational
Institutions, Prof. P.Sathyanarayanan, President, SRM University, Dr. R.Shivakumar,
Vice President, SRM University, Prof. Prabir Bagchi, Vice Chancellor, for providing us
the necessary facilities for the completion of our project.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our Director (Engineering Technology) Dr.
C. Muthamizhchelvan for his constant support and encouragement.
We extremely grateful to the Head of the Department Dr. M. Anburajan for his in-
valuable guidance, motivation, timely and insightful technical discussions. We are
immensely grateful for his constant encouragement, smooth approach throughout our
project period and make this work possible.
We are indebted to Mr. Karthik Raj V and Varshini Karthik, our Project Co-coordinator
for his valuable suggestions and motivation. We are deeply indebted to our Guide ,
Mrs.Varshini Karthik, and faculties of Department of Biomedical Engineering for ex-
tending their warm support, constant encouragement and ideas they shared with us.
We would be failing in our part if we do not acknowledge our family members and our
friends for their constant encouragement and support.

Authors

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

ABBREVIATIONS vi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 NEED FOR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 EXISTING LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE 4

2.1 AIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 5

3.1 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1 MEASUREMENT SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2 MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 HARDWARE AND SOFWARE DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . 8

4 RESULTS 10
4.1 THEORETICAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.1 SHORT TERM TEMPERATURE CALCULATION . . . . 10

iii
 4.1.2 LONG TERM TEMPERATURE CALCULATION . . . . . 10
4.2 REGION OF INTEREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3.2 IMAGE SEGMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH CRYSTAL . . . . . . . . . . 31

5 DISCUSSIONs , CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 39

 LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Comparison of readings before and after making the call using MO-
BILE X for duration of 5 minutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for
duration of 15 minutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for
duration of 30 minutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 5
minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for
15 minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.6 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for
30 minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 5
minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for
15 minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.9 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for
30 minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.10 Comparison of experimental Maximum temperature rise with the max-
imum temperature rise calculated using bio heat equation . . . . . . 27
4.11 Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 15
minutes using mobile Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.12 Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 15
minutes using mobile Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.13 Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 30
minutes using mobile Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.14 Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 30
minutes using mobile Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

3.1 DETAILED METODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 ANATOMICAL REGION OF INTEREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4.2 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.7 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.8 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.9 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.10 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.11 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.12 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.13 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.14 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.15 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.16 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.17 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.18 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.19 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.20 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.21 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.22 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.23 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.24 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.25 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

vi
4.26 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.27 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.28 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.29 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.30 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.31 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.32 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.33 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.34 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.35 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.36 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.37 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.38 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.39 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.40 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.41 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.42 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.43 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.44 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.45 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.46 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.47 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.48 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.49 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.50 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.51 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.52 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.53 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.54 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.55 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.56 Temperature rise comparison between brands for 5 minutes talks time 27

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4.57 Temperature rise comparison between brands for 15 minutes talks time 28
4.58 Temperature rise comparison between brands for 30 minutes talks time 28
4.59 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.60 Input Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.61 Peak Thermal Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.62 Input Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.63 Peak Thermal Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.64 Rose Quartz Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.65 Crystal Placed on the phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.66 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.67 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.68 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.69 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.70 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.71 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.72 Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Y for 15minutes 33
4.73 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.74 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.75 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.76 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.77 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.78 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.79 Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Z for 15minutes 35
4.80 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.81 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.82 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.83 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.84 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.85 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.86 Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Y for 30minutes 37
4.87 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

viii
4.88 Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.89 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.90 Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.91 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.92 Subject 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.93 Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Z for 30 minutes 38

ix
 ABBREVIATIONS

RF Radio Frequency

EM Electro Magnetic

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

IR Infra-Red

SAR Specific Absorption Rate

BHE Bio Heat Equation

EMF Electro Magnetic Feilds

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Mobile phones emerged as an apparatus of luxury in the early 90s, but presently it has
become an inevitable part of daily life for a human being. At present there are nearly
7 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide according to The International Telecommuni-
cation Union .This is equivalent to 95.5percent of the population. India has the fastest
growing telecom network due to its increasing population. The total number of mobile
phone subscribers in India has reached 930.20 million.A smart phone is a mobile phone
with an advanced operating system. It includes the features of a phone, along with other
applications like media player, web browsing, motion sensors, GPS navigation etc. The
total number of smart phone subscribers across the globe is 1.75 billion. India is ranked
3rd among the top countries in smart phone subscription, with an estimated 117 mil-
lion subscribers .Roughly 12.5percent of mobile phone users in India are believed to
be smart phone subscribers. Cell phones emit two kinds of Electro Magnetic (EM) -
microwave electromagnetic radiation from the antenna and more EM from the phone
body.20-80percent of the radiation from phone antenna penetrate up to 2 inches into
the adult brain. Cell phones have thermal effects (they heat biological tissue) as well as
non-thermal effects (affecting natural Electro Magnetic Feilds (EMF) frequencies).The
heat dissipated in the skin from mobile phones may be due to thermal insulation by
the phone heating of the mobile phone resulting from its electric circuitry, and from
Radio Frequency (RF). The first two produce significant rise in skin temperature while
the latter still being investigated and may be less significant. In the case of a person
using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head,
causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. A large number of studies
have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a
potential health risk. The mobile phone usage for a long duration of time induces tem-
perature increase. The rise in temperature is not due to battery heating but it is due to
the electromagnetic radiation emitted through mobile phones. Specific absorption rate
is a dosimetric quantity and is defined as the rate at which RF power is absorbed per
unit mass by any part of the body. Higher the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value
higher the electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body and if the SAR value
is low then the absorption level is low. Certain substances are capable of absorbing the
EM radiations emitted from mobile phones. These substances protect the human body
from harmful radiations. Rose Quartz is a one such crystal. These crystals are expected
to reduce the EM radiation and hence the thermal effects.

1.2 NEED FOR SYSTEM

In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone
radiation as Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic (not Group 2A - probably carcinogenic -
nor the dangerous Group 1). That means that there could be some risk of carcinogenic-
ity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be
conducted . A significant increase of risk of particular brain tumours in long-term (10
years or more) users of cell phones and cordless phones has been detected in series of
epidemiological studies.A number of studies have investigated the effects of radiofre-
quency fields on brain electrical activity, cognitive function, sleep, heart rate and blood
pressure in volunteers. Heating of skin tissue is likely to cause skin problems. Temper-
ature increase in surrounding soft tissue of facial nerves due to RFR has been reported
to cause temporary facial nerves dysfunction. Many people use a mobile phone applied
against their ear for a lengthy period of time, causing serious health concern especially
for the youth and children who have become daily users.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Through this study the relationship between the SAR values of the mobile phones and
rise in temperature has been evaluated. This would help the subscribers to choose a
mobile phone which would cause lesser radiation. A new method to minimize the
radiation has also been studied here .This study is based on the ability of certain crystals

2
to absorb EM radiations. The crystal used here is rose quartz.

1.4 EXISTING LITERATURE

Rusnani A. (4244) presents a study to compare 3 brands of mobile phones. In total time
duration of 30 minutes, images were captured in every 15 minutes. They concluded that
there is a linear relationship between SAR value and temperature rise. The inference
was that the rise in temperature is not due to the heating of the battery but due to the
emission of EM radiations from the mobile.

In another study conducted by Kargel (2005) using two mobile phones with low and
very high SAR value for duration of 35 minutes. Images of the skull were acquired ev-
ery 1 minute, by removing the phone from its position for a short duration (3seconds),
allowing the direct imaging of the region normally covered by the phone. The outcome
of their study was that the phone with higher SAR caused more rise in temperature than
the other one.

While the above study provides information about the relationship between SAR
and temperature rise, the study conducted by Kho et al. (2010) compared 2 phones,
one with an inbuilt antenna and the other one with external antenna operating at 900
MHz and 1800 MHz respectively for a 45 minute conversation. The development of
this study was that higher frequency mobiles emit higher EMR.

Effect et al. (2012) conducted a study in which they compared three modes of oper-
ation of mobile phones, namely Bluetooth hands-free mode, wired hands-free mode and
direct call mode. They concluded that WHF mode can cause high temperature increase
compared to the other two modes. Due to this, WHF phone calling is not recommended
and BTHF is a better choice for both safety and convenience purpose .

3
 CHAPTER 2

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

2.1 AIM

The main aim of the project is to study the thermal effects of EM radiation on human
body using mobile phones.

2.2 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the project is

• To analyse the thermal images and to find the temperature increase, before and
after the exposure of electromagnetic radiation radiated from 3 different mobile
phones X, Y and Z.

• To theoretically calculate the maximum temperature rise using bio heat equation.

• To compare the practical and theoretical temperature rise.

• To find out which mobile emits highest radiation and to find the most affected
area on the right side of the face through image processing using MATLAB.

• To find materials that has capability to absorb electromagnetic radiations and re-
duce the heating effects.
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

This work is basically to analyse the temperature rise in the outer ear due to the ef-
fects of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the mobile phones. 10 male subjects
were chosen for this study. Subjects were allowed to make a call and talk for different
durations i.e. 5, 15 and 30 minutes. This was done on different days with 3 differ-
ent mobiles. Mobiles were chosen based on the SAR value. Images of external ear
canal were taken before and after making the phone call. Theoretical temperature was
found using the SAR value of each mobile and further comparison was done with the
experimental values.

3.1 MATERIALS

Ten healthy adult male subjects (age range 19-23 years, height range 1.64-1.85m, weight
range 45-90 Kg) were chosen. For this work, three different mobiles were considered.
The brands are selected based on their SAR value. Mobile X has the lowest SAR, Y
has the average SAR and Z has the highest SAR. All these mobiles operate at same
frequency.

3.1.1 MEASUREMENT SETUP

The subjects were seated on a comfortable chair about 1m in front of the Infra-Red
(IR) camera. Subjects were allowed to adapt to the room temperature by seating them
inside the room for about 15 minutes. Thermal images were taken against a black
non-reflecting background. Ambient room temperature was maintained at 20°Cwith
slight variations not exceeding ±0.5 °C. Core body temperature was measured from the
subjects underarm using a digital thermometer. Thermal Camera was focused on to
head region particularly on the right ear. Thermal images were acquired before making
call. This was taken as the initial temperature. Subjects were allowed to make a call
for 5, 15 and 30 minutes and the thermal images are captured immediately at the end
of a call. The phones operate at GSM 1800 MHz .Therefore all phones experienced the
same field strength of the received signal from the base station. The battery charge was
maintained between 80-90. FLIR A305 IR camera is used to acquire thermal image. It
is well suited to investigate the temperature rise.

3.1.2 MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL

Before the experiment the subjects were asked to rest in the room for at least 15 minutes
to adapt to the room temperature. Instructions were given to hold the mobile phone in
the right hand and to position it on the right ear. The distance of 1m was maintained
between the IR Camera and the subject. The movement of the head region was restricted
and the right lateral side of the human subject was positioned perpendicular to the IR
camera which is particularly focused on the right lateral part of head. Thermal images
of right side of the head were taken first before the exposure, as reference. After 5
minutes of exposure, images for right side of the head were captured immediately with
a time gap of less than a second after the call. The same procedure was repeated for
15 minutes and 30 minutes of exposure. Images were taken using all the three mobile
phones following the same procedure. In order to avoid cumulative effect of radiation,
the experiment was performed on separate days on each of the subject.

6
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

There are 4 steps in this study i.e. acquisition of images, analysis and processing part,
theoretical calculations and finally comparison of experimental and theoretical values.
The first step is to obtain the experimental data. The image acquisition was done using

Figure 3.1: DETAILED METODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

FLIR A305 IR camera following the measurement protocols. These images were anal-
ysed and processed in the next stage. Analysis was done using FLIR RandD Software
to find the region which has the highest temperature rise. Rainbow palette was used.
Anatomical area of interest chosen is the concha which is the opening at the outer ear
above the ear lobe. A spot was kept on concha and the temperature rise was found out.
The acquired thermal images were processed using MATLAB. Watershed segmentation
was done on the images to highlight the regions which have the maximum temperature.
The results obtained at this stage were correlated with the analysis part done using FLIR
Software. Theoretical calculations were done to find out the temperature rise that was

7
expected from the SAR value of the phones. Short term rise in temperature was cal-
culated using the linear equation between SAR and Temperature rise . This is linear
equation can be only used when the exposure is in milliseconds. Using the Bio-Heat
equation the maximum temperature rise for each phone can be calculated for long term
exposure.
Based on the results obtained at this level a comparison was done between the theo-
retical and experimental values. Comparison was also done between the experimental
results attained with and without the crystals.

3.3 HARDWARE AND SOFWARE DESCRIPTION

The IR camera used for image acquisition is FLIR A305 Thermal Camera. The ac-
quired image size is 320x240 pixels. It can capture temperature ranges from -20°Cto
+120°C/ 0°Cto 350°C. Frequency of acquired image is 9 Hz. It has a high image sen-
sitivity of less than 50mK capturing finest image details and temperature difference
information. The image captured is at a focal length of 18mm.It has an autofocus fea-
ture. It uses uncooled Micro bolometer detector which makes it maintenance-free and
provides excellent long wave imaging performance. A micro bolometer is a specific
type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera. Infrared radiation with wave-
lengths between 7.5-14 µm strikes the detector material, heating it, and thus changing
its electrical resistance. This resistance change is measured and processed into temper-
atures which can be used to create an image. Unlike other types of infrared detecting
equipment, micro bolometer does not require cooling. The camera can be fully config-
ured from the PC, allowing command, control, and collection of full frame data from
the camera in real time. Three different mobile phones were used for the study. These
mobile were chosen according to their SAR value. SAR values between 0-0.5 are con-
sidered to be low. Mobile X has a SAR value of 0.29W/Kg and is expected to cause
least heating effects. SAR values between 0.5-1 are considered to be moderate. Mobile
Y which has a SAR of 0.69 W/Kg is expected to cause moderate heating effect. SAR
values greater than 1 are considered to be the highest. Mobile Z has a SAR value of 1.8
W/Kg is expected to cause the highest heating effects. All the mobile phones operate
at the same Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) frequency of 1800MHz.

8
The acquired thermal images were analysed using FLIR RandD software. The FLIR
RandD software connects directly to FLIR Research and Science cameras via USB,
Firewire, Gigabit Ethernet, and Camera Link to acquire thermal snapshots or movie
files. Real-time image analysis, with an extensive set of measurement tools including
spots, lines, and areas can be performed in this software. Image and plot data from FLIR
RandD software can be exported graphically as a Bitmap or CSV file for reporting and
analysis in other software programs like Matlab. On the analysed image, processing
was done using MATLAB software. The objective of processing was to highlight the
highest temperature region on the image and segment it. MATLAB R2013a was the
version used. Watershed segmentation algorithm as used for this.

9
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

4.1 THEORETICAL RESULTS

4.1.1 SHORT TERM TEMPERATURE CALCULATION

SAR stands for specific absorption rate. SAR is a measure of the rate at which energy
is absorbed by the human body when exposed to a radio frequency RF electromagnetic
field according to the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA).SAR
value of a mobile phone is measured between 0.0 and 1.60 with 1.60 set by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) as the maximum level of radiation permissible.
The short term increase in temperature can be calculated from the SAR value through a
linear equation which is given below,

4T = SAR ∗ 4t/C (4.1)

Where,
4T is the temperature rise
SAR denotes the specific absorption rate of the mobile in W/Kg
C is the heat capacity of the tissue J/kg/K
4t is the time in seconds
This formula can be used to calculate the maximum temperature rise for millisecond use
of mobile phone. To calculate the maximum temperature rise for long term duration like
5 to 30 minutes we use bio heat equation.

4.1.2 LONG TERM TEMPERATURE CALCULATION

In case of long exposure time of high frequency EM to human tissues it is not possible
to use the linear relation between and SAR. Bio heat transfer is the study of heat trans-
fer in biological systems. Heat transfer has an important role in biological systems of
living beings. The increase of temperature in function of time and position is related the
thermoregulation and the blood flow of the tissue. The heat transport in brain tissues
is dominated by the heat input mechanisms caused by electromagnetic heating and the
heat dissipation mechanisms provided by conduction and convection. The maximum
temperature rise can be found from the Bio Heat Equation (BHE) which is given below,

√ √
Tmax = q/λ[1−( λA+1)eˆ( λA)] (4.2)
Where λ denotes wavelength of the mobile
A =λ/4
q =ι S/k
Where ι is density of tissue [1109 kg/m3]
S is specific absorption rate in the tissue [W/kg]
k is thermal conductivity of tissue [0.37W/m/°C]

4.2 REGION OF INTEREST

The thermal images were analysed using FLIR RandD software to find the temperature
rise. Rainbow palette is used. Anatomical area of interest chosen is the concha which
is the opening at the outer ear above the ear lobe. A spot was kept on concha and the
temperature rise was found out.

Figure 4.1: ANATOMICAL REGION OF INTEREST

11
4.3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The results obtained experimentally have been represented below. Comparison of be-
fore and after making the call using MOBILE X for duration of 5 minutes.
The Tabulation and Thermal images obtained from mobile X for duration of 5 minutes
for subjects 1, 2 and 3 have been represented below.

Table 4.1: Comparison of readings before and after making the call using MOBILE X
for duration of 5 minutes.

BEFORE CALL ( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE(°C)

35.9 36 0.1
36.4 36.5 0.1
36.8 37.1 0.2
36.8 37 0.2
36.5 36.7 0.2
36.1 36.3 0.2
36.5 36.7 0.2
35.3 35.4 0.1
37.0 37.3 0.3
36.9 37.2 0.3

Figure 4.2: Subject 1 Figure 4.3: Subject 1

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

12
 Figure 4.4: Subject 2 Figure 4.5: Subject 2
Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Figure 4.6: Subject 3 Figure 4.7: Subject 3

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for duration of
15 minutes.
The Tabulation and thermal images obtained from mobile X for duration of 15 minutes
for subjects 1, 2 and 3 have been represented below.

Figure 4.8: Subject 1 Figure 4.9: Subject 1

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

13
Table 4.2: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for dura-
tion of 15 minutes.

BEFORE CALL ( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURERISE (°C)

36.9 37.5 0.6
36.2 36.7 0.5
36.2 36.8 0.6
37.1 37.8 0.7
36.7 37.4 0.7
36.3 36.8 0.5
36.8 37.4 0.6
34.9 35.6 0.7
36.8 37.3 0.5
36.8 37.3 0.5

Figure 4.10: Subject 2 Figure 4.11: Subject 2

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

Figure 4.12: Subject 3 Figure 4.13: Subject 3

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

14
Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for duration of 30
minutes.
The Tabulation and thermal images obtained from mobile X for duration of 30 minutes
for subjects 1, 2 and 3 have been represented below.

Table 4.3: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE X for dura-
tion of 30 minutes.

BEFORE CALL ( °C) AFTER CALL(°C) TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)

37.1 38.1 1
36.7 37.7 1
36.6 37.3 0.7
36.7 37.4 0.7
36.3 37.4 1.1
37.5 38.5 1
36.6 37.5 0.9

Figure 4.14: Subject 1 Figure 4.15: Subject 1

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

Figure 4.16: Subject 2 Figure 4.17: Subject 2

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

15
 Figure 4.18: Subject 3 Figure 4.19: Subject 3
Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

In mobile X we observed that during 5 minutes conversation the lowest temper-

turewas 0.1°Cand the highest temperature rise was 0.3°C. During 15 minutes talk the
lowest temperature rise was 0.5°Cand the highest temperature rise was 0.7°C. During
30 minutes talk the lowest temperature rise was 0.7°Cand the highest temperature rise
was 1.1°C.

Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 5 minutes
The Tabulation and thermal images obtained from mobile Y for duration of five minutes
for subjects 1,2 and 3 have been represented below

Table 4.4: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 5 min-
utes

BEFORE CALL( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE ( °C)

36.4 36.7 0.3
36 36.3 0.3
36.4 36.7 0.3
36 36.3 0.3
36 36.3 0.3
36.3 36.7 0.4
36.0 36.3 0.3
35.5 35.9 0.4
37.1 37.5 0.4
36.8 37.1 0.3

16
Figure 4.20: Subject 1 Figure 4.21: Subject 1
Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Figure 4.22: Subject 2 Figure 4.23: Subject 2

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Figure 4.24: Subject 3 Figure 4.25: Subject 3

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

17
 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 15 minutes
The thermal images obtained from mobile Y for duration of 15 minutes for subjects 1,2
and 3 have been represented below.

Table 4.5: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 15
minutes

BEFORE CALL( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE ( °C)

36.1 36.9 0.8
35.8 36.5 0.7
36.2 37.1 1
36.3 37.3 1
36.7 37.3 0.6
36.8 37.5 0.7
36.7 37.5 0.8
36.4 37.2 0.8
37 37.7 0.7
36.7 37.4 0.7

Figure 4.26: Subject 1 Figure 4.27: Subject 1

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

18
 Figure 4.28: Subject 2 Figure 4.29: Subject 2
Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

Figure 4.30: Subject 3 Figure 4.31: Subject 3

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Yfor 30 minutes
The thermal images obtained from mobile Y for duration of 30 minutes for subjects 1,
2 and 3 have been represented below.

Figure 4.32: Subject 1 Figure 4.33: Subject 1

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

19
Table 4.6: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Y for 30
minutes

BEFORE CALL (°C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)

36.4 37.6 1.2
36.5 37.7 1.2
36.8 37.9 1.1
35.9 37 1.1
36.4 37.5 1.1
36.9 38 1.1
36.3 37.2 0.9
36.4 37.2 0.8
37 37.7 0.7
36.7 37.4 0.7

Figure 4.34: Subject 2 Figure 4.35: Subject 2

Before 30 minutes After 30 Minutes

Figure 4.36: Subject 3 Figure 4.37: Subject 3

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

20
 In mobile Y we observed that, during 5 minutes talk the lowest temperature rise
was 0.3°Cand the highest temperature rise was 0.4°C. During 15 minutes talk the low-
est temperature rise was 0.6°Cand the highest temperature rise was 1.0°C.During 30
minutes talk the lowest temperature rise was 0.9°Cand the highest temperature rise was
1.2°C.

21
 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 5 minutes
The thermal images obtained from mobile Z for duration of 5 minutes for subjects 1, 2
and 3 have been represented below.

Table 4.7: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 5 min-
utes

BEFORE CALL(°C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE ( °C)

37.3 37.6 0.3
36.4 36.7 0.3
36.2 36.6 0.4
36.8 37.2 0.4
37.2 37.6 0.4
36.3 36.7 0.4
37 37.3 0.3
36.1 36.4 0.3
37.25 37.6 0.4
36.5 36.8 0.3

Figure 4.38: Subject 1 Figure 4.39: Subject 1

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

22
 Figure 4.40: Subject 2 Figure 4.41: Subject 2
Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Figure 4.42: Subject 3 Figure 4.43: Subject 3

Before 5 Minutes After 5 Minutes

Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 15 minutes
The thermal images obtained from mobile Z for duration of 15 minutes for subjects 1,2
and 3 have been represented below.

Figure 4.44: Subject 1 Figure 4.45: Subject 1

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

23
Table 4.8: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 15
minutes

BEFORE CALL( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)

36.8 37.8 1
336.5 37.4 0.9
36.9 37.9 1
36.6 37.5 0.9
36.4 37.4 1
36.9 37.7 0.8
37.1 37.9 0.8
36.3 37.4 1.1
37.3 38 0.7
36.4 37.1 0.7

Figure 4.46: Subject 2 Figure 4.47: Subject 2

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

Figure 4.48: Subject 3 Figure 4.49: Subject 3

Before 15 Minutes After 15 Minutes

24
 Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 30 minutes
The thermal images obtained from mobile Z for duration of 30 minutes for subjects 1,
2 and 3 have been represented below.

Table 4.9: Comparison of before and after making the call using MOBILE Z for 30
minutes

BEFORE CALL( °C) AFTER CALL( °C) TEMPERATURE RISE (°C)

36.2 37.5 1.3
36 37.4 1.4
36.6 37.9 1.3
36.3 37.6 1.3
36.2 37.4 1.2
36 37.3 1.3
36.4 37.6 1.2
36.3 37.4 1.1
37.3 38 0.7
36.4 37.1 0.7

Figure 4.50: Subject 1 Figure 4.51: Subject 1

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

25
 Figure 4.52: Subject 2 Figure 4.53: Subject 2
Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

Figure 4.54: Subject 3 Figure 4.55: Subject 3

Before 30 Minutes After 30 Minutes

Mobile Z is the one which emits high EM radiation. The lowest temperature rise
during 5 minutes conversation was 0.3°Cand the highest rempearture rise was about
0.4°C. During 15 minutes talk the lowest temperature rise was 0.7°Cand the highest
temperature rise was about 1.1°C. During 30 minutes talk the lowest temperature rise
was 1.2°Cand the highest temperature rise was about 1.4°C.

26
4.3.1 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

The results can be compared using bar charts as represented below to analyze the mobile
which emits highest and lowest radiation.

Figure 4.56: Temperature rise comparison between brands for 5 minutes talks time

Table 4.10: Comparison of experimental Maximum temperature rise with the maximum
temperature rise calculated using bio heat equation

MOBILE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM TEMP FROM BHE

X 1.1 0.3653
Y 1.2 1.654
Z 1.4 2.829

27
Figure 4.57: Temperature rise comparison between brands for 15 minutes talks time

Figure 4.58: Temperature rise comparison between brands for 30 minutes talks time

28
4.3.2 IMAGE SEGMENTATION

We followed the algorithm to segment the concha separately as it is the most affected
region which has the highest temperature rise compared to other region on the right side
face.

Figure 4.59: Flow Chart

29
Segmented images are represented as follows:

Figure 4.60: Input Image Figure 4.61: Peak Thermal Intensity

Figure 4.62: Input Image Figure 4.63: Peak Thermal Intensity

30
4.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH CRYSTAL

Clear quartz crystal has the capability of absorbing electromagnetic radiation emitted
from the mobile phones and reduces the heating effect. The crystal was attached near
the antenna of the mobile phone and the experiment was carried in the similar man-
ner.The images of the crystal and the way the crystal is attached to the phone is depicted
below.

Figure 4.64: Rose Quartz Crystal

Figure 4.65: Crystal Placed on the phone

Table 4.11: Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 15 min-
utes using mobile Y

SUBJECT TEMP RISE (CRYSTAL) TEMP RISE (NO CRYSTAL)

1 0.1 0.8
2 0.2 0.7
3 0.4 0.8

31
Figure 4.66: Subject 1 Figure 4.67: Subject 1
Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

Figure 4.68: Subject 2 Figure 4.69: Subject 2

Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

Figure 4.70: Subject 3 Figure 4.71: Subject 3

Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

32
 Figure 4.72: Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Y for 15minutes

Table 4.12: Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 15 min-
utes using mobile Z

Subject TEMP RISE (CRYSTAL) TEMP RISE (NO CRYSTAL)

1 0.2 1
2 0.3 0.9
3 0.2 1.1

33
Figure 4.73: Subject 1 Figure 4.74: Subject 1
Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

Figure 4.75: Subject 2 Figure 4.76: Subject 2

Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

Figure 4.77: Subject 3 Figure 4.78: Subject 3

Before 15 minutes After 15 minutes

34
 Figure 4.79: Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Z for 15minutes

Table 4.13: Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 30 min-
utes using mobile Y

Subject TEMP RISE (CRYSTAL) TEMP RISE (NO CRYSTAL)

1 0.3 1.2
2 0.2 1.2
3 0.3 1.1

35
Figure 4.80: Subject 1 Figure 4.81: Subject 1
Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

Figure 4.82: Subject 2 Figure 4.83: Subject 2

Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

Figure 4.84: Subject 3 Figure 4.85: Subject 3

Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

36
 Figure 4.86: Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Y for 30minutes

Table 4.14: Comparison of temperature rise with and without using crystal for 30 min-
utes using mobile Z

SUBJECT TEMP RISE (CRYSTAL) TEMP RISE(NO CRYSTAL)

1 0.3 1.3
2 0.4 1.4
3 0.3 1.3

Figure 4.87: Subject 1 Figure 4.88: Subject 1

Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

37
 Figure 4.89: Subject 2 Figure 4.90: Subject 2
Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

Figure 4.91: Subject 3 Figure 4.92: Subject 3

Before 30 minutes After 30 minutes

Figure 4.93: Comparision for with and without crystal in mobile Z for 30 minutes

38
 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSIONS , CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

The result of the work showed that there is an increase in temperature from forehead
to the carotid gland. High temperature increase was noted across the ear region espe-
cially on the concha which is above the earlobe. Mobile X, Y and Z are most popular
and commonly used mobiles. Mobile X costs are high but it has the low SAR value
of 0.29w/kg. During 5 minutes conversation the increase in temperature ranges from
0.1-0.4°C. 0.1°Cwas the lowest temperature rise and 0.4°Cwas the maximum temper-
ature rise. During 15 minutes conversation the increase in temperature ranges from
0.4-0.7°C. 0.4°Cwas the lowest temperature rise and0.7°Cwas the maximum temper-
ature rise. During 30 minutes conversation the increase in temperature ranges from
0.7-1.1°C. 0.7°Cwas the lowest temperature rise and 1.1°Cwas the maximum temper-
ature rise. The maximum temperature during 30 minutes talk exceeds the temperature
calculated from the bio heat equation.
Mobile Y cost is moderate with the SAR value of 0.69w/kg but it does not exceeds
the maximum SAR threshold which is about 1.6w/kg. During 5 minutes conversation
the increase in temperature ranges from 0.3-0.4°C. 0.3°Cwas the lowest temperature
rise and 0.4°Cwas the maximum temperature rise. During 15 minutes conversation the
increase in temperature ranges from 0.6-1.0°C. 0.6°Cwas noted as lowest temperature
rise and 1°Cwas the maximum temperature rise. During 30 minutes conversation the in-
crease in temperature ranges from 0.9-1.2°C. 0.9°Cwas noted as lowest temperature rise
and 1.2°Cwas the maximum temperature rise. Comparing with the bio heat equation,
the maximum temperature is less than the maximum temperature which is theoretically
calculated.
Mobile Z is the most popular and widely used mobile all over the world. The price is
high compared to both mobiles. It has the highest SAR value of about 1.18w/kg which
is pretty close to the threshold value. Comparing to both the mobile, Mobile Z emits
highest radiation and causes high heating effect. During 5 minutes conversation the in-
crease in temperature ranges from 0.3°Cto 0.4°C. 0.3°Cwas noted as lowest temperature
rise and 0.4°Cwas the maximum temperature rise. During 15 minutes conversation the
increase in temperature ranges from 0.7°Cto 1.1°C. 0.7°Cwas the lowest temperature
rise and the maximum temperature rise was 1.1°C.During 30 minutes conversation the
increase in temperature ranges from 1.2°Cto 1.4°C. 1.2°Cwas the lowest temperature
rise and the maximum temperature rise was 1.4°C.

From our study, we conclude Mobile X emits low electromagnetic radiation com-
pared with mobile Y and Z. So the effect of radiation to the human body is less. The
mobile with low SAR value should be preferred irrespective of its price. The whole
right lateral face is affected due to the use of mobile phone and with an increase in tem-
perature. It is found that concha is the region which is affected the most compared to
other region and also has a high temperature increase. Image segmentation shows that
concha is the most anatomically affected area. Longer the duration we use the mobile, it
induces more electromagnetic radiation which increase the temperature by heating the
skin tissues.Image segmentation Watershed algorithm highlights the highest tempera-
ture area, which is parallel to the research findings
To reduce the heating effect, we used a clear quartz rose crystal which has the capabil-
ity of absorbing the electromagnetic radiation. On placing the crystal near the antenna
of the mobile, reduced the temperature rise all over the face and especially around the
ear skull region. Comparing the temperature rise with crystal and without crystal for
15and30 minutes using mobile Y and Z, it was clearly found that the temperature rise
was low.This crystal should be used among the mobile phone users to reduce the heat-
ing effect which causes cell damage and skin cancer.Our projects brief description is
available in the following link https://youtube/uwpbbDMZcEc

40
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1. Effect, H., of Mode, of Operations, of Mobile, and Phones (2012). “International jour-
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2. Kargel, C. (2005). “Infrared thermal imaging to measure local temperature rises caused
by handheld mobile phones.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,
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3. Kho, D. A. A. M. F., Joseph, A., Kipli, K., Shafrida, of Electronics Engineering Sahrani,
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 Bibliography

Aparna.G is a final year student pursuing B.Tech degree in Biomedical Engineering at

SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai.
Fields of Interest: Image Processing, Instrumentation,Radiology.

Asha Margaret is a final year student pursuing B.Tech degree in Biomedical

Engineering at SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai.
Field of Interest: Image Processing, Rehabilitation Engineering.

42
Aditya.J.Narendra is a final year student pursuing his B.Tech degree in Biomedical
Engineering at SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai.
Fields of Interest: Medical Physics, Artificial Intelligence

Shoben.A is a final year student pursuing his B.Tech degree in Biomedical

Engineering at SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai.
Fields of Interest: Image Processing, Biomedical Instrumentation.

43