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INTRODUCTION chogepeomomt oh ootk owmd e occamo
0 Energy is a property of matter that can be
radiation converted into work, heat or
Energy is involved in all life cycles, and it is
essential in agriculture
as in all other as much
productive activities. An
elementary food chain already
shows the need for energy:
crops need energy From solar radiation to
grow, harvesting needs energy from the human
needs energy from biomass in a fire. body in work, and cooking
The food, in its turn,
human body with energy. provides the
The SI unit of energy is the joule, which is the energy transferred to an
object by the work of moving ita distance of 1 metre
against force
a of 1
newton

Forms of energy
RCPKTME
Energy can exist in various forms.
Examples are
TRadiation energy: the radiation from the sun contains energy, and also the
radiation from a light or a fire. More solar
energy is available when the
radiation is more intense and when it is collected over a
the visible part of radiation; larger area. Light is

Chemical energy: wood and oil contain energy in a chemical form. The
Same is true for all other material that can burn. The content of
chemical
energy is larger,the larger the heating value (calorific value) of the material
is and, of course, the more material we Also animate
have energy
(delivered by bodies of human beings and animals) is, in essence,
chemical energy. Furthermore, batteries contain chemical
energy
Potential energy: this is, for example, the energy of a water reservoir at a
certain height. The water has the potential to fall, and therefore contains a
ceitain amount of energy. More potential energy is available when there is
more water and when it i_ at a higher height; Reagtng polen al eengy anspo
ho bcsic ngscdun fnto koeHe nda
ohmofio.
Kinetic energy: this is energy of movement asin wind or in a water
stream. The faster the stream flows and the more water it has, the more
 energy it can deliver. Similarly, more wind energy is available at higher
windspeeds, and more of it can be tapped by bigger windmill rotors

hermal energy or heat: this is indicated by temperature. The higher the

perature, the more energy is present in the form of heat. Also, a larger
body contains more heat;
Mechanical energy, or rotational energy.ndlso palled shat power this is
the energy of a rotating shaft. The amount of energy available depends on

the flywheel of the shafti.e. on the power which makes the shaft,.rotte
Electrical energy: a dynamo or generator and a battery can-detiver
electrical energy. The higher the voltage and the current, the more
electrical energy is made available.

Energy conversion
The lawof conservation of energy says that energy is neher tkeatid
destroyed. When we use energy, it doesn't disappear. We change tom
not
one form of energy into another

"Utilising" energy always means converting energy from one form into
another.

In space heating, we utilise energy, that is, we convert chemical energy of

wood into heat. Or, in lift irrigation, a diesel engine converts chemical
energy of oil into mechanical energy for powering the shaft of a pump
which, in its turn, converts shaft power into potential energy of water (i.e
bringing the water to a higher height).

The generation of energy deals with a source of energy, whereas the

utilisation of energy serves an end-use of energy. In between, the energy
can flow through a number of conversion steps, The words "generation"
and "utilisation" are a litte confusing because, in fact, no energy can be
created or destroyed)In generating energy, we make energy available froni
a source, by converting it into another form

Energy and power

 Energy and power are related
contains a certain but totally
amount of energy. We different concepts. A tank of petrol
certain time can combust this
petrol in a
period, that is, we convert the
mechanical energy, perhaps to power a car.
energy of the petrol into
produced per unit of time. The combustion The power is the energy
the case of
faster combustion, more
process can be fast or slow. In
wIill be power is produced. Obviously, the tank
empty sooner in the case of high
of low
power production. If power is power production than in the case
power multiplied by time energy per time unit, then energy is
period.
amount of power, then after a
For Instance, if an oxen
delivers a certain
certain time period it will have delivered a
cerain amount of
energy, i.e. the power times the time period.
POWer =* 6Y
time

energy=powe t1rme
The same
principle applies to all other
energy generation or for energy utilisation. Thisconversions,
energy whether for
characterise energy resources in units implies that we
of energy (the amount of energy
they contain), and energy conversion devices in units of power, (the amount
of power
they can produce or consume)
Energy sources BDA SHW
FG
The following energy sources can be relevant for rural areas.

Biomass. We distinguish between: woody biomass (stems, branches,

shrubs, hedges, twigs), non-woody biomass (stalks, leaves, grass, etc.),
and crop residues
(bagasse, husks, stalks, shells, cobs, etc.). The energy
is converted through combustion
(burning), gasification (transformation into
gas) or anaerobic digestion (biogas production). Combustion and
gasification ideally require dry biomass, whereas anaerobic digestion can
very well take wet biomass. Fuel preparations can include chopping,
mixing, drying, carbonising (i.e. charcoal making) and briqueting (i.e.
densification of residues of crops and other biomass).

Dungfrom animals, and human excreta. The energy is converted through

direct combustion or through anaerobic digestion.
3 Animate energy. This is the energy which can be delivered by human
beings and animals by doing work.
 Solar radiation. i.e. energy from the sun. VWe distinguish between direct
Deam radiation and diffuse (reflected) radiation. Direct radiation is only
Collected when the collector faces the sun. Diffuse radiation is less intense
Dut comes from all directions, and is also present on a cloudy day. Solar

energy can be converted throughthermal solardevices (generating heat)

or through photovoltaic cells (generating electricity). Direct beam solar
devices (whether thermal or photovoltaic) would need a tracking
mechanism to have the device continuously facing the sun.

3Hydro resources, i.e. energy from water reservoirs and streams. We

distinguish between: lakes with storage dams, natural heads (watertalls).
weirs, and run-of-river systems. Hydro energy can be converted by
waterwheels or hydro turbines.

Wind energy. i.e. energy from wind. Wind machines can be designed
éither for electricity generating or for water lifting (for irrigation and drinking
Water).
Fossil fuels, like coal, oil and natüfal gas. Unlike the previous energy
SOurces, the fossil energy sources are non-renewable.

8Geothermal enerqy. that is, the energy contained in the form of heat in the
éarth. A distinction is made between tectonic plates (in volcanic areas) and
geopressed reservoirs (could be anywhere). Geothermal energy is, strictly
speaking, non-renewable, but the amount of heat in the earth is so large
that for practical reasons geothermal energy is generally ranked with the
renewables. Geothermal energy can only be tapped at places where high
earth temperatures come close to the earth's surface.

This list only contains primary energy sources. These are the energy
Sources which are present in our natural environment. Secondary energy
sources, like batteries, are not included here.

Energy sources are sometimes classified according to characteristics

like: renewable, traditional, commercial, etc.
Renewable is generally contrasted with fossil, Renewable are biomass,
animate, solar, water and wind energy, as well as geothermal energy.
Fossil energy is contained in coal, oil and natural gas.
Traditional energy is often contrasted with non-traditional energy, and also
with neW
energy. However, what is considered as traditional depends on
what one is used to. In industrialised
societies which are used to fossil
fuels, renewable energies like biomass and animate energy are often calleed
traditional. At the same time, engineers working on "new" energies liKe
wind or solar energy often consider fossil fuels as traditional. Apparently
what people call traditional are the forms they are actually not used to.

New and renewable energy sources are often put together. They exclude
fossil and nuclear energy.

Commercial energy is contrasted with non-commercial energy sometimes

with traditional

certainly includes energy from fossil fuels

Energy flow
VP
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY EXAMPLES

primary coal, wood, hydro, dung, oil, etc.

Conversion power plant, kiln, refinery, digester
secondary refined oil, electricity, biogas
transport/transmission trucks, pipes, wires

final diesel oil, charcoal, electricity, biogas

motors, heaters, stoves
conversion

useful shaft power, heat

the above table. It refers to the following

Energy flow is represented In
terminology.
natural environment,
the energy as it is available in the
Primary energy is
i.e. the primary source of energy.

transmission.
Secondary energy is the energy ready for transport or
the buys or receives.
Final energy is the energy which
consumer

input in end-use application.

energy which is an an
Useful energy is the
 oo&a chmia onuAU ghoked kin dhe ono
wadowmtnens bo
CmnahalE,
chomia peMCR oaoim Daskod. easgAxhp Kuanns a
Thermodynamics is the study of enerayuséal
he first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of
energy, states that the total amount of
The universe is considered energy in the universe is constant.
to be a closed
nothing leaves. Energy can be converted from system nothing enters and
-

one type to another, but the

total amount of
energy in a closed system never changes.
The human body is not a closed
system, however. As an open system, it
exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings. Because our bodies
cannot create energy,
same token, our bodies
they import it from outside in the form of food.
By the
lose energy, especially in the form of
environment. Energy that stays within the heat, to the

type to another or can be used to do work. body

can be changed from one

The second law of thermodynamics states that natural

processes move from a state of order
spontaneous
randomness or tdisorder, also known (nonrandomness)to a
cpnoltiooa 6o
order in an open system such as the
entropy.
as
Ccekttiod naiidakp
body requires the input of energy.
Disorder occurs when open systems lose
energy to their surroundings
without regaining it. When this
happens, we say that the entropy of the
open system has increasedtunat l Ko teh e *
What are theogades o of energy?
dtierent types wnsfa orm aErostt R heaneneRau

Types of energy can be categorised into two broad categories - kinetic

energy (the energy of moving objects) and potential energy (energy that is
stored)
The different types of energy include:-

Radiant Energy TNA ECG MS

Also known as light energy or electromagnetic energy, radiant energy is a
type of kinetic energy that travels in waves. Examples include the energy
from the sun, x-rays and radio waves.

Thermal (Heat) Energy

Thermal energy is created from the vibration of atoms and molecules within
Substances. The faster they move, the more energy they possess and the
hotter they become. Thermal energy is also called heat energy.
Chemical Energy
Chemical energy is stored in
the bonds of atoms and molecules it is the -

energy that holds these particles

in food. together Stored chemical energy 1s found
biomass, petroleum, and natural gas
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is stored in the
nucleus of atoms. This energy is released
when the nuclei are combined
(fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear
power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms to
produce electricity.

sElectrical Energy
Electrical energy is the movement of electrons
(the tiny particles that make
up atoms, along with protons and neutrons). Electrons that move through a
Wire are called electricity. Lightning is another example of electrical energy

Motion Energy
Motion energy or mechanical energy is the energy stored in objects:
-

as
objects move faster, more energy is stored. Examples of motion energy
include Wind, a flowing river, a moving car, or a
person running.
Sound Energy
Sound energy is the movement of energy
through substances. It moves in
waves and is produced when a force makes an object or substance vibrate.
There is usually much less energy in sound than in other forms of
energy.
8Elastic Energy
Elastic energy is a form of potential energy which is stored in an elastic
object such as a coiled spring or a stretched elastic band. Elastic objects
store elastic energy when a force causes them to be stretched or
squashed.

a)Gravitational Energy
Gravitational energy is a form of potential energy. It is energy associated
with gravity or gravitational force - in other words, the energy held by an
object when it is in a high position compared to a lower position.
 BIOLOGIC wORK IN HUMANS|s of three forms

1 Mechanical work of muscle contraction

2 Chemical work that synthesizes cellular molecules

the intracellular and
Transport work that concentrates substances in
extracellular fluids.

Mechanical Work:
Mechanical work generated by muscle contraction and subsequent
movement provides the most obvious example of energy transformation.
The molecular motors in a muscle fiber's protein filaments directly convert
chemical energy into mechanical energy. This does not represent the
body's only form of mechanical work. In the cell nucleus, contractilee
elements literally tug at chromosomes to facilitate cell division. Spead pea O.
structures (such às cilia) also perform mechanical work in manv éels. Ina
Practical Sense, see p. 125, shows the method for quantifying work (and
power) for three common exercises

Chemical Work:
Continuous
All cells perform chemical work for maintenance and growth.
synthesis of cellular components takes place as other components break
down. The muscle tissue synthesisthat occurs in response to chronic
overload in resistance training vividly illustrates chemical work.

Transport Work:
in the body (transport
The biologic work ofconcentrating substances
than mechanical or chemical
work) progresses much less conspicuously
concentration to
work. Cellular materials normally flow from an area of high
one of lower concentration. This passive process
of diffusion does not

require energy. Under normal physiologic conditions, some chemicals

lower to higher concentration
require transport "uphill from an area of and
Active this energy-requiring process. Secretion
transport describes
reabsorption in the kidney tubules rely on transport mechanisms, as
active
electrochemical gradients about
does neural tissue to establish the proper
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