iotersy of Heda Chine Ruchil s94 epic — Gexen Hwemeut 7 oe nine duction '~ “The Geren webellion wos the Pounth 2 the largest wan, Im pevial ching feughd gysinat western fowers inthe 15" Century. Th Hs Canly Glager fhe Boxe\ Movement wor pitted against beth Wwaten influences in ching 2 the Manchy~led Qing dynany: rei Si The Ging Ervewers Dowage, Cixi, however, Bau the Pee ee these webela dex her own enda & managed yo Cound 14 leaders in onder do fonge an anti~ Watan alliance: Qui i} dunned out to be a bid af minjedyemend on her Side, Ka Bowen vehellion Aeved o a tertamed de the instability 2 Chaex that Qedard Ching 9 14 defintely war one of the pret Inteasting, 2 dense episodes of clinut Testy, Background By the Hine Boxey rebellion Ret Ching ablaze, te seigning Ring dynasty 2 chinese people had Sugiued Ingjow handships 2 deferts for decacless The 2 opium wars belwwan thing 2 the British empive ended in Severe humiliating Chinese defeats. Combined with the desdlist vil war ever &en, the “ray Sebdlion doguthen with Several othen Mmanive yebellions , Ching’s hDP Rlormmeled. “Teeaties Were Syned, Sevenggnty wus Conceded 2 Westan Perwers gained a feotheld in the Ching, Fetlowing the opium war, the Chinese tried 4o seform Q embark en a (elf -Btvengthening’ Pelfey “The Gino- Thpanese Wor thaw decades latey led te the near fetal annihitetion of Chin's dleak, Cornplete defend qf ite army 2 Gubscquet humiliatins Reace twenty, Td wor the darte Conctosion of Ching’s suid wefnns, A domatic Cririn followed , Protots SwePd over the County. ws tharman Cathelic minionaties woe murdered in the Shande P¥ovince Ende Qevenmed Li Binghen in 183%) "This waa ved os ae ideale& protet preted te Occupy multiple port Cities 2 mining 2 Bailway Sights by the fhemand at final, only fon the Bnitish y French 2 Rumiang fo quickly Seige that they ga- Some Chinese, vightly Se, eared thei County toms aboot te be canved Up Whe a melon” I wos in 1888 the Chinere Guang xu ampuce embanked on a radical wefenn Programe, Known ay the Joo days wedenr mevemedt. “Tere Wadiesl instiutenal yefonms wee unprecedented 2 Would thange Ching fon geod AJ Seccendl- Anch - Consavatives within the Gevanmed Noticed this ay woul QP were net too happy. “We emprews Cixi managed to Suwa Bevena| Consuvetive Manche Princes to Support her 2 get idl ef the empurerx, Ajtey bewy te0 clays ef weforma, Palace guarda 2 eunucha ented the empenoy's palace Seized the documenta Ceontainin Phang for rwefonm 2 Cixi announced the emperor had dallen WW. TH wey only wight fon hen fo amome leadenship, Qhe eoroned. “When Cixi Would he the Centxal digure dering Qexer weballion. TLn WWF, one SPAk war enough do jynite a fll - Seale ssebellion in Nonthan Ching, The Gexna wot oq Secret Secidy 4 looney agsitiated with the white lotus Secidy 2 Big QuondAa CA 1 embedyin anti~ foatign Q ank= christian Sentimeta eae tn nedth western Shandong Province withert veal efear Jeadershig. Boxer Hilitig were, mainly Cormpored af Posants . Thay took fo the Gtreel 2 theix Slogan: "Remove the Gin Detrey the Gorignernr” inmediately Caught the attention ef many diagrunt led Chinere peasants. Theis anti- dy notic Genkmenty Wor doe to theis Conviction that the Sigs dysnes hod [oat theiy mandate heaven, Got initiany thes vot hesfile fouronds the riasions 2 the attactsed “them -2 the Soverncs ¢f Qhandeng ot that time did ret ge against the boxers because he Get that theiy hostility twos divceked at the missionanits, He cven theuglt that one Could weenitDi fhe boxes indo the fecal roiltHas & i4 wor ad this Blase thas z . the boxy hame Wos changed gon Ye hi Tean to Ye hi Quan e (Gon te38), Bet a nombor af HE lenders alto began fe henkoun anti- Hanchy Sentimeda 2 they, had visions ef baingieg baat the Hing dyno. Gxi had alo Sheed hu Sayrnpethy douounds tht Boxer Movement berauy of the: Gael’ thal Cixi alse af Qeme Stace user xed meariane Twnperisliod Power 2 thely demands » She adlvally Saw a goed efRertonidy in the exes to de away with eel or boendean Imeevatiom. She advaty believed in the Gupmnaiunal Power of the Boxers. Go, 14 woos in Gis Senge that the Goxen movement tool a turn whue it Samed t& be Prom Hanchy Wether ‘than Anti-Henche . Moweve\ them one mans chinfeniunds he dele ein ini fale Then Geridey Young men , Pearows 2 fe there were various women, Greeprs woithin beens Called Red Londen, Blue Lantern , brnecy Tantern , Yello Lantern. Tree on the dijacud terms by whieh We Know alidieudt AVE Q¥eep af women. Red lantan Constitute vey Young ginty (ia-t8 years), Thin Glue Lantern gon tmiddle-ageel boives , then blacte landans fon olden wives 9 go on, In Avguat, 1838 the Boxy emenged on the bondew of philt 2 Shandong previnces or is evideud From Gome edficigl documenta . Th odobu , the uprisieg ctluatty Started with the attack on christian domilien 2 homes. Tuat Sometime cantin Plcands had appeared which dela declared that Cones would be kitted. Hanss tae jained. Phe_Borory Why Shandony 7 The outbreak ef viclence in Shandong Province where the Lape tek &txong WootS is no aceided. Shandenay had te bean He. brut of the imperial encveachmendts. Buaing the Sino aes wor, the invading armies ef Japan attacked the Shandong peninals : L fon thee Years Occupied thir vegion, thrcearteningy net fe Withdynwa UNH! the Indemnity imposed wor paid in fell. Tee a} Shandong ‘g big Pens Came under the Contre! af Gumeny 2X Qnifain. Crermany, had also marked off the Cntixe province as he Qphere af indivence. “Tha introduction af Coated navigation & vailuony by the inn pauialints ddwersely ajfccked the eroployment Patterns. Hany bealmen , Porters, Pedlany 2 malt trader wae wendend joblevs. “This added to the overall deleniovedting Gecio- economic Condition By the end of te Is" Ceuduny ye nel wont af churches had Sp read ah even chines Shandong alone had ever a thenaud -choncher . about eighty thevsand mimionanies 2 christan Conveds. Acconding fe the official histeny ef Ching, writen asia Communiad take- ove, fhe mimionanicy wot sed ar tool ef aggrersion Against te chinere People « ns wars achually Considend to be the binth place ¢ Confudvd. So, in that Genre it We piviteal Significance fon the Chinere PeoPle Q the mi aslonary, activities wor Canied oot exheribivehe how Cavers i— China had a Mveng anti- foreign tradition, wheuby the foreign wow Considend barbarians. After 1¥60, Westen miyionaries war given the wight fe preach cheistioulty hreugout Ching te went ey boy land for the Consixucton of Churches. “The unwanted proce qf these excignos aroused Chinere anger. “The Scholar demy hated the Woden mimionariey becaunc of Variova wearona. dD Finstly, foreign roimionanies Seemed te be challenging the gchelar ering 's Social leadewhip. “The mimionaricy favghl Westen thin s thody Gmpding with Chinese choles od teachus. They Canvied v4 Qocial welfare Mearns, Which Were Originally Conducted by the Chinee Scholes — gentny- They Could dalle te Chinese officials as equaly 2 demand to Sea high Chinese efjicisls ot ony, mometd , a privilege ‘that only the Schelan~ gent enjoyed. Wey enjoyed speed Sights in law whieh Previously, only 2 Chinese Scholan ~ gentny peasoned. D Secondly , the trimionanies teld the Chinese peeple net to wonshiy?ancestors eind Nel fo take pant in local detvala, Tn the YO of the Scholar ~ gemtny » Mmimionanien teachings GHacked China's tradition 9 cullun. ee Condy cianinm ay ci Systern, 4 thought and sebinion Wes Chalien ~ged Chvintanity, Bince Weston missionaries donhade Chinese beltway to Sospect Con fucivy . D Fourthly , Western minsionanies EP weprerented the Preducda 4 dexegn imperiStinn 2 neattenal humiliations, Asa wesull , the Scholan-gentxy often gecretly 2 In divedly Gu pponted anti~ foreign eichvitia in Secidly. “They dintvibuted bookk with emt - Chetan ideas 2 Created am anti- § The ordinary, People hated ay well ay feerrd foreign mirionarier + As the minsiononies Used money fe adtwaed bebievers , may xecwuited Chinere Chriatiang wee bad just dow a living, jexelan ext mon phere. Ny lecall: People who ae athe church, Tree chinere christians bullied the lecal people. XL Committed Cximes Ih the Cyd gy local Warten Church Protected there Crim ineveared Sones dealings. From (890 4o ($94, the wetun in dealin Chinese people , the” ers. Lopastiten among the people powur adepled a to lth Ching they ved dence do AYO 1395, Serscign imperialism "gunboet” pelie Qe what they wanted in hing gs es On the Socal level, wodtan minionaries , aperiatly the Cothelicg, 4 minvaed thei trendy - sights in thing . OCeaMmIoNA When Wotan mimionain A{{aiva , either on behald twin mere believer. Thee wae man indeed in local Chinexe of the Chinere Christian ov In endurte &y 1900 , the Value 8} China's importa tory foun dives had ho expoxda. “hin aidfected the chinere economy. Fivatiy , China's Industries; end Commence tine destroyed ty the injlow of Cheap devuign Qeods filte Cotten, Clothes , hia, wou Ald $4 cheep. Zomaequently, unemployment twoar O¥eMt ID, Geciedy , wheuby the ete Sufjuvud economically, Gecendly, as the Sing dyno toon poor, itLous fenced de Incriare Axtr, Which theufore made the ccenemic Conditions of the people @ven coonre. Thee wea many petuaal clisartery in lett 19" Ceuduny Ching, “The Yellows River Sleeded in 1898, Shandeng wor hand hd Hundweds 4 Shandong Villegas were boaly aigjected. Tn I9e0, then wor 4 Severs clyoyyid in mio of Nenth Ching. fr wer believed that all thee nadunal diseton wore Cound hy the prevnce ef the doweiyners , anti~ foxeign deatings Rpwead guathr. “Teehnele giea) advancements alse flayed ae vole in the dircentent tahich deve the UPBIAiN). Alen eoith an incweare a} deveign Poor Came the indyoddion SP twadan in Jrortroctune 2 teahnelegy 1 Sveh Kailvoads 2 Steam boats. Railneads wens bvild +hreugheot Ching Rin Qome Carer poned through buniest greends. ThIA bla tend. Ainwerpet Jon Chinere Colune 2 hiateny deexeaned the folerance Many Peasants had doe indenational indergounee. Goth Meam beats and wailwouds dey tire ed the Cumyin trade by indyvede din a ists dovrn of twanapowdadion, Th ‘anton on tow employment Pa a in Manchuria cind Shandong whee the Carying trode boar cone, of the oly sae 2 Woonis these advancements” in technelegy wetted in lows ineceme 2 fiveliheed’s The wsonlters Couldn't Compete with thin darter mowe Cdficiend transport 9 dynarmica of their trades BR the economy war Compledely Changed. Altheugh Aechnolesieal 2 trans portotion advancements toen Crucial Gen the wostan toonld, when inflicked Lpon the traditional chinese &eidy it wesutted in Aiocontemt 2 indelenance. Nationalisey 9 the var ef Propaganda ingluenced the upriaing an tle Goxer's Support incveased 2 the Vebellion gained momentum. “Things Wee Apivalling ovt af Condvel fon the Pearants especially im the Neathan provinces ef Ching as technolesical advance ments , famint, dveugit, flooding 3 Spread af Christian mirmion aniea inexcased, Fer the Qoxers , this toas the parfed ae te incnare Quppont fen theiy Caure thereugh Prepagande, 2 nev fore Ay tein? enti foxcign evtleck @ealted So did the availability ef PV Paganda poste, The Boxms Wenge Managing te Lnile cy Contes, ror) ‘the pemranty te the Impouial gevls 2 the Empsers Dowwnger, Th 1900, the Goren movement Spread de the Beijing arta, Whe the Boxers Killed Chineye cheitand 2 Christan minionarios 2 dertrercd Chunches 2 Vailveada Stations 2 other prepedy. On Tene 80, 1900, the Bexow began 4 Siege 4 Beijing's deseign Negation diatniad. “The dellewing, ayy + Ging Empre Dewoagen Cixi declared 9 wan on all doncign Nations with diplomatic Hes in Ching, Re the Waton Poor 2 Taipan Omganised a multi national donce to Cush the ‘sebellion , the Siege sistlched into Weeks , and the diplo ctnain, theis families and Gerda Sugiened athrough henge Bs degrading, Conditions as ‘they Geugtd de keop the boxers at ye by Seme @stimates , Sevenat hundned foncianens 2 Several thevsands Chinese ChrisHand woe killed doaing thin me. On Augund 14, afta dighting ua tomy, through Reathern China, an indernational gence ef app Yexirnortely 20,000 troops fxom Cight natiens (Brtein-Hungary , France, Germany, Taly , Bean, Ruarig , the United Kingdom 2 the Unikd States’) emnived do dake Beijing and vescue the dovejg ners 2 Chinese Christians The Goxen Rebellion denroaty, enced with the Signin of the Boxer Psefocal on September F, I Sol, By tama ef the agreamedt, dont Protecting Bejing, woe to be dertwoy ed 1 Boxen 2 Chinege Severed Opliciols involved in the Lprising woe fo be Ponished , foveign legations were Permitted to Station tyoops in Beijing gen Hain defense , Ching toas prohibited from importing arma fen two yer 2 it agvud 4o Pay Mowe than 8330 “million im we panation te the foreign nations involved. : Why Goxen movemend is Known as ‘Roxen! Hoven 4 One of the inst taythe about the Goxen mevemeut that mut be dispated hon to do with the tenrn — "Bexen” that Westerners uae te designate ue “Whe Chinese tam: don boxing” — quan ev quanshy — ¥edany to a vegeAY runtial ea practices, man af which have Title te clo with tohat we think ef an “boxing” in the wot Since quan 6 4 Generic tam, His Sandy if eva vate alent In Clinee toniting On the Boxer movements In Contemporary, Mantting hontile to the Mevemeud the terry immont often enceontoud is quan Hiteralty , "hore bandit.” Mon hostile chinese uniting on the Boxer Senet tedifies the term quan with the Phywre "United in Righeevanen” Bech woos the Name that fivat eippeand in nenthwestern Shanda 1m the Spring ef 1353 2 yemained the name of the Movemest Throushout i45 excanaionint phan. Yihe Goxing wefoned to a Panticulan methed ef Chinere “bexing”, Ty was thud distinguished dsom other forma — Flom Flower Boxing , Red Goxing, Menkey Bory Yin Yan Boxing 1 Spivit Boxing , and the Ike — that were also Preticed in western Shandeny in the last yom the ninekenth Cervtiny. Without in any Way detrasing dvom the oniquenen of the Boxer Movemeut ef I¥3g- (goo, in oth wenda , t+ is daix to Say that this Uniqvenem dees net Inhe in the term "Roxer't The Gexers united in Righteousnen wepeventede, Cemporite of two males Stream ef influence : the notion 4 invol nen bill’ (but net the Specific vitvals) aneciated twoith the Gig Qwend Setidy whieh became achve in Cae Coo Count 1, han County » 2 other Ports of South westenn: Shandens in ealy 1895, - tha mans Spisit Podsenion xitvala preach ced by groups Gahing Ried ees ab reit Qoxers , which Omerged at enound the Game Hime in the nonth woton part ‘ef the province. £ Debate |- : eam’ . Reholany have vsed a vanidy ef Suneers te ondenstand the reat matune af the Boxer Ce Bee c HS Impad and the ‘Sesponre if evoked, “These include !- D oficial publicatona ef the ensign Pours Invelued in ching, > Minion documenta 2 conitings. ' D Manvascnipia qf hirdeviang 2 oth Achelers in that period living,in ching , and : DS the publications ind documenta of the Chinese Crovt: However , there is an. engeln debate hou HA nadung, wor if vival anti-Christian ow ant impuvaliot 2 TJ UY wos ant -chwistian , toy 11 move ant~ Catholic than anti- protestaud 2 How fan woe the Roxery ant - dynaxtic ? ru the questions anound which debate sevelues- The Harxist- Leninint viewopeicd seeding the OvtCeme ef the Uprinin is that a delibuate well Planned Conspivacy belween domestic Jeedalism 2 external Trogenielian Crushed the meve moubs The nen -Manwint Inteanprseation Ws thed the failone ef the Chinese SH to medernize Kept it a weak nation, Hence iF clid not have the ounce, fo obsinuct &eccign Intervention er to mecd the clemanda ef the People Satingactonily . “Thi, toms the season that the Ging ot: distanced Wea J Qvom the exer. ‘ “in Some Scholars have adlvalhy interpreted Roxen movement as me eq xKenoPhebie rseachiona te desuyn Presence in china. Qos ise vido 14 Simply as. an Anti= foreign hatred, then ene min gel on the offer arpect ef the movemeu, Ge Anti- Hanthy aspedd. Tin Qomething ‘that has ben Stvorig hy debated but thene ia on acknowledyemedt thet at Seme Stage af othe” Mevernest, ty m 4 tour Ant -Hanchy cohich Changed indo g Pro Hanthy 3 trand, Ma isayeratsd, aloo} towermeld being hy eenatyhtel nfaelya em toatern im penialint Neading a} the the. Chinene Scholar See Hy fier el digusedly They, actually Can if OS one fhe dint Nationalint expnenions of the memes Although One Can't eatty tay thad menes who Participated went embed With the Kind of ectlermlat Sentimeadaa thatitwoe dee tn thy (SU Seveludien bud nevathelens (+ Con SAIN be weganded ax mevemend whens the fivst Sentimedt Ynationaliam wee witnened, ' Vickow Puncell Says that the Mimionaniey. Tn. attacking te Psimany tanged oy devils weu the ‘tHe minstenadita , they uoent eae pyarctths PMR, «Bo, the revered i4ady was beth Anti-christan ice AeAnd Anke foreign . “Treeg the Andi- christion alse highlighted thd thy oat qgcinsd thee own people whe Wee Cenyered te Hur Chreintianity. Then WY woe date about Whether 14 wos inapined Quorn belew ey Creed ron abeve } GM Std gen vowy back in 1523 ackeal angued That the Boxe wou not a vel fous Bech 2 neither WW was aq Secwed Sociely bot he days that it Loar legally Constideded militia That voor Conatiuted theovgh the decwer of the empress Cixi. Aome adually thinkA ‘that the Roxenrs wae achalty did ned A riginate becavre ef the Cincumstance thad wer evisted in Ching at that dime bot 14 wor va Conacivunly, Conntituted BWPS by The Bing Gov: in onde de digtlogaint the weton Araguveligny, “Thin, angurneut Now dew net held becavxe thee ae Othe, erped& te the Roxen Movement Which are important 2 highlights even Hs Audi- Hanchy nature, The ox lot histeniana lata Nie Chester Tan Cotled the Roxen Movemeud , A Cotayty my hy Siycing Against tHe Ppoiut ay the Roxen Mevemed bus the Mili AB by highlighting the Cderduephic nedene af te Gera Mevemeus, He is linkicg the movement fo the ecenemic Cnditio, that gave wine do the Roxer movements. Whe actuall. Both Viclor Puncell 9 Chetan Tan have eagued qspiat the Gin Steiqen's Views to Gheto that id wos neta feqall Constuted eniliti, becaune {4 woos definitely 4 mevemend $hat wes Hinteed te the Iropact qf the Westan fenpertatinny in ching ad thal Hime. , Viclorww Puncell's peind acteatty daker us beete de the Seoeud Pei whet i toas pre ex Rali-dynarty He Says that the Revey mevement then H begun, it woay actually epponed te the aig dy past @ there oer man: ermeng, the Gexer leadertip the | adwally have darken an tdi- re Sands, end they exen Sebo vibe fo HT Stegan ef Secnat decielts comet 49 bait tact the Ming‘ ; tects Jom BRE nGait cchaliy expec theinmurmed 2 trie!‘ He (ace, That oid in the raovernent Where thin Change dake ? de +N Scknooledged 9 vealiset that actualy r# ia digger A OM Bot neverthe devs rhe Says thet iniflau the movement W Caled xi He Gan, i wor Composed af Sevnal elements Bhs And dynare one woe in a State af aseendenc boi than Carne moment in the mevemaut when thon Ant dynastic hres teow touded out 2 enly the Pr-dynertic Cements wou tet te the Peter. hn hoe gave the appearance ef the move met being Pro-daynartic movement oY q P¥o~ Qing mevemed- He Glso Conridend it ar mevemewd gxonn ahove!. a, &logans that ts Kvppexded the Ging 2 destreyed the fordgnns. Even Victor Poneell', enguments have ban Challenged mainly b hirtonian named “Tore ph Sapright « His book is Published” In AD6R_ QB he Came vp with his book jn 19eq. He Rays that Advally the boxers Lome never anti- Nantho 2 from the voy Sairints p there Wor ne Antin-dynartic Phar in He movennl, He Soy that the boxers come distine fvem the white fotua Soucy and the Prr-Aivay Q Anti- fowdgn ements WOM clominad grom the Voy Beant « Aa per, the view a} Videos Puncelt R thoter Tan , Ree ' : Rete Som ele eal the Pedra grievances also became impettaud» Trough th was O voy Ahont - lived meovemeud bud ye because ids ant cienpedialist notunt, i+ wor ene of the finst- expremion ef nationaliany in Ching . This Undo the arguments 4 viesolng the Roxen movement Menels Os A Kenephobic reaction.