Cardinal numbers are used to designate quantities..

Number Cardinal number in Number Cardinal number in English

English
0 zero 80 eighty
1 one 81 eighty-one
2 two 82 eighty-two
3 three 90 ninety
4 four 93 ninety
5 five 94 ninety-four
6 six 95 ninety-five
7 seven 100 a/one hundred
8 eight 113 a/one hundred (and) thirteen
9 nine 187 a/one hundred (and) eighty-seven
10 ten 200 two hundred
11 eleven 235 two hundred (and) thirty-five
12 twelve 287 two hundred (and) eighty-seven
13 thirteen 300 three hundred
14 fourteen 350 three hundred (and) fifty
15 fifteen 390 three hundred (and) ninety
16 sixteen 400 four hundred
17 seventeen 403 four hundred (and) tree
18 eighteen 462 four hundred (and) sixty-two
19 nineteen 500 five hundred
20 twenty 515 five hundred (and) fifteen
21 twenty-one 567 five hundred (and) sixty-seven
26 twenty-six 589 five hundred (and) eighty-nine
30 thirty 600 six hundred
33 thirty-three 661 six hundred (and) sixty-one
35 thirty-five 699 six hundred (and) ninety-nine
40 forty 700 seven hundred
42 forty-two 770 seven hundred (and) seventy
47 forty-seven 773 seven hundred (and) seventy-three
50 fifty 800 eight hundred
54 fifty-four 820 eight hundred (and) twenty
59 fifty-nine 834 eight hundred (and) thirty-four
60 sixty 900 nine hundred
68 sixty-eight 935 nine hundred (and) thirty-five
61 sixty-one 988 nine hundred (and) eighty-eight
70 seventy 1,000 a/one thousand
76 seventy-six 1,003 a/one thousand (and) three
78 seventy-eight 2,000 two thousand

Other cardinal numerals

 1,000,000: a million ou one million

 1,000,000,000: a billion ou one billion
 1,000,000,000,000: a trillion ou one trillion
 Particularities of cardinal numbers in English When using "a/an" or "one"
Examples:

 I've said the same thing a hundred times and they still didn't get itI've said the
same thing one hundred times and they still didn't get it.

Note that in the sentence above, there was no change in meaning regardless of
the use of "one" and "a".

Hundred is the word used to indicate hundreds. What defines the number of
hundreds is the word used before it. In English "a" is an undefined article and
can mean "one" or "one".

Use of "and" between numerals

In English, the use of the word and (e) when writing the numerals in full is
optional.

Examples:

 9.852: nine thousand, eight hundred fifty-two ou nine thousand and eight

hundred and fifty-two.
 21.720: twenty-one thousand, seven hundred twenty or twenty-one thousand
and seven hundred and twenty
 456: four hundred fifty-six ou four hundred fifty-six

When to use "." or,""

In English, as a general rule, it can be said that the use of the dot and comma is
the opposite of that used in Portuguese. That is, when the comma is
Portuguese, the dot is used in English and vice versa.

Examples:

 There are 1,000 books on that shelf.

 There was an increase of 1.5% in the prices.

Pronunciation of "-teen" and "-ty"

The suffix -teen is used from numeral 13 to 17:13: thirteen

 14: fourteen
 15: fifteen
 16: sixteen
 17: seventeen

The suffix "-ty" is used in the families of numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90.50: fifty

 60: sixty
 70: seventy
 80: eighty
 90: ninety

Here's how to pronounce each of the suffixes:-ty /tí/

 -teen /tíin/

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are numbers used to indicate order or hierarchy for a

sequence.

In English, the formation of ordinal numbers is different from the formation of

ordinal son Portuguese: only the last number is written in ordinal form. All other
numbers are used in the form of cardinal numbers in English.

Examples:

 23rd - twenty-third
 135th - a/one hundred thirty-fifth
 1.234th - a/one thousand two hundred thirty-four

Numbe Abbreviation Written in full

r
1 1st first
2 2nd second
3 3rd third
4 4th fourth
5 5th fifth
6 6th sixth
7 7th seventh
th
8 8 eighth
th
9 9 ninth
th
10 10 tenth
th
11 11 eleventh
 12 12th twelfth
13 13th thirteenth
th
14 14 fourteenth
15 15th fifteenth
th
16 16 sixteenth
17 17th seventeenth
th
18 18 eighteenth
th
19 19 nineteenth
th
20 20 twentieth
st
21 21 twenty-first
nd
22 22 twenty-second
rd
23 23 twenty-third
th
24 24 twenty-fourth
th
25 25 twenty-fifth
th
26 26 twenty-sixth
th
27 27 twenty-seventh
th
28 28 twenty-eighth
29 29th twenty-ninth
30 30th thirtieth
40 40th fortieth
50 50th fiftieth
60 60th sixtieth
70 70th seventieth
80 80th eightieth
90 90th ninetieth
100 100th one hundredth
1000 1000th one thousandth

Abbreviated form of ordinalS

To write ordinal numbers in English in abbreviated form, the last two letters of the
respective forms of the ordinal numbers are used in full. Here are a few more
cases.
Examples: 42nd - forty-second

 56th - fifty-sixth
 83rd - eighty-third

Note: In abbreviated form, the last two letters can also be written in a high form.

Examples:
 42nd ou 42nd
 56th ou 56th
 83rd ou 83rd

Ordinal numbers on dates

English ordinal numbers are also used to write dates. Examples:

American English

03/15/1982 - March 15th, 1982 (March fifteenth, nineteen eighty-two).

British English

15/03/1982 - The 15th of March, 1982. (The fifteenth of March, nineteen eighty-

two).

Both examples are translated into Portuguese as 15 March 1982 (15 March
1982).Ordinais em hierarquias

Quando a representação gráfica de um título hierárquico utiliza números

romanos, a forma por extenso e a leitura são feitas com a utilização de números
ordinais.

Exemplos:

 Queen Elizabeth II - Queen Elizabeth the Second 

 King Henry VIII - King Henry the Eighth 
 Dom Pedro I - Dom Pedro the First 

The present tense refers to the action or event that takes place or is taking place in the
present. It represents the current activity or the present state of being of the subject in the
given context.

Definition of Present Tense

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines present tense as “the tense of a verb that
expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is true at the
time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is always or necessarily true,
that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and that is sometimes used for future
events.” According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, the present tense is “the form of a
verb that expresses an action that is happening now or at the time of speaking.” The
Cambridge Dictionary defines present tense as “the form of the verb that is used to show
what happens or exists now.”

Types of Present Tense

The present tense can be used in four different forms namely,

 Simple Present Tense – used to indicate the current action or an action that takes
place regularly.
 Present Continuous Tense – used to denote an action that is continuing at the
present moment.
 Present Perfect Tense – used to indicate an action that is used to denote an action
that is indefinite and still has its effect on the subject or object in the sentence.
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense – used to represent an action that began in the
recent past and is still continuing.

Structure of Present Tense

Have a look at the following table to understand the structure of the present tense.

Structure of Present Tense

Simple Present Present Present

Present Tense Continuous Perfect Perfect
Tense Tense Continuou
s Tense

Subject Subject + Subject Subject

+ Verb in the Helping + Helping + Have/Ha
base Verb(am/is/ar Verb s + Been +
form/third e) + Main (have/has) + Verb+ing 
person plural verb+ing + Past + the rest of
form + the rest the rest of the participle of the
of the sentence sentence the main sentence
verb + the
rest of the
sentence
along with
the time
frame

Example: Example: Example: Example:

I go to school Tharun is Venu has They have
everyday. watching a left the hall been
He plays crick movie. I have waiting for
et. They are reached hom you for a
planning a e. long time.
birthday party Archana ha
for their s been
friend. checking h
er phone
every now
and then.
Also, take a look at the following table to understand how the general format in which the
present tense behaves in the positive, negative and imperative format.
 Positive Negativ Interrogative Negative
e Interrogative

Subject + Subject Do/Does + Don’t/Doesn’t +

Verb + Do Subject + Verb Subject + Verb
not/Does
not
(Don’t/D
oesn’t) +
Verb

Example: Example Example: Does sh Example: Doesn’t s

She likes  : e like pizzas? he like pizzas?
pizzas. She does
not
like pizz
as.

Examples of Present Tense

Given below are a few examples of the present tense.

 Theo sings wonderfully.

 Marley and Noah are on the way to the park.
 Does Rachel dance?
 Naveen is practising for the annual day.
 Rani has kept this notebook for so many years.
 It has been raining for quite some time now.

Plural nouns rules

Most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an –s at the end. There are many
different rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun ends in.Irregular
nouns do not follow plural noun rules, they must be memorized only.
 To make regular nouns plural, add s to the end.

cat – cats; house- houses;

 If the singular noun ends in s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add es to the end to make it plural.

truss – trusses; bus- buses; marsh- marshes; lunch- lunches; tax- taxes; blitz-blitzes.
 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior
to adding the -esfor pluralization.

gas –gasses
 If the noun ends with f or fe, the f is often changed tove before adding the -s to form the
plural version.
11
wife– wives; wolf- wolves
Exceptions:
roof – roofs; belief- beliefs; chef- chefs; chief- chief.
 If a singular noun ends in y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending
to iesto make the noun plural.

city – cities; puppy- puppies.

 If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to
make it plural.

ray– rays; boy- boys.

 If the singular noun ends in o, add esto make it plural.

potato– potatoes; tomato- tomatoes.

Exceptions:
 If the singular noun ends in us, the plural ending is frequently i.

cactus – cacti; focus- foci.

 If the singular noun ends in is, the plural ending is es.

analysis – analyses; ellips- ellipses.

 If the singular noun ends in on, the plural ending is a.

phenomenon – phenomena; criterion- criteria

 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

sheep – sheep; series- series; species- species; deer- deer

Adjectives are describing words. They modify nouns or pronouns and give us

more information about a person, place or thing.

Adjectives not only make your writing more interesting, but they also help you to
be specific.

Example:
—I like that house.
—Which one?
—The small green house with the colourful door.

Learn all about adjectives, their placement and their comparative forms with

Lingolia, then put your knowledge to the test in the exercises.

Placement of adjectives
We place adjectives:

 before nouns;
 Examples:
I live in a small village.
The town hall is a historical building.
The local market sells fresh produce.
 after linking verbs (appear, be, look, seem, smell, taste …). Linking verbs
connect a noun with an adjective.
Examples:
The neighbours seem friendly.
The village is famous for its apple juice.
The juice tastes great.

Order of adjectives
In general, we place a maximum of 2-3 adjectives before a noun.

Example:
A nice wooden chair.

There are two general rules that help us to decide on the order of these
adjectives:

 Rule 1: opinion adjectives (nice, good, bad, pretty …) come before fact

adjectives (new, old, big, round, metal, red …)
Example:
A nice wooden chair.
nice = my opinion; wooden = factual information
 Rule 2: general adjectives (old, hot, small …) come before more specific
or identifying adjectives (wooden, Italian, striped …)
Example:
An expensive local cheese.
there are many expensive cheeses, but only a few that are local to my
area

If the adjectives come after a linking verb, we connect the final two with and.

Example:
This cheese is delicious, fresh and local.

If two adjectives of the same type come before the noun, they are also
connected with and.
 Examples:
A pretty woollen blanket.
one opinion adjective (pretty); one fact adjective (woollen)
but: A pink and yellow blanket.
two colour adjectives

Note: the order of the adjectives black and white is fixed.

Example:
A black and white photo.
not: A white and black photo.

Complete rule for adjective placement in English

Although we rarely need it, the complete rule for the order of English adjectives
is as follows:

Order Type Example

1 opinion beautiful, funny, interesting, unusual …
2 size big, small, tall, long …
3 physical quality bald, blond, thin, muscular …
4 shape round, square, triangular …
5 age young, old, middle-aged …
6 colour blue, green, pink, yellow
7 origin Canadian, European, Turkish …
8 material cotton, wool, metal, paper …

Non-gradable adjectives
We can classify adjectives into gradable and non-gradable.

Most adjectives are gradable. This means that they can be modified
with adverbs like quite, a bit, really …

Example:
Dan is quite tall.
This hotel is a bit expensive.

They also have comparative and superlative forms.

 Example:
tall – taller – the tallest
expensive – more expensive – the most expensive

There are some adjectives that are non-gradable:

 Absolute adjectives express an absolute value (dead, pregnant,

finished …). They do not have comparative forms and we cannot modify
them with adverbs.
Examples:
My homework is finished.
not: My homework is a bit finished.
Shakespeare died long before Mozart.
not: Shakespeare is more dead than Mozart.
 Strong adjectives, also known as extreme adjectives (hilarious = very
funny, boiling = very hot …), already express the highest degree of
something, meaning that they are almost never used in their comparative
forms. We can only use the extreme adverb absolutely to modify strong
adjectives.
Examples:
The water was absolutely freezing!
not: The water was very freezing!

Strong adjectives can improve your writing style. They help you avoid overusing
adverbs like very. Compare the sentences below:

Example:
The weather was very hot so the pool was very busy. The water
was very cold but felt very good on such a hot day.
→ The weather was boiling so the pool was packed. The water
was freezing but felt amazing on such a hot day.

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun

phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce
an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and
"to."

Prepositions of Direction
To refer to a direction, use the prepositions "to," "in," "into," "on," and "onto."

 She drove to the store.

 Don’t ring the doorbell. Come right in(to) the house.
 Drive on(to) the grass and park the car there.
 

Prepositions of Time
To refer to one point in time, use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on."
Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and seasons.

 He reads in the evening.
 The weather is cold in December.
 She was born in 1996.
 We rake leaves in the fall.

Use "at" with the time of day. Also use "at" with noon, night, and midnight.

 I go to work at 8:00.
 He eats lunch at noon.
 She often goes for a walk at night.
 They go to bed at midnight.

Use "on" with days.

 I work on Saturdays.
 He does laundry on Wednesdays.

To refer to extended time, use the prepositions "since," "for," "by," "during," "from…
to," "from…until," "with," and "within."

 I have lived in Minneapolis since 2005. (I moved there in 2005 and still live

there.)
 He will be in Toronto for 3 weeks. (He will spend 3 weeks in Toronto.)
 She will finish her homework by 6:00. (She will finish her homework
sometime between now and 6:00.)
 He works part time during the summer. (For the period of time throughout
the summer.)
 I will collect data from January to June. (Starting in January and ending in
June.)
 They are in school from August until May. (Starting in August and ending in
May.)
 She will graduate within 2 years. (Not longer than 2 years.)

Prepositions of Place
To refer to a place, use the prepositions "in" (the point itself), "at" (the general
vicinity), "on" (the surface), and "inside" (something contained).

 They will meet in the lunchroom.

 She was waiting at the corner.
 He left his phone on the bed.
 Place the pen inside the drawer.
To refer to an object higher than a point, use the prepositions "over" and "above."
To refer to an object lower than a point, use the prepositions "below," "beneath,"
"under," and "underneath."

 The bird flew over the house.

 The plates were on the shelf above the cups.
 Basements are dug below ground.
 There is hard wood beneath the carpet.
 The squirrel hid the nuts under a pile of leaves.
 The cat is hiding underneath the box.

 To refer to an object close to a point, use the prepositions "by," "near," "next to,"
"between," "among," and "opposite."

 The gas station is by the grocery store.

 The park is near her house.
 Park your bike next to the garage.
 There is a deer between the two trees.
 There is a purple flower among the weeds.
 The garage is opposite the house.

Prepositions of Location
To refer to a location, use the prepositions "in" (an area or volume), "at" (a point),
and "on" (a surface).

 They live in the country. (an area)

 She will find him at the library. (a point)
 There is a lot of dirt on the window. (a surface)

Prepositions of Spatial Relationships

To refer to a spatial relationship, use the prepositions "above," "across," "against,"
"ahead of," "along," "among," "around," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "from," "in front of," "inside," "near," "off," "out of,"
"through," "toward," "under," and "within."

 The post office is across the street from the grocery store.

 We will stop at many attractions along the way.
 The kids are hiding behind the tree.
 His shirt is off.
 Walk toward the garage and then turn left.
 Place a check mark within the box.