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Received: 4 June 2022 Revised: 28 August 2022 Accepted: 28 September 2022 IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.12644

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Simulation and experimental study of power flow in a seven-phase

transformer under fault conditions

Mohamed Aslam Husain1 Md Tabrez2 Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh3 Aslam Nat4

Farhad Muhsin Mahmood5

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Abstract
Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar
Fault analysis is necessary to design a protection system and circuit breakers for a power
Pradesh, India
2
system network. The multiphase system is a new technology so very little work is found for
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department, Motihari College of Engineering,
the fault analysis of a multiphase system contrary, unlike a three-phase system. The faults in
Motihari, Bihar, India a seven-phase system may be either symmetrical or non-symmetrical. A non-symmetrical
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, National fault requires studying the sequence components of a seven-phase system using Fortescue
Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu & transformation. In the paper, non-symmetrical fault analysis of the seven-phase system has
Kashmir, India been analysed. For this, a new definition of sequence components of an unbalanced seven-
4
Department of Computer, Control and phase system has been proposed in this paper. Then the proposed sequence components
Management Engineering, Sapienza University, Di
are applied to different faults studies at the input and output sides of a seven-phase trans-
Roma, Italy
5
former. Further, the effect of the construction of a seven-phase transformer, that is, core
Department of Physics, College of Science,
University of Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Halabja,
type and shell type on its output is studied. Moreover, the effect of open-phase input is
Iraq analysed using simulation and hardware results. From the analysis, it is found that in cer-
tain configurations of a seven-phase transformer, the seven-phase output is produced even
Correspondence though open-phase fault is present at the input while in other configurations, seven-phase
Farhad Muhsin Mahmood, Department of Physics,
is not produced in the case of open-phase fault.
College of Science, University of Halabja, Halabja,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Email: farhad.mahmood@uoh.edu.iq

1 INTRODUCTION
The multiphase system is the focus of research these days
due to its comparative advantage over the three-phase system.
Multiphase transmission lines can be employed for long-
distance high-voltage transmission while it is not cost-effective
for a short-distance transmission line or a distribution sys-
tem [1, 2]. In the literature, it is reported that a multiphase
transmission line requires either no or less transposition as
compared to a three-phase transmission system, and hence a
multiphase transmission line may have less unbalanced volt-
age at receiving end [3–8]. Table 1 shows a brief comparative
advantage of the multiphase system over the three-phase
system.
As the number of phase increase, power handling capability
also increases but at the cost of complexity. Apart from com-
plexity, load mismatch is also seen. In the lower side n-phase
system (excluding phase multiple of three) it was found that the
seven-phase system has the lowest mismatch of 2.3% [9].
Fault analysis of a multiphase transmission line is essential
for the successful deployment of a multiphase transmission
line protection system design [9]. The study of an unbalanced
three-phase system and the effect of an unbalanced supply on
the three-phase induction machines is expansively reported in
the literature [10–15]. However, the study of an unbalanced
multiphase system and its impact on the performance of mul-
tiphase machines is rarely found in the literature [16, 17]. The
performance of a five-phase induction motor under an unbal-
anced supply is investigated in [18]. In a similar study in [19],
a five-phase induction motor is analysed and simulated under
an asymmetrical connection. Multiphase machines were found
to be having characteristic structural unbalance. Some works
related to faults and unbalancing are found for multiphase
matrix converters in the literature. In [20, 21], vector control is

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properly cited.
© 2022 The Authors. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

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2 HUSAIN ET AL.

TABLE 1 Comparative analysis of multiphase systems versus three-phase ally, the impact of core construction design on the fault is also
system studied.
Three-phase In this paper, faults in a three-phase to seven-phase trans-
Parameters system Multi-phase system former are studied. The primary side and secondary side faults
Torque ripple frequency 6f 2nf are analysed separately. Section 2 deals with the design of two
(f-fundamental frequency) different seven-phase transformers reported in the literature.
Order of the lowest spatial mmf 5 and 7 2n + 1 Section 3 deals with the methodology in which a simplified
harmonics graphical and analytical tool is developed for the analysis of a
Power/Torque per-phase P/3×(Te/3) P/n×(Te/n) multiphase (seven-phase in our case) unbalanced voltage using
(P/Te) sequence components. Additionally, the effect of open-phase
Continues operation after an Not possible Continuous post-fault fault on the output is also discussed in this section. Sections 3
open-phase fault without operation but at reduced and 4 deal with the simulation and hardware result correspond-
modification capacity ingly. Section 5 is the analysis and discussion of the results. The
of the power outcomes of the paper are concluded in Section 6. Finally, this
converter
work is concluded in Section 7.
topology
Torque enhancement by stator Not possible Yes (concentrated winding
current harmonic injection machines) 2 THREE-PHASE TO SEVEN-PHASE
Transmission line towers Higher tower Lower tower heights TRANSFORMER
heights
Phase-to-phase voltage at rated Higher Lower Multiphase transformers are designed mainly by phasor addi-
power tion methods in which different phasor voltages add together
Magnetic interference due to Higher Lower to build multiphase voltage with requisite phase difference [24].
transmission lines and Design 1 of a seven-phase transformer is based on the primary
transposition requirements Scott connection [25–28].
Current/Conductor P/3Vp (Vp is P/nVp (reduced as n > 3)
Phase
Voltage) 2.1 Design 1
In this design three-phase, primary windings are connected and
turn ratios are kept following the Scott connection while 15
employed in a dual three-phase machine with structurally unbal- secondary coils are connected according to Figure 1 and the
anced winding. As far as fault studies of the multiphase system turn ratios are kept according to the one given in Table 2. As
are considered, very little work is reported in the literature, espe- far as cores are concerned, the transformer may be designed
cially on the fault studies of the seven-phase system are missing as either a three-phase core type, a three-phase shell type, or
from the literature. three separate units of a single-phase transformer. The govern-
Fault analysis of a three-phase or multiphase power system ing phasor equations are illustrated in Equation (1). Referring
is important for the design of its protection system. The litera- to Figure 1 “R”, “Y” and “B” stands for the input phase while
ture on fault analysis of the three-phase system is mature while “A”, “B1”, “C”, “D”, “E”, “F” and “G” denote the seven out-
multiphase system fault analysis is in the early stage. In [22], the put phases. The output phase “A” is in-phase with input phase
multiphase system is converted into an equivalent three-phase “R”. Output “B1” results from the phasor sum of winding volt-
system to ease out analysis. This approach may be easy for anal- age “b1 b2 ” and “b3 b4 ”, the output phase “C” is obtained by the
ysis but not for hardware design. In [23], a new methodology for phasor sum of winding voltages “c1 c2 ” and “c3 c4 ”. The output
the fault analysis of an n-conductor electrical system, in which phase “D” is obtained by the phasor addition of winding volt-
phase imbalances, neutral cables, groundings, and other inher- ages “d1 d2 ” and “d3 d4 ” and similarly output phase “E” results
ent characteristics of distribution systems are considered. The from the phasor sum of the winding voltages “e1 e2 ” and “e3 e4 ”
proposed methodology, which is based on the current-injection and so on. In phasor form, it can be written as expression (1).
method, allows faults to be represented simply and may be
VAN = Va1 a2
used to analyse several fault types, including internal, series, and
simultaneous faults. VB1N = Vb1 b2 + Vb3 b4
The unavailability of fault analysis of a seven-phase sys-
VCN = −Vc1 c2 + Vc3 c4
tem is a research gap. In this paper, this research gap is
addressed. The main contribution of the work is the study VDN = −Vd1 d2 + Vd3 d4 (1)
of fault analysis of a seven-phase system using analytical and
VEN = −Ve1 e2 − Ve3 e4
graphical techniques. The sequence components of an unbal-
anced seven-phase quantity are developed using analytical and VFN = −V f1 f2 − V f3 f4
graphical techniques. The effect of open-phase fault on the
VGN = Vg1 g2 − Vg3 g4
output of a seven-phase transformer is also studied. Addition-
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HUSAIN ET AL. 3

windings. So,
(√ )
3∕2
V
= V
N1 N2
(2)
N2 1
= √ N1
2 3

Therefore, the number of turns shall be in the ratio of 1 ∶

1 1
√ ∶ √ for the primary winding to produce 2-phase flux. Two
3 3
distinct limbs of the common core are required in this design for
two-phase flux flow. Primary (RO) and seven secondary coils are
wound on one core while the second core carries two primary
coils connected at point “O” and of equal turn ratios but of
1
√ times that of winding “RO” and six secondary coils. Either
3
star or heptagon arrangement is employed in the secondary
winding. Figure 1 below shows the star arrangement of the
secondary winding. The voltage transformation ratio is taken
as 1.
The proposed transformer is first simulated through MAT-
LAB/SIMULINK. After achieving satisfactory simulation
results, a hardware prototype has been developed.

2.3 Design 2

The conceptual design of the presented three-phase to seven-

phase transformer is referred from [16, 29]. Unlike Design 1,
the primary side of the three-phase to seven-phase transformer
FIGURE 1 Design 1, connection diagram of the three-phase to is connected in a star or delta while different secondary wind-
seven-phase transformer ings are connected specially and then joined together to make a
star point as shown in Figure 2. The turns ratios are kept accord-
ing to that presented in Table 3. The turns ratios and windings
TABLE 2 Turn ratios of secondary windings with respect to primary in a special fashion are the requirements for the generation of
winding “RO” balanced seven-phase output.
Each output voltage is a sum of two winding voltages except
Turn ratio (% Turn ratio (%
of winding of winding
the reference winding voltage. The phasor addition of winding
α axis RO) Polarity Β axis RO) Polarity voltages creates appropriate magnitude and phase difference so
that output voltage becomes a balanced seven-phase. For exper-
a1 a2 100 +
imentation, an input-output ratio of 1:1 is taken. For step-up
b1 b2 62.34 + b3 b4 78.18 + and step-down operations, the turn ratios should be multiplied
c1 c2 22.25 – c3 c4 97.49 + by a scaling factor equal to the voltage transformation ratio.
d1 d2 90.09 – d 3 d4 43.38 + There are two options in Design 2, one is three or more limbed
e1 e2 90.09 – e3 e4 43.38 – common core transformers and the second is three units of
f1 f2 22.25 – f3 f4 97.49 –
single-phase transformer.
g1 g2 62.34 + g3 g4 78.18 –

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Primary (three-phase) side faults

2.2 Calculation of turns ratios
Referring to Figure 1, Let the number of turns in the two cores
of the primary be N1 and N2 in winding RO and YB, and
the RMS voltage be V. Volts per turn is the same on all three
This study is done in two parts. First of all, seven-phase trans-
formers are designed and developed as per the design scheme
discussed in Section 2, and then fault studies are done. In the
first part, short circuit faults are studied analytically with the
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4 HUSAIN ET AL.

TABLE 4 Fault types in seven-phase system

Fault type Classification

7-phase Symmetrical
7-phase-G Symmetrical
6-phase Non-symmetrical
6-phase-G Non-symmetrical
5-phase Non-symmetrical
5-phase-G Non-symmetrical
4-phase Non-symmetrical
4-phase-G Non-symmetrical
3-phase Non-symmetrical
3-phase-G Non-symmetrical
2-phase Non-symmetrical
2-phase-G Non-symmetrical
1-phase-G Non-symmetrical

the number of faults increases with the increase of the number

of phases in an n-phase system. The total number of fault types
F(n) in an n-phase system can be calculated in a combinatorial
expression as shown below in Equations (3)–(5) [30].

F (n ) = C1n + 2C2n + . . . . . . 2Cnn (3)

Expression (3) can be written as expression (4) after

simplification
( )
F (n ) = 2 C1n + C2n + C3n + . . . + Cn−1
n
+ Cnn − n (4)

A known proof in the literature is that the sum of the nth row
FIGURE 2 Design 2, connection diagram of the three-phase to of the binomial coefficients in Pascal’s triangle is
seven-phase transformer
∑
Ckn = 2n
TABLE 3 Turns ratios of each winding 0≤k≤n

Winding N2 /N1 Winding N2 /N1 Winding N2 /N1

Therefore Equation (3) further simplifies to Equation (5) as
a1 a2 0.1721 b1 b2 0.7854 c1 c2 0.5010
a3 a4 1.000 b 3 b4 0.5010 c3 c4 0.7854 F (n ) = 2n+1 − n − 2 (5)
a5 a6 0.1721 b5 b6 0.9028 c5 c6 0.3404
a7 a8 0.6505 b7 b8 0.3404 c7 c8 0.9028 Some faults in an n-phase system may be grouped as they
can be analysed by a common calculation and gives the same
a9 a10 0.6505
results. These faults of the same group are termed a single fault.
Therefore, the total number of faults after grouping similar
kind of faults and treating them as single is the total significant
help of a sequence network while in the second part open cir- faults. For example, in three-phase, the 11 different possible
cuit faults and their impact on the output of the seven-phase fault types can be simplified into five significant fault types as
transformer are studied. LG, LL, LLG, LLL, and LLLG fault. Here “L” stands for line
and “G” stands for ground. In a seven-phase system, a total
of 247 fault types can be simplified to 33 significant fault types
3.2 Secondary (seven-phase) side faults and 32 symmetrically significant fault types. These faults fur-
ther can be classified into symmetrical and non-symmetrical
The total number of possible faults in an n-phase system is faults as shown in Table 4. Symmetrical faults are easy to anal-
termed as fault types of an n-phase system. It is obvious that yse. The non-symmetrical faults in a seven-phase system require
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HUSAIN ET AL. 5

sequence component analysis of the unbalanced seven-phase

system.

3.3 Symmetrical component analysis of

seven-phase unbalanced phasors

Fortescue’s work proves that any unbalanced n-phase voltage

or current can be transformed into a balanced set of n-phasors
called symmetrical components or sequence components [31].
Similarly, an unbalanced seven-phase voltage or current can be
resolved into its seven balanced sequence components.
These components are balanced in nature, with phasor rota-
tion either clockwise or anticlockwise. The study of sequence
components of an unbalanced five-phase is available but the
study of sequence components of a seven-phase is unavailable
in the literature. Henceforth nomenclature of sequence com-
ponents of the seven-phase has to be defined. It is defined FIGURE 3 Unbalanced phasor of a seven-phase system voltage
following the nomenclature used for five-phase sequence com-
ponents [18]. These sequence components for a seven-phase
system are defined as: Let us designate the unbalanced set of seven-phase voltage
phasors as Va , Vb , Vc , Vd , Ve Vf , and Vg and their balanced
1. Adjacent positive sequence component: It consists of seven symmetrical components as below:
phasors equal in magnitude but displaced from each other
by (360/7) 51.43◦ , and has the same phase sequence as the 1. Va1 , Vb1 , Vc1 , Vd1 , Ve1 Vf1 , and Vg1 : Adjacent positive
original adjacent phasors, that is, same as a-b-c-d-e-f-g if a-b-c- sequence voltage
d-e-f-g is the original phase sequence. 2. Va2 , Vb2 , Vc2 , Vd2 , Ve2, Vf2 , and Vg2 : Adjacent negative
2. Adjacent negative-sequence component: It consists of seven sequence voltage
phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other by 3. Va3 , Vb3 , Vc3 , Vd3 , Ve3, Vf3 , and Vg3 : Non-adjacent1
51.43◦ in phase, and having the phase sequence opposite positive sequence voltage
to that of the original adjacent phasors, that is, the phase 4. Va4 , Vb4 , Vc4 , Vd4 , Ve4, Vf4 , and Vg4 : Non-adjacent1
sequence will be a-g-f-e-d-c-b. negative sequence voltage
3. Non-adjacent1 positive-sequence component: It consists of 5. Va5 , Vb5 , Vc5 , Vd5 , Ve5, Vf5 , and Vg5 : Non-adjacent2
five phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other positive sequence voltage
by 102.86◦ in phase, and having the same phase sequence 6. Va6 , Vb6 , Vc6 , Vd6 , Ve6, Vf6 , and Vg6 : Non-adjacent2
as that of the original non-adjacent phasors, that is, phase negative sequence voltage
sequence will be a-c-e-g-b-d-f. 7. Va0 , Vb0 , Vc0 , Vd0 , Ve0, Vf0 , and Vg0 : Zero sequence voltage
4. Non-adjacent1 negative-sequence component: It consists of
five phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other Figure 3 shows the unbalanced seven-phase voltage in graph-
by 102.86◦ in phase, and having the phase sequence opposite ical phasor form. The sequence components in the form of
to that of the original non-adjacent phasors, that is, phase graphical form are shown in Figures 4–10.
sequence will be a-f-d-b-g-e-c.
5. Non-adjacent2 positive-sequence component: It consists of
five phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va3 + Va4 + Va5 + Va6 + Va0
by 154.3◦ in phase, and having the same phase sequence as
that of the original non-adjacent phasors, that is, the phase Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb3 + Vb4 + Vb5 + Vb6 + Vb0
sequence will be a-d-g-c-f-b-e.
6. Non-adjacent2 negative-sequence component: It consists of Vc = Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc3 + Vc4 + Vc5 + Vc6 + Vc0
five phasors equal in magnitude, displaced from each other
Vd = Vd 1 + Vd 2 + Vd 3 + Vd 4 + Vd 5 + Vd 6 + Vd 0 (6)
by 154.3◦ in phase, and having the phase sequence opposite
to that of the original non-adjacent phasors, that is, the phase Ve = Ve1 + Ve2 + Ve3 + Ve4 + Ve5 + Ve6 + Ve0
sequence will be a-e-b-f-c-g-d.
7. Zero sequence component: It consists of five phasors equal Vf = Vf 1 + Vf 2 + Vf 3 + Vf 4 + Vf 5 + Vf 6 + Vf 0
in magnitude and with zero phase displacement from each
other. Vg = Vg1 + Vg2 + Vg3 + Vg4 + Vg5 + Vg6 + Vg0
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6 HUSAIN ET AL.

FIGURE 6 Non-adjacent1 positive sequence component of the

unbalanced seven-phase voltage
FIGURE 4 Adjacent positive sequence component of the unbalanced
seven-phase voltage

FIGURE 7 Non-adjacent1 negative sequence component of the

unbalanced seven-phase voltage

FIGURE 5 Adjacent negative sequence adjacent negative of the

unbalanced seven-phase voltage

The unbalanced seven-phase can be written in the form of

a sum of each balanced sequence component. It can be writ-
ten in analytical form as well as in graphical form as shown in
expression (6) and Figure 11 respectively. For the conversion
of seven-phase unbalanced voltage and current into their bal-
anced sequence components using Fortescue transformation,
let us define an operator λ similar to the operator α defined
for a three-phase system. Here the operator is a complex num-
ber of unit magnitude and creates a rotation to the phasor of
an angle of 2π/7 (54.43◦ ) in the anti-clockwise direction. It is
represented as:
j 2Π FIGURE 8 Adjacent2 positive sequence component of the unbalanced
𝜆 = 1∠54.4◦ = 1 e 7 = 0.623 + j 0.781 seven-phase voltage

The seven unsymmetrical phasors are transformed into their
respective symmetrical components as below in the form of Va
and the operator λ. Seven unsymmetrical phasors may be tr into
the seven symmetrical components. The corresponding seven
symmetrical phasors can be written as Vb , Vc , Vd, Ve , Vf, and
Vg as a sum of product functions of operator λ and the com-
ponent of Va to reduce the total number of unknowns. This is
expressed by Equations (6)–(11).
Expression (6) is the Fortescue theorem in analytical form.
Expression (7) further can be derived from the phasor dia-
grams shown in Figures 4–9 as shown. If we put the values of
expression (7) into expression (6), we get expression (8).
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HUSAIN ET AL. 7

Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va3 + Va4 + Va5 + Va6 + Va0

Vb = 𝜆6Va1 + 𝜆Va2 + 𝜆3Va3 + 𝜆4Va4 + 𝜆2Va5 + 𝜆5Va6 + Va0

Vc = 𝜆5Va1 + 𝜆2Va2 + 𝜆6Va3 + 𝜆Va4 + 𝜆4Va5 + 𝜆3Va6 + Va0

Vd = 𝜆4Va1 + 𝜆3Va2 + 𝜆2Va3 + 𝜆5Va4 + 𝜆6Va5 + 𝜆Va6 + Va0

Ve = 𝜆3Va1 + 𝜆4Va2 + 𝜆5Va3 + 𝜆2Va4 + 𝜆Va5 + 𝜆6Va6 + Va0

V f = 𝜆2Va1 + 𝜆5Va2 + 𝜆Va3 + 𝜆6Va4 + 𝜆3Va5 + 𝜆4Va6 + Va0

Vg = 𝜆Va1 + 𝜆6Va2 + 𝜆4Va3 + 𝜆3Va4 + 𝜆5Va5 + 𝜆2Va6 + Va0

(8)

⎡Va ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡Va0⎤
FIGURE 9 Adjacent2 negative sequence component of the unbalanced ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
seven-phase voltage ⎢Vb ⎥ ⎢1 𝜆6 𝜆 𝜆3 𝜆4 𝜆2 𝜆5 ⎥ ⎢Va1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Vc ⎥ ⎢1 𝜆5 𝜆2 𝜆6 𝜆 𝜆4 𝜆3 ⎥ ⎢Va2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Vd ⎥ = ⎢1 𝜆4 𝜆3 𝜆2 𝜆5 𝜆6 𝜆 ⎥ ⎢Va3⎥ (9)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢Ve ⎥ ⎢1 𝜆3 𝜆4 𝜆5 𝜆2 𝜆 𝜆6 ⎥ ⎢Va4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V f ⎥ ⎢1 𝜆2 𝜆5 𝜆 𝜆6 𝜆3 𝜆4 ⎥ ⎢Va5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣Vg ⎦ ⎣1 𝜆 𝜆6 𝜆4 𝜆3 𝜆5 𝜆2 ⎦ ⎣Va6⎦

⎡Va ⎤ ⎡Va0⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Vb ⎥ ⎢Va1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Vc ⎥ ⎢Va2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Vd ⎥ = A × ⎢Va3⎥ (10)
FIGURE 10 Zero sequence voltage component of the unbalanced ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
seven-phase voltage
⎢Ve ⎥ ⎢Va4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢V f ⎥ ⎢Va5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣Vg ⎦ ⎣Va6 ⎦
Equation (8) can be further written as Equations (9), (10) and
(11) in matrix forms. ⎡Va0⎤ ⎡Va ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Va1⎥ ⎢Vb ⎥
Vb1 = 𝜆6Va1 Vc1 = 𝜆5Va1 Vd 1 = 𝜆4Va1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Va2⎥ ⎢Vc ⎥
Vb2 = 𝜆Va2 Vc2 = 𝜆2Va2 Vd 2 = 𝜆3Va2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−1
⎢Va3⎥ = A ⎢Vd ⎥ (11)
Vb3 = 𝜆3Va3 Vc3 = 𝜆6Va3 Vd 3 = 𝜆2Va3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Vb4 = 𝜆4Va4 Vc4 = 𝜆Va4 Vd 4 = 𝜆5Va4 ⎢Va4⎥ ⎢Ve ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Vb5 = 𝜆2Va5 Vc5 = 𝜆4Va5 Vd 5 = 𝜆6Va5 ⎢Va5 ⎥ ⎢V f ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Vb6 = 𝜆5Va6 Vc6 = 𝜆3Va6 Vd 6 = 𝜆Va6 ⎣Va6 ⎦ ⎣Vg ⎦

Vb0 = Va0 Vc0 = Va0 Vd 0 = Va0

(7)
Ve1 = 𝜆3Va1 V f 1 = 𝜆2Va1 Vg1 = 𝜆Va1
Ve2 = 𝜆4Va2 V f 2 = 𝜆5Va2 Vg2 = 𝜆6Va2
Ve3 = 𝜆5Va3 V f 3 = 𝜆Va3 Vg3 = 𝜆4Va3
Ve4 = 𝜆2Va4 V f 4 = 𝜆6Va4 Vg4 = 𝜆3Va4
Ve5 = 𝜆Va5 V f 5 = 𝜆3Va5 Vg5 = 𝜆5Va5
Ve6 = 𝜆6Va6 V f 6 = 𝜆4Va6 Vg6 = 𝜆2Va6
Ve0 = Va0 V f 0 = Va0 Vg0 = Va0
4 SIMULATIONS RESULTS
As clearly discussed in Section 2, two three-phase to seven-
phase transformers (Design 1, Design 2) are designed using
different methodologies using standard design procedures.
Both transformers are modelled and simulated in the MAT-
LAB/Simulink software environment. Similar results are found
for each transformer. The following transformer parameters
(Table 5) are taken for simulation after design.
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8 HUSAIN ET AL.

TABLE 5 Transformer parameters for Design 1

Parameter name Values

KVA rating 10 KVA

Voltage (primary)/phase 230 V
Voltage (primary)/phase 230 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Number of turns in primary 104, 60, 60
Number of turns in secondary 104×(1, 0.6234, 0.7818, 0.2225,
0.9749, 0.9009, 0.4338, 0.9009,
0.4338, 0.2225, 0.9749, 0.6234,
0.7818)
Iron core area 12.86 cm2

FIGURE 11 Vector diagram of unbalanced phase Vg constructed from

its sequence components

In the experiment, first of all, an open-phase fault is sim-

ulated at the input of the seven-phase transformer. After that
output of the transformer is measured and plotted. The plot is FIGURE 12 (a) Input (b) Output voltage waveform for input one-phase
shown in waveform (Figures 11 and 12) and the output voltage open condition
is recorded in Table 6.
Waveforms shown in Figure 12 depict that one phase input
TABLE 6 Input and output voltage of seven-phase transformer (under
open condition cannot produce seven-phase output. However,
MATLAB simulation)
there are certain conditions in which a seven-phase output is
possible even when one phase of the input is open. These Input (V) Output (V)
conditions are further discussed in Section 6. 96.05
112
104.3
Open
122 32.64
5 HARDWARE SET-UP AND
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 62.64
112.2
Based on the conceptual design presented in Section 2, pro- 76.15
totype transformers of rating 10 kVA, 220 V/phase, and 1:1 17.08
transformation ratio are developed. The practical set-up is
shown in Figure 15. A seven-phase resistive and inductive
load connected in a star is used for the electrical loading
of the transformer. The transformer’s primary winding is fed YOKOGAWA 4-channel digital oscilloscope. Due to channel
from a three single-phase autotransformer to achieve balanced limitations, the waveforms are taken into two separate plots and
and unbalanced input voltage. Thus, the transformer is tested then superimposed together.
under healthy and open-phase fault conditions. The waveforms In the experiment, first of all, an open-phase fault is created
of three-phase input and seven-phase outputs are taken on at the input of the seven-phase transformer. After that output

HUSAIN ET AL.
FIGURE 13 Output voltage for core type seven-phase transformer
TABLE 7 Input and output voltage of seven-phase transformer (under
hardware experimentation)
Input (V) Output (V)
113
112
123
Open
122 40
73
120
96
17
of the transformer is measured and the waveform is plotted on
DSO. The plot is shown in waveform (Figure 13) and the output
voltage is recorded in Table 7. An additional waveform of lower
magnitude is the current of one of the phases.
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The simulation study is extensive while hardware results are lim-
ited due to practical problems. Factually in simulation, three
design of the transformer is considered while for practical
results, only one design (three units of a transformer). That
is why there may not be a close relationship between theo-
retical and practical results. In response to this comment, we
have added relevant details and notes for the figures. More
specifically, Figures 12 and 13 can be compared. It can be
seen that simulation and practical results do not replicate each
other. The reason behind this is the design. In the simulation,
a three-core single-unit transformer is assumed while in practi-
cal experimentation three units of single-phase transformers are
used.
The output of a polyphase transformer in case of input
phase-open fault depends on the transformer core configura-
tions. It can be said that for any transformer core configuration
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9
FIGURE 14 Output voltage for one phase input open
of Design 1, loss of one phase input will disturb the flow of
flux, and hence generation of two-phase flux (as generated in
Scott connection) not happened. In Design 1, two-phase flux
flow in the core is a necessary condition for multiphase output
generation. So it is not possible to produce a seven-phase out-
put when any one or two phases of the input are open in Design
1 transformer. The effect of an input open-phase fault depends
on the transformer core design. A seven-phase transformer can
be designed either with three separate units or as a single unit.
The single unit seven-phase transformer may be of shell type or
core type. In a seven-phase core type transformer, three-leg and
four-leg transformer construction is shown in Figure 16.
In a core type, three-phase transformer, the flux flow in each
of three limbs. For a balanced three-phase sinusoidal flux, the
flux in any limb is the negative of the sum of rest two fluxes.
In the case of an open phase fault, the flux in that particular
limb shall be zero. But in-fact, faulty limb works as a return path
and negative of the sum of both flux flows, that is, flux is that
particular limb is uninterrupted in the steady state despite an
open phase fault. This is clear from expressions (11) and (12).
Let us assume that one phase (suppose phase B) is open, then
the corresponding limb of phase B will act as a return path for
the flux so flux in that limb will be equal to −Φa − Φc For a
balanced three-phase input, flux in three-libs shall be balanced.
Φa + Φ b + Φ c = 0 (12)
or
−Φa − Φc = Φb (13)
Therefore, flux flowing in phase B will be uninterrupted even
though the open phase occurs (flux flow in the limbs will be
the same under healthy conditions and primary one phase open
condition). Hence seven-phase uninterrupted output will be
received from the transformer even in case of loss of one phase
on the primary side. In a shell-type transformer, the loss of one
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10 HUSAIN ET AL.

FIGURE 15 Practical set-up of three-phase to seven-phase transformer experimentation

phase results in loss of flux, and hence seven-phase shall not TABLE 8 Comparison of Design 1 and Design 2
be produced in case of loss of one phase input. As mentioned Parameters Design 1 Design 2
earlier, three single-phase units are used for the design of that
Turn ratios Effective total wind- Total winding = 770
seven-phase transformer so this analysis (Equations (11), (12))
ings = 887.46×0.866 = 769
is not valid for it. This is the reason why the waveform shown in
Primary windings Scott-connection Star/delta connection
Figures 12 and 14 is distorted and not a seven-phase output. It
is clear from Figures 12 and 14 that the seven-phase generation Secondary windings Star or heptagon Star or heptagon
is not possible under one-phase open conditions. Number of cores Three Two
Thus, in any type of Design 1, loss of input in one phase will Primary windings ratio 1:0.577:0.577 1:1:1
disturb the generation of two-phase flux so it is not possible to Secondary windings 1:0.6234:0.7818:0.2225: 0.1721:1.00:0.1721:
produce a seven-phase out when any one or two phases of the ratio 0.9749:0.9009:0.4338: 0.6505:0.6505:0.7854:
input are open. 0.9009:0.4338:0.2225: 0.5010:0.9028:0.3404:
Figures 17–19 suggest that under one-phase open fault 0.9749:0.6234:0.7818 0.5010:0.7854:0.3404:
0.9028
conditions, the transformer may also produce a balanced seven-
phase output in a steady state if the return path for the flux is Effective res./copper Low High
losses (per phase)
made in a transformer core. Figure 17 depicts that the loss of
one phase at the input side will lead to no voltage to one phase. Iron losses Low High
It may lead to no flux in that phase but in a steady state flux Secondary winding 1:0.6234:0.7818:0.2225: 1:0.844:0.7327:
in that phase is not disturbed due to the return path as shown impedance ratios 0.9749:0.9009:0.4338: 0.6741:0.6741:
0.9009:0.4338: 0.7327:0.844
in Figure 18. Therefore undisturbed balanced flux produces a
0.2225:0.9749:0.6234:
balanced seven-phase output voltage as shown in Figure 19. 0.7818
The above discussion reveals that the two designs of seven-
Volume Lower Higher
phase transformers behave differently if there is an open-phase
fault at the primary side. Following Table 8 articulates a
comparative difference between Design 1 and Design 2.
power system network. Sequence components of an unbalanced
voltage/current are important in the study of fault analysis.
7 CONCLUSION In this paper, sequence components of a seven-phase volt-
age/current are derived using analytical and graphical methods
Fault analysis of a multiphase system is mandatory for the design with the help of Fortescue transformation and vector algebra.
and development of the protection system of a multiphase In the study, it is analysed how an unbalanced seven-phase volt-

HUSAIN ET AL.
FIGURE 16 Transformer core construction (a) three-limb core type (b)
four-limb core type and (c) shell type
age or current can be converted into seven balanced positive,
negative, and zero sequence components.
Open-phase fault at the primary side can impact the output of
the seven-phase transformer. Further, the effect of open-phase
fault at the output of the seven-phase transformer is studied
through MATLAB simulation and experimental set-up. It is
found from this study that a seven-phase transformer can pro-
duce a balanced seven-phase output voltage in the steady state
even if there is an open-phase fault at the input of the trans-
former provided the transformer is designed as a core type 3
(or more)-limbed transformer. Although there is some transient
in the seven-phase transformer output at the time of the fault.
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11
FIGURE 17 Three-phase voltage under one-phase open condition
FIGURE 18 Three-phase flux under one-phase open condition (Design
2, Core type)
FIGURE 19 Seven-phase output voltage in input open-phase condition
(Design 2, Core type)
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
M.T.: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis;
Methodology; Writing – original draft; Writing – review &
editing. F.M.M.: Funding acquisition; Investigation; Project
administration; Writing – original draft

12
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors certify that they have no conflict of interest in the
subject matter of materials discussed in this manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The raw data that supports the finding of this study are avail-
able from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Derived data are available within the manuscript.
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https://doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12644