STRUCTURAL

DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION

Franco Bontempi
Professore Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
[Link]@[Link]

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 Abstract
• Structural engineering can nowadays make use of very remarkable computational
tools. This availability can lead to affirm that the entire process of designing and
verifying the quality of a structure can be automated.
• Paradoxically, the opposite is true: powerful tools require deep reflections on what
are the bases of structural design in order to consciously address the procedures
of representation and optimization available today.
• In this only in this way, that optimization can represent an effective fundamental
component of structural design, in order to try to maximize the performance of
the structures and their sustainability.
• In order to obtain a correct optimization, it is therefore necessary to examine the
roots of the design, to understand its meanings and evaluate the limits of the
different numerical implementations.
• The lessons of the course will develop the concepts underlying structural
optimization while presenting specific significant applications

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 DAY 1
• Monday 25 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours) • Monday 25 October 15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi • Dr. Francesco Petrini
• Basis of structural design • Optimization in the performance design
of buildings under wind action and
• The art of structural engineering. The seismic action
principles of design. The creative process. • Application of optimization methods to
Structural concept. Design context and real problems. Performance-based design:
structural requirements. Structural values. general aspects and specific
Design by evolution and innovation. characteristics. Optimization of devices for
Integration and specialization. Path of the control of vibrations of tall buildings
loads. Structural schemes and their limits. under the action of the wind. Risk-based
Structural analysis. design of reinforced concrete frames in
seismic zone with development of an
optimization procedure based on the
gradient method.

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 DAY 2
• Tuesday 26 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours) • Tuesday 26 October 15.30-18.30 (2 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi • Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of • The construction of form in architectural
structural optimization works: critical issues and advantages of
• Setting up the structural problem. the mathematical/numerical approach
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited • The lesson presents, explores and
rationality and partial knowledge. discusses mainly qualitative aspects
Structural modeling. Solution of the concerning works of architecture and is
structural problem and its critical accompanied by some examples of study
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization addressed in some degree theses (which
problems. Optimization algorithms. are available at this link:
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches. [Link]
Discrete structural schemes. triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)

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 DAY 3
• Friday 27 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours) • Friday 29 October 15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Dr. Valentina Tomei • Prof. Elena Mele
• Optimization strategies for the design of • Optimization of structures for tall
gridshell type structures buildings
• Notes on the types of structural • Behavior of tall buildings, "premium for
optimization and on the single-objective height" and structural types. Notes on the
and multi-objective optimization evolution of the structural design of tall
algorithms of an evolutionary type. Notes buildings and recent trends: the search for
on strategies for finding the optimal efficiency and the role of robustness.
shape: form-finding. Gridshell type Diagrid structures and structural patterns:
structures. The role of form in gridshells. sectional and topological optimization.
The role of structural optimization in Patterns inspired by isostatic lines.
gridshell design: examples of design Generative design and shape grammar.
strategies.

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 DAY 2
• Tuesday 26 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours) • Tuesday 26 October 15.30-18.30 (2 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi • Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of • The construction of form in architectural
structural optimization works: critical issues and advantages of
• Setting up the structural problem. the mathematical/numerical approach
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited • The lesson presents, explores and
rationality and partial knowledge. discusses mainly qualitative aspects
Structural modeling. Solution of the concerning works of architecture and is
structural problem and its critical accompanied by some examples of study
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization addressed in some degree theses (which
problems. Optimization algorithms. are available at this link:
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches. [Link]
Discrete structural schemes. triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)

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 Esprimibile in equazioni Seconda
FORMULABILE HARD
RESTRICTED lezione

NON Non esprimibile in equazioni

SOFT
Prima
FORMULABILE WIDE lezione

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 Index Part II

8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
[Link] in action
• Sizing
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects • Morphology
• Surrogate • Topology
• Not so basic aspects • Generative
• Heuristics
• In another (indirect) way:
optimality criteria

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 1983

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8
CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH

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 INSIGHT
IN A STRUCTURALPROBLEM

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 Load Path

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 Load Transfer Mechanism

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 2

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 1 - Strutture resistenti per forma

In tutta la struttura c'è solo o trazione o compressione

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 2 - Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale

Nella struttura ci sono elementi che lavorano uniformemente

a trazione o a compressione (tiranti o puntoni)
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 3 - Strutture resistenti per flessione

Nelle sezioni della struttura c'è sia trazione sia compressione

(diagramma degli sforzi a farfalla)
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 4 - Strutture resistenti per superficie

La struttura distribuisce ed equilibra i carichi con azione membranale

(distribuzione di sforzo uniforme sullo spessore)
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 Structural System

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 Overall plant
STRUTTURA
1st level
x
Fault
GLOBALE

Plant item
SOTTO-STRUTTURA
2nd level x
2 livello Fault

ELEMENTO STRUTURALE
Control loop
3rd level
3 livello Fault x

COMPONENTE
Element/Component
x Fault

4 livello
4th level

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 FOUNDATION OF TOWERS

SUPPORTING
MACRO-LEVELS ANCHORAGES
CONDITION

MESO-LEVELS TOWERS

SADDLES

SUSPENSION
MAIN CABLES
SYSTEM

MAIN HANGERS
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
HIGHWAY BOX-GIRDER

BRIDGE
RAILWAY BOX-GIRDER
DECK

CROSS BOX-GIRDER
BRIDGE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
INNER
SPECIAL
DECK ZONES

OUTER
SECONDARY HIGHWAY SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM RAILWAY SYSTEM

OPERATION
AUXILIARY
STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE
SYSTEM
EMERGENCY

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 Structures Essentials

• Micro-level:
4local size of the sections, i.e. thickness, area, inertia, … (Detailed
Geometry)
• Meso-level:
form of the structural element or structural part (substructure), i.e.
main longitudinal axis, curvature, profile, … (Global Geometry)
• Macro-level:
connections of the different structural parts (Load Path)

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 Optimization Levels

[Link]

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 Optimization Levels

Micro-level: Meso-level: Macro-level:

local size of the sections, form of the structural connections of the
i.e. thickness, area, element or structural part different structural
[Link]
inertia, … (Detailed (substructure), i.e. main parts (Load Path)
Geometry) longitudinal axis, curvature,
profile, … (Global Geometry)

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 SIMPLE OBSERVATIONS

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 The nature of optimum (1)

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 Example (1)

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 Example (2)

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 Robustness of the formulation

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 The nature of optimum (2)

Slack situation: loose and not pulled tight.

A sub-optimal solution
to a problem is one
that is less than perfect.

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 Limiti approssimativi abbastanza larghi

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9
ALGORITHMS

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 DIRECT WAY: BASIC ASPECTS

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for Optimization
Direct Approach

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 1D function –

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Line Optimization (1 direction)

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 Bracketing of the minimum

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 1° step
a1 c1 b1
f(x)

βΔ1
Δ1
x
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 2° step
a2
f(x) c2 b2

βΔ2
Δ2
x
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 3° step

f(x)
c3 b3
a3
β=0.61803
βΔ3
Δ3
x
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 Quadratic Fitting

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 Bracketing with parabolic interpolation

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 Cubic Fitting

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 Convergence Criteria

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 Searching in the good direction

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 Scaling of Design Variables

• It is often desirable to eliminate wide variations in the magnitudes

of design variables and the value of constraints by normalization.
• Design variables may be normalized to order 1 by scaling.
• This operation may enhance the efficiency and reliability of the
numerical optimization process.

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 SURROGATE

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 Design of Experiments (DOE)
• In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) or experimental
design is the design of any information-gathering exercises where
variation is present, whether under the full control of the
experimenter or not. However, in statistics, these terms are usually
used for controlled experiments.
• Formal planned experimentation is often used in evaluating
physical objects, chemical formulations, structures, components,
and materials.
• Other types of study, and their design, are discussed in the articles
on computer experiments, opinion polls and statistical surveys
(which are types of observational study), natural experiments and
quasi-experiments (for example, quasi-experimental design).
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 Sampling Points (1)

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 Sampling Points (2)

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 Simulation & Approximation of the response

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 The function: y(x1,x2)

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 The sensibility of the function

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 STRATEGY #1: SENSITIVITY - governance of priorities

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 The boundings of the function

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 STRATEGY #2: BOUNDING - behavior governance

 

(p) (p)

p p
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 NOT SO BASIC ASPECTS

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 Relative Gain

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 A decision point in the development of the solution

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 99
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 100
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 Multilevel Optimal Design

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 Decomposition

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 Multilevel Structures

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 1997

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 HEURISTICS

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 Heuristics
• A heuristic technique (/hjᵿˈrɪstᵻk/; Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω, "find"
or "discover"), often called simply a heuristic, is any approach to
problem solving, learning, or discovery that employs a practical
method not guaranteed to be optimal or perfect, but sufficient for
the immediate goals.
• Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical,
heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a
satisfactory solution.
• Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of
making a decision.

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 εὑρίσκω
• Heuristic (/hjʉˈrɪstɨk/; Greek: "Εὑρίσκω", "find" or "discover")
refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving,
learning, and discovery that give a solution which is not
guaranteed to be optimal. Where the exhaustive search is
impractical, heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of
finding a satisfactory solution via mental shortcuts to ease the
cognitive load of making a decision. Examples of this method
include using a rule of thumb, an educated guess, an intuitive
judgment, stereotyping, or common sense.
• In more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily
accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control
problem solving in human beings and machines.

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 εὑρίσκω

• L'euristica (dalla lingua greca εὑρίσκω, letteralmente "scopro" o

"trovo") è una parte dell'epistemologia e del metodo scientifico.
• Si definisce procedimento euristico, un metodo di approccio alla
soluzione dei problemi che non segue un chiaro percorso, ma che
si affida all'intuito e allo stato temporaneo delle circostanze, al fine
di generare nuova conoscenza. È opposto al procedimento
algoritmico. In particolare, l'euristica di una teoria dovrebbe
indicare le strade e le possibilità da approfondire nel tentativo di
rendere una teoria progressiva.

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 Bounded Rationality
• Bounded rationality is the idea that in decision-making, rationality of
individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations
of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
• It was proposed by H. A. Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical
modeling of decision making, as used in economics, …; it complements
rationality as optimization, which views decision-making as a fully rational
process of finding an optimal choice given the information available.
• Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision-makers
lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead
apply their rationality only after having greatly simplified the choices
available. Thus, the decision-maker is a satisfier, one seeking a satisfactory
solution rather than the optimal one.

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 1

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 Simulated Annealing (Metropolis)
• Simulated annealing (SA) is a generic probabilistic heuristic for the global
optimization problem of locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a
given function in a large search space.
• The name and inspiration come from annealing in metallurgy, a technique
involving heating and controlled cooling of a material to increase the size of its
crystals and reduce their defects.
• This notion of slow cooling is implemented in the Simulated Annealing algorithm
as a slow decrease in the probability of accepting worse solutions as it explores the
solution space. Accepting worse solutions is a fundamental property of heuristics
because it allows for a more extensive search for the optimum.
• The method is an adaptation of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a Monte Carlo
method to generate sample states of a thermodynamic system, invented by M.N.
Rosenbluth and published in a paper by N. Metropolis et al. in 1953.

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 Basic version (1)

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 Basic version (2)

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 Points for SA

• Diameter of the search graph

• Transition probabilities
• Acceptance probabilities
• Efficient candidate generation
• Barrier avoidance
• Cooling schedule

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 2
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 Nelder-Mead Method (Amoeba)

• The Nelder–Mead method or downhill simplex method or amoeba

method is a commonly used nonlinear optimization technique,
which is a well-defined numerical method for problems for which
derivatives may not be known.
• The Nelder–Mead technique is a heuristic search method that was
proposed by John Nelder & Roger Mead (1965) for minimizing an
objective function in a many-dimensional space.

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 Basic movements

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 National Vegetable Research Station

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 ;-)

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 2
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 Genetic Algorithm (GA)
• The original motivation for the GA approach was a biological analogy. In the
selective breeding of plants or animals, for example, offspring are sought
that have certain desirable characteristics, characteristics that are
determined at the genetic level by the way the parents’ chromosomes
combine. In the case of GAs, a population of strings is used, i.e.
chromosomes.
• The recombination of strings is carried out using analogies of genetic
crossover and mutation, and the search is guided by the results of evaluating
the objective function f for each string in the population.
• Based on this evaluation, strings that have higher fitness (i.e., represent
better solutions) can be identified, and these are given more opportunity to
breed.

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 Terminology

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 Coding

• One of the distinctive features of the GA approach is to allow the

separation of the representation of the problem from the actual
variables in which it was originally formulated.
• In line with biological usage of the terms, it has become customary
to distinguish the ‘genotype’—the encoded representation of the
variables, from the ‘phenotype’—the set of variables themselves.

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 Translation
Encoding
(representation)
10010001
10010010
01001001
01101001
Decoding
(inverse representation)

Phenotype space Genotype space = {0,1}L

(territorio) (mappa)

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 Esempio: numero intero fra -7 e +7

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 Example

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 Mating, Mutation, Selection

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 One or Two

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 IN ANOTHER (INDIRECT) WAY:
OPTIMALITY CRITERIA

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 Optimality Criteria

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 Index Part II

8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
[Link] in action
• Sizing
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects • Morphology
• Surrogate • Topology
• Not so basic aspects • Generative
• Heuristics
• In another (Indirect) way:
optimality criteria

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10
LEVELS IN ACTION

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 Optimization Levels

Micro-level: Meso-level: Macro-level:

local size of the sections, form of the structural connections of the
i.e. thickness, area, element or structural part different structural
[Link]
inertia, … (Detailed (substructure), i.e. main parts (Load Path)
Geometry) longitudinal axis, curvature,
profile, … (Global Geometry)

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 SIZING

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 Fully Stressed Design (FSD)

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 Strutture isostatiche / iperstatiche

• Nelle strutture isostatiche il regime statico ovvero lo stato di sforzo

è determinato unicamente dalle condizioni di equilibrio (tra l’altro,
considerando piccoli spostamenti, il regime statico non è
influenzato dalle non linearità di materiale eventualmente
presenti).
• Nelle strutture iperstatiche, il regime statico ovvero la distribuzione
delle sollecitazioni e degli sforzi dipende dalla distribuzione delle
rigidezze, considerando che parti strutturali più rigide attirano
maggiori sollecitazioni e sforzi.

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 FSD in action

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 Solution that satisfies everything

 Design = max i 

i =1,...4

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 Industrial α - sections

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 A / W for HEB for α = h
14000000

W = 1E-11x 6 - 9E-08x 5 + 0,0002x 4 - 0,2162x 3 + 113,67x 2 - 17128x + 881393

12000000
A = 9E-13x 6 - 3E-09x 5 + 5E-06x 4 - 0,0036x 3 + 1,2509x 2 - 139x + 7185,3

10000000

A
8000000
W
Poly. (A)
6000000
Poly. (W)
4000000

2000000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

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 IPE HEB

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 Nota

• Con tale tecnica, si ottiene un dimensionamento che sfrutta a

pieno la capacità portante della sezione.
• Il progetto è basato quindi sul raggiungimento del requisito di
resistenza: un elemento strutturale e la struttura nel complesso
devono però soddisfare a differenti altri requisiti.
• È possibile considerare indirettamente questi altri aspetti anche
con il FSD: basta agire sui valori dei limiti tensionali o sui valori dei
moltiplicatori αmax ed αmin per dimensionare l’elemento con
riferimento ad altri aspetti che non siano la sola resistenza.

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 Taglio / Instabilità

170
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Es.

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 MORPHOLOGY

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 Geometry Parameter Based Optimization

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 192

 Non-Parametric Optimization

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 Michell

25-Oct-21 194
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 Hybrid optimization

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 202
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 TOPOLOGY

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 205
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 206
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 morfologica

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 207

 topologica

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 208

Es.

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Es.

a b

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 a

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 b

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 Mesolivello - morfologico

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 Fundamental steps of the BG evolutionary process

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 235
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 Macrolivello - topologico

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 237

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 Maillart’s Bridges

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 258
Maillart

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 Ponti Maillart

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 Discrete Models

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 topologica

25-Oct-21 267
 Morphology optimization via OC

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Es.

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 1° Step

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 2° Step

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 292
 Smoothing / Streamlining

293
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 294
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 Design Process

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 295

 Filters

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 296

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 297
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 298
 Engineering Design Phases

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 299

 Ingegnerizzazione

• Spessori minimi / massimi

• Lunghezze minime / massime
• Simmetrie
• Elementi industrializzati
• Procedure di realizzazione (forgiatura, piegatura, saldabilita’, …)
• Costruibilita’

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 300

 REFINED DESIGN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 301

 PROBLEM

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 302

 Meccanismo a cursore: 1a fase, aperto
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 303
 Meccanismo a cursore: 2a fase, chiuso
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 304
 PORTATA MENSOLA
• La stragrande maggioranza dei tegoli (più dell’80% del
mercato USA) necessitano di una mensola con
capacità portante ULTIMA (UL) intorno ai 70 Kips.
• Dalle analisi siamo convinti che sarà possibile ridurre,
almeno in parte, il peso della mensola. In ogni caso il
peso complessivo della mensola non potrà superare i
7 Kg.
• Note:
• 70 Kips ULS = 70 x 4.45 kN = 312 kN = 31.2 t
• 70 / 2.5 = 28 Kips -> 312/2.5 = 125 kN = 12.5 t

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 305

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 1.0 1.6 0.6
RIGHT END REACTION
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION)
ANCHORAGE FORCE

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 323

 1.0 1.6 0.6
RIGHT END REACTION
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION)
ANCHORAGE FORCE

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 324

 Classe di resistenza acciaio

• Si è deciso di adottare per la forgiatura della mensola, acciaio tipo

S460M (ASTM 913 Grade 65) il cui valore di snervamento è 460
N/mm2 ed è particolarmente tenace e resiliente anche a basse
temperature.
• Il forgiatore ha già confermato la disponibilità ad usare questo acciaio.

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 325

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 326
 1.0 1.6 0.6
RIGHT END REACTION
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION)
ANCHORAGE FORCE

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 327

 1.0 1.6 0.6
RIGHT END REACTION
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION) ANCHORAGE FORCE

Limit λ Shear Anchorage Right end Slice 0.3937 Slice 3.1496

Stat (slice 1.9685 (slice (slice inch inch
e inch) 1.9685 1.9685 (model) (suggested)
inch) inch)
kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips
SLS 1.0 120 26.98 190 42.71 72 16.19 24 5.40 192 43.16
25/10/2021 ULS 1.5
12/20/2012 180 40.47 285 64.07 108 24.28
[Link]@[Link] 36 8.09 288 64.74
328 328
 BASIC ANALYSIS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 329

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 330
 Comportamento Stringer&Panel

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 331

 Airframe Stringer & Panel

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 332

 Stringer Panel Method (SPM)

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 333

 STRINGERS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 334

 STRINGERS PROPERTIES

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 335

 CONNECTION PROPERTIES

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 336

 PANELS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 337

 PANELS PROPERTIES

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 338

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 339
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 340
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 341
 SWL elastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 342

 SWL elastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 343

 USL elastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 344

 USL elastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 345

 USL elasto-plastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 346

 USL elasto-plastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 347

 USL elasto-plastic behavior

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 348

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 349
 HOLES

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 350

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 351
 correnti

fori

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 352

 Forgiatura

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 353

 COMPARISON

ANSYS - ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 354

 Ansys

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 355

 Ansys
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN

Total mechanical strain intensity

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 356

 Ansys
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN

Total mechanical strain intensity

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 357

 Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN

Total mechanical strain intensity

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 358

 Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Effettivo F = 260 KN

Total mechanical strain intensity

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 359

 Abaqus

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 360

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 361

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Effettivo F = 170 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 362

 Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 363

 Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Effettivo F = 195 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 364

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 365

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Effettivo F = 275 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 366

 Ansys Vs Abaqus

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 367

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN

Ansys
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 368

 Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN

Ansys
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 369

 Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN

Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 370

 PUSHOVER

350

300

250
Force [KN]
200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15

Vert_Displ [mm]
Abaqus_ottimizzata (3D model) Ansys_Ottimizzata (2D model)

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 371

 REFINED DESIGN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 372

 REFINED DESIGN

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 373

 Mesh

Str
o N
GER

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 374

 Mesh

Str
o N
GER

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 375

 λ=1.0

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 376

 λ=1.5

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 377

 λ=1.9

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 378

 Mesh + Concrete Block

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 379

 λ=1.0 – 120 kN – 28 Kips

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 380

 λ=1.5 – 180 kN – 40 Kips

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 381

 λ=1.9 – 230 kN – 52 Kips

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 382

 Concrete Block - λ=1.0

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 383 383

 Concrete Block - λ=1.5

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 384 384

 Concrete Block - λ=1.9

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 385 385

 Structural Response

λ=1.9 – 230 kN – 52 Kips

λ=1.5 – 180 kN – 40 Kips

λ=1.0 – 120 kN – 28 Kips

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 386

 UNDER FIRE

(ISO Fire - Steel Temperature)

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 387

 Steel mechanical properties degradation

s
<=100°C
200°C
fyk
400°C

500°C

600°C

800°C

T
e

0.2% 2% 15% 20%

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 388

 ISO Fire - Steel Temperature
1000

800

600

400

ISO 834
200
θ steel

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 389

 PANEL STRESS, t= 0 sec, T= 20 °C, Yield stress 450 N/mm 2

ANSYS

ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 390

 PANEL STRESS, t= 565 sec, T= 576 °C, Yield stress 245 N/mm 2

ANSYS

ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 391

 PANEL STRESS, t= 650 sec, T= 618 °C, Yield stress 192 N/mm 2

ANSYS

ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 392

 PANEL STRESS, t= 730 sec, T= 651 °C, Yield stress 156 N/mm 2

ANSYS

ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 393

 PANEL STRESS, t= 770 sec, T= 665 °C, Yield stress 141 N/mm 2

ANSYS

ABAQUS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 394

 Structural Response (1)
14
12
10 Ansys
displ [mm]

8 Abaqus
6
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800
TEMP [°C]

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 395

 Structural Response (2)
12
10
Ansys
8
displ [mm]
Abaqus
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15
Time [min]

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 396

 Protective Measures
1200

TEMP [°C]
1000

800

600

400
ISO 834
Acciaio non protetto
200 pittura intumescente
schiuma PROMAFOAM d=7mm
Time [min] Gesso
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 397

 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 398

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 399
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 400
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 401
25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 402
 Mensola ottimizzata peso ≈ 5.3 kg
Roma, 03 dicembre 2012

25/10/2021 [Link]@[Link] 403

 2D

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 405
 3D

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 406

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 407
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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 409
 410
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 410
 411
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 411
 Vincoli funzionali

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 413
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 414
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 415
 Es.

416
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 416
 [Link]

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 417

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 420
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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 427
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 428
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 429
 GENERATIVE

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 430

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 431
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 432
25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 433
 Script

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 434

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 435
 436
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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 440
 [Link]

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 441

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 442
 Index Part II

8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
[Link] I action
• Sizing
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects • Morphology
• Surrogate • Topology
• Not so basic aspects • Generative
• Heuristics
• In another (indirect) way:
optimality criteria

25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 443

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 445
 DAY 2
• Tuesday 26 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours) • Tuesday 26 October 15.30-18.30 (2 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi • Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of • The construction of form in architectural
structural optimization works: critical issues and advantages of
• Setting up the structural problem. the mathematical/numerical approach
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited • The lesson presents, explores and
rationality and partial knowledge. discusses mainly qualitative aspects
Structural modeling. Solution of the concerning works of architecture and is
structural problem and its critical accompanied by some examples of study
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization addressed in some degree theses (which
problems. Optimization algorithms. are available at this link:
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches. [Link]
Discrete structural schemes. triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)

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25-Oct-21 STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2021 447
 STRUCTURAL
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
Franco Bontempi
Professore Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
[Link]@[Link]

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