Name: LOURAINNE FAITH Y.

ALOCELJA
Subject: AR 315 – BUILDING UTILITIES 3 - ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING
Code: 2197
Activity Name: Topic 2 – ULOa

Activity1. Let us try to check your understanding on

the Overview of Theories of Light
1. What is Sunlight?
- "Sunlight" refers to either light that comes directly from the sun or light
that has been diluted by the atmosphere. The solar energy that is visible
on Earth's surface is called "sunlight," and it is also sometimes referred
to as "sunlight”. The amount of sunlight received is influenced by the
amount of cloud cover at noon.
2. What is Daylight?
- Even though the term "daylight" is frequently used to refer to both
natural light and artificial light in general, it only refers to light that is
diffused. Daylighting has been shown to have positive effects on mood,
morale, fatigue, and eye strain.
3. What is Overcast Sky?
- In a sky that is completely overcast, the entire sky hemisphere functions
as a diffuse light source and serves as a light source. Altitude angle (y)
defines the brightness distribution of the CIE standard overcast sky. In
addition, the amount of light a cloudy sky produces is significantly
influenced by the solar altitude angle (ALT) behind the clouds.
4. What is Altitude Angle?
- The height at which the sun appears in the sky is represented by the
altitude angle, also referred to as the "solar elevation angle."An
imaginary line that connects the observer to the sun and the observer's
horizontal position are used to calculate the angle.
5. What Zenith Luminance?
- By examining a sizable amount of luminance and illuminance data, an
equation for zenith luminance as a function of turbidity and solar height
is developed. We also compare ideal clear days and the relationship
between horizontal illumination and zenith brightness from the clear sky
and come to the same conclusion. However, if the zenith luminance is
Lz, the brightness decreases from the horizon and is three times greater
at any altitude angle. Achieving zenith by following.
6. What is Clear Sky?
- • Under clear skies, the number of clouds is less than 30%. This sky will
most likely contain the sun. When it's partly cloudy, 30% to 70% of the
sky is cloudy. In certain occurrences, the sun can be blended in with this
 sky. Besides, mists seldom structure on days with high strain since
sinking air holds them back from framing. When there is low pressure,
the air slowly rises. As it rises and cools, airborne water vapor can no
longer exist as a gas.

7. Describe an Intermediate Sky.

- The typical intermediate CIE sky is a slightly hazy version of the clear
sky. The sun is brighter when the sky is clear, but the variations in
brightness are not as sharp. The typical cloudy CIE sky gets darker as
you go up in altitude. The brightness at the zenith is three times higher
than at the horizon.
8. Describe a Luminous Efficacy.
- A light source's luminance effectiveness gauges how well it can create
visible light. It is the lumens per watt (international system of units)
conversion factor between light flow and power (SI).
9. What Solar irradiance?
- Solar irradiance is the amount of light energy produced by the entire
Sun's disk when measured from Earth.We are observing the Sun like we
would a star, not as an image.An estimation of the splendor of the whole
Sun at a specific light frequency is known as the sun oriented ghastly
irradiance.
10. What are the types of Diffuse luminance? Describe each

11. What vector/scalar ratio?
- A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction, whereas a
scalar quantity only has a magnitude. To better comprehend our world,
engineers frequently use the ratio of the magnitudes of scalars to
compare scalar numbers. The ratio of a scalar quantity to another scalar
quantity can also be calculated by dividing a by b.a/b = ratio. The
straightforward rules that follow can be used to manipulate all scalar
quantities: If the ratio's value is greater than or equal to 1.0, then a is
greater than B, and vice versa.
12. What causes Overshadowing?
- The sun-path diagram and the shadow angle protractor have also been
created for the purpose of analyzing the thermal effects of solar
radiation. Additionally, these can be used to regulate sunlight. If not for
physical reasons, at least for psychological ones, it's best to let some
sunlight into occupied areas like classrooms or hospital wards in
temperate countries. Depending on the availability of sunlight, these
areas must be exposed to it for at least one hour every day for ten
months of the year in accordance with various standards of practice.
The overshadowing aspect also includes a property's garden and
surrounding grounds.
Let’s Analyze
1. Explain the formula of getting Altitude Angle.
- Finding the compass heading on the horizon with regard to true north and then
computing the angle between that point and the object from the observer's reference
frame yields the elevation (el) angle, commonly known as the height, of a viewed
object. Things above the horizon can have elevation angles of up to 90 degrees,
whereas the horizon has an elevation angle of 0 degrees (at the zenith).
Occasionally, the elevation coordinate range may reach -90 degrees below the
horizon (the nadir). If the observer is elevated above the surface, like in an airplane,
this is favorable. The elevation angle at solar noon may be calculated using the
formula: =90+=90+-, where is the location's latitude (positive for the northern
hemisphere and negative for the southern hemisphere). Depending on the day of the
year, represents the declination angle. On the summer solstice, the sun shines
directly overhead and the elevation angle is 90° at the Tropic of Cancer. The
elevation angle at solar noon is larger than 90° in the summer in latitudes between
the equator and the Tropic of Cancer, indicating that the sun is shining from the north
rather than the south as it does in much of the northern hemisphere. Corresponding
to this, there are times of the year when sunlight incident in latitudes between the
equator and the Tropic of Capricorn comes from the south rather than the north.
Even very simple PV system designs employ the maximum elevation angle, but for
more precise PV system simulation, it is necessary to understand how the elevation
angle changes during the day.
2. Explain the formula of Luminous Efficacy.
- The luminance effectiveness of a light source is used to measure its capacity to
produce visible light.It is the International System of Units' lumens per watt (lm/w)
(SI) measurement of the ratio of light flux to power.It measures light output.One
candela, or luminous power per solid angle, is equal to one steradian, or unit solid
angle.Lumens (lm) or luminous efficacy (lm/watt) will likely be listed on the lamp's
packaging.
3. Describe the difference between Outdoor illuminance and daylight.
-Permanent artificial lighting used to illuminate areas without roofs, such as outdoor
areas, is referred to as outdoor lighting.By providing illumination, outdoor lighting
aims to maintain or improve the visual performance of those engaging in human
activity.There are approximately 10,000 lux outside on a clear day.In a building, the
light intensity near the windows may be as low as 1000 lux.In the middle, it could be
anywhere from 25 to 50 lux.Even though the term "daylight" is sometimes used to
refer to both, it only means light that is diffused.The term "daylight" refers to all of the
day's received sunlight, both direct and indirect.Direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation,
and (frequently) all of these reflected by the Earth and terrestrial objects such as
landforms and structures are examples of this.The brightness of direct sunlight, also
known as daylight, is 120,000 lux, or lumens.However, it is essential to make a
projector image visible in daylight, whether you are projecting in your backyard for
some outdoor movie marathon action or something else.
4. Draw a colored sketch with proportional sizes the interpretation of
vector/scalar ratio.

SCALAR VECTOR
5. Give an example of Luminance Distribution.
- A sidewalk in a city, such as a Luminance distribution, is an illustration. The results
were compared to basic adaptation brightness predictions using luminance
distributions from externally lit scenarios as examples. The comparisons
demonstrate that the measurement zone's average brightness is generally a valid
approximation. One exception is pedestrian settings with multiple light sources
surrounding the measuring area.
6. Explain the characteristics of a low-transmittance Glass.
- Low-E glass contains a microscopically thin, transparent covering that reflects long-
wave infrared radiation (far thinner than a human hair) (or heat). Some low e's also
reflect a lot of short-wave solar infrared light. During the winter, when the inside heat
energy attempts to escape to the colder outside, the low-e coating reflects the heat
back to the inside, decreasing radiant heat loss through the glass. During the
summer, the opposite occurs. To offer a basic comparison, low-e glass functions
similarly to a thermos. A thermos has a silver lining that reflects the temperature of
the beverage within.

7. Sketch an example that will explain the relationship and difference of the
four (4) photometric quantities of light. Label all essential parts of the sketch
8. Enumerate ways to increase luminance in a room.
- It might be hard to figure out how to make a room look brighter. This is especially
true if your room does not have any large windows that let in natural light. Here are a
few quick ways to create a cozier atmosphere and increase lighting in your home or
room:
• Pick drapes in gray or pale beige.
• Select low-profile, straightforward furniture.
• Point your lights toward the walls or ceiling.
• Decide on a neutral or white color scheme.
• Make the most of your natural light.
• Position mirrors close to light sources.
• Make use of candles, fairy lights, and other soft lighting sources.
• Select furniture that is translucent or of a lighter shade.
• Use a big, bright area rug to cover the floor.
• Stick with white walls.
• Completely clean your windows.
9. Enumerate ways to decrease luminance in a room.
- Depending on how glare is produced, several methods may be used to eliminate it,
such as dimming the lights or using a combination of the two. Here are various
scenarios when you might want to dim the lighting in your room or office.
• Reduce the overall brightness of the illumination. Light bulbs should be reduced in
number. Make use of a dimmer switch. Reduce the brightness of the three-way bulb.
To get rid of the bright area, turn off the light. Drapes that lower the room's
brightness to keep out light from the outside
• LED lighting lets there be less light without making it harder to see.
Only warm-colored bulbs should be used, despite the fact that LEDs and CFLs can
help save energy and protect the environment.
• Use surfaces and colors more to reduce brightness.Make use of surfaces that
absorb light (rough surfaces with darker tones).
• Dim the brightness of the lights in your field of vision.Make use of lighting with a
shade that is opaque—this also spreads the light—see the next point.
10. Describe how to avoid overshadowing.
- Communities and real estate developers may have severe concerns about
overshadowing. A concern that new property developers must always be mindful of
is overshadowing. Because the quality of life in residential and commercial areas is
influenced by the sun, daylight, and temperature. It's important to double-check this
information before starting the design phase to prevent issues. To avoid
overshadowing, you must be aware of the building's distance from other locations, its
height in relation to neighboring properties, and the overshadowing laws in your
region. Each city may have its own overshadowing policies that you must be aware
of. It is impossible to totally avoid overshadowing. Because of this, it is crucial to take
into account how their new home or addition would affect the overall quality of life.
ULOa – In a Nutshell

1. Observe a white light that reflects through a mirror and a plain smooth
surface. As the light is being reflected into different directions, Explain
how was this possible? In your Explanation discuss on how
vector/scalar ratio is applied in this example

When light bounces off an item, it is said to reflect. The light will reflect at the same
angle from a smooth, shining surface, such as glass, water, or polished metal. The
term for this is specular reflection. The angle of incidence is the angle at which light
strikes a reflecting surface, while the angle of reflection is the angle at which light
reflects off the surface. When light strikes very small particles like gas molecules or
much bigger particles like dust or water droplets, some of the light is dispersed in all
directions. The amount of scattering is a function of the particle's size in relation to
the light's wavelength. More scattering occurs at shorter wavelengths. Light's
directionality is measured by the vector/scalar ratio (v/s). We orient a disk in space to
create the greatest difference in illuminance between its two sides in order to find the
"vector" for this ratio; The magnitude of the vector is the illuminance difference, and
the direction of the vector is the surface normal to the side with the greater
illuminance. The mean illuminance across the surface of a sphere is the "scalar" in
this ratio. The ratio of the magnitude of the vector to that of the scalar is known as
the vector/scalar ratio.