Chemistry Investigatory Project Name- SUBHAM BISSOYI Class- XI Roll no- 1120( 12619368) Date-13/03/2020Index Aim Quality of natural water and WHO recommendation . Introduction What is RO(Reverse Osomosis)? History and Development of RO Technology . Side effect of RO water & their perfect solution What Is The Minimum Level Of Minerals Or TDS In RO Water? 8. Possible Harmful Effects Or Disadvantages Of Drinking De-mineralized RO Water For Long 9. Should You Stop Using RO Purifiers? 10. How to Remineralize RO Water? 11. Conclusion 12. Acknowledgement NogsoneACKNOWLEDGEMENT:. | would take this ©pportunit gratitude to my Chemistry te: vital support and Buidance in ity to express my sincere thanks and acher Mr.Abhishek Sharma(PGT) for his completing this project. THANKING You.CERTIFICATE This is to certify that (SUBHAM BISSOY)), class XI of Kendriya Vidyalaya Nabarangpur has successfully completed investigatory project on the topic “RO Water Effects On Health & Solutions” (Mr. ramaik SHARMA) (PRINCIPAL) weg|sTo study the health effect of RO water and provide possible uality of natural water and WHO recommendations recommen“ The main requirement for drinking water is that it conforms to international standards and has acceptable clarity, taste, and smell. The diagram below provides a brief overview of the water cycle, which highlights that natural water comes from upland sources such as reservoirs, rivers or underground aquifers. The quality of natural drinking water varies according to: 1. Geography 2. Season 3. Source (surface or underground water)INTRODUCTION: ‘i eer, an These contaminants have the potential to negatively impact on any number of scientific applications. Natural and drinking water contain 2 number of impurities which will be highlighted in this section of the site. The standard and permissible value of different parameters DY WHO are: s. Standard Permisible No. Parameters Value values 1 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation 2 Turbidity (NTU) 1 5 3 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 500 2000 4 Total Hardness (as CaCO,, mg/L) 200 600 5 Sulphates (mg/L) 200 400 6 Magnisium (mg/L) 30 No relaxation 7 Nitrate (mg/L) 45 No relaxation 8 Chloride (mg/L) 250 1000 9 Residual Free Chlorine, (mg/L) 0.2 ay 10 Calcium (mg/L) 75 200 11 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO,, mg/L) 200 600 When it comes to your water purification system, it is important to know both your application and impurities are, as well as the state of your feedwater. If your feedwater is high in carbon dioxide then youmay need an extra degasser module with your system; harder water areas may also require additional consumables for more effective running of your systems. Make sure that you know before you start looking to buy your next water purification system. what is RO (REVERSE OSMOSIS)? Reverse osmosis(RO) is a water purification process tha’ a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, acolligative propertythat is driven by chemical potential differences of the solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. t uses Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective", this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as solvent molecules, i.e., water, H2O) to pass freely. Reverse osmosis is most commonly known for its use in drinking water purification from seawater, removing the salt and other effluent materials from the water molecules.History and develo ment of RO Technolo: A process of osmosis through semipermeable membranes was first observed in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet.For the following 200 years, osmosis was only a phenomenon observed in the laboratory. In 1950, the University of California at Los Angeles first investigated desalination of seawater using semipermeable membranes. Researchers from both University of California at Los Angeles and the University of Florida successfully produced fresh water from seawater in the mid-1950s.py the end of 2001, about 15,200 desalination plants were in operation or in the planning stages, worldwide With the technological development the small easily installable RO systems has reached most of the home. ied TS -tahe el COR proouanasretin weeny ater & Their Side_Effects of RO Perfect Solution fying water the most m the Reverse Osmosis is one of the most trusted methods of puri at home. And that is because RO purification provides comprehensive removal of all types of harmful impurities fro water so that evryone remain healthy. DRINKING” RO > WATER - The state of drinking water contamination in India has further increased the popularity of this water purification technique. Some critics of RO purification claim that RO purified water is not suitable for your health because of mainly two reasons. 1) RO Purification Removes All Essential Minerals from Water 2) RO Purification Reduces the pH Level of WaterLet’s discuss both the above points in more detail. rals fr ation Removes All Essential M Hypotonic: The solution has a lower solute concentration | thanthe cell A net movement | Hypertonic The solution has | alhigher solute concentration and outside the cll. Water than the cell A net movernent ‘molecules move equally in ofwatermoleculesoutofthe | of water molecules into ‘both directions, call causes I¢to shrink. cell causes it to It is a widely known fact that RO purification not only removes harmful contaminants like disease causing microorganismsyr and harmful heavy metals like lead, arsenic, mercury etc. but also oves some essential minerals like calcium and magnesium. This 5 rem ger as pecause the size of the molecule of these minerals is lar compared to water and RO membrane only permits water molecules to pass through it. Because of this fact, some people claim that since RO removes these essential minerals from the purified water, therefore RO water is not good for your health. There is no denying the fact that minerals like calcium and magnesium are essential for our body and RO purification does remove these during purification. But it is also true that no other water purification method is as effective and as widely used as RO purification.So how can you continue drinking RO water without worrying too much about the possible side effects of de-mineralized water? 2. RO Purification Reduces the pH Level of Water RO purification also reduces the pH level of water. When water is passed through a semi-permeable RO membrane, many organic and inorganic constituents fail to pass through, however gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO) pass through the RO membrane. CO? combines with the free Hydroxide ions (OH) in water to form acidic Hydrogen Carbonate or bicarbonate ions (HCO ), while the Hydrogen ions (H+) fail to find any substance to react with as most of the impurities are removed through the RO membrane.Reverse Osmosis Mains Water Pure Water | t Semi- Permeable Membrane ‘Water Contaminants Drain tection of Water Flow asa result, water has a positive balance of H* ion, lowering its PH sea making it acidic. The higher the amount of CO, in your water, lower isthe pH level. ACIDIC Neutral ALKALINE pH7 Acidic Food/Drinks, Alkaline Water/Food Negative emotions, Positive emotions, Stress...a, your body does a great job of maintaining a near neutral PH vel : r P ee at all times. When you drink slightly acidic water, it loses its {7 ye moment it comes in contact with saliva in your mouth and ity a inyour stomach. fo if you have any health issues or are trying to lose weight, you sa stop consuming acidic and sugar-added drinks. You should drink mreutal or slightly alkaline water for maintaining a proper acidic palace 9 your diet. What is the Minimum Level of Minerals or TDS in prinking Water? Most of the countries around the world including India have defined maximum acceptable limits of inorganic and organic substances to assure the safety of drinking water. Very little modern research has been done to set guidelines for the minimum quantity of minerals or TDS in water. However, the importance of minerals and other beneficial ingredients in drinking water has existed for thousand years, being mentioned in the Vedas of ancient India.yr Rig Veda clearly describes the properties of good drinking water as wsheetham (cold to touch), Sushihi (clean), Sivam (should have ‘utritive value, requisite minerals and trace elements), isthan (transparent), Vimalam lahu Shadgunam (its acid base balance shoul be within normal limits)”. WHO report published in 1980, recommended that the minimum pS in drinking water should be 100 mg/L. The optimum TDS should be about 200-400 mg/L for chloride-sulphate waters and 250- 500 mg/L for bicarbonate waters. Water with a TDS of 25-50 mg/L was described tasteless. In addition to the TDS levels, the report recommended that the minimum calcium content of drinking water should be 30 mg/L. The same report also reveals, European countries like the Czech Republic and Slovakia adopting the optimum magnesium level of 10 —30 mg/L in the drinking water. Possible Harmful Effects or Disadvantages of Drinking De-mineralized RO Water for Long According to a WHO report published in 1980, de-mineralized water or low-mineral water is not considered ideal and its regular consumption may result in a deficiency of some essential minerals. > The study reveals that drinking water that is deficient in calcium or magnesium may result in several health consequences like a high risk of Cardio Vascular Diseases.yr > The research also found that drinking water low in magnesium may be associated with a higher risk of motor neuronal disease, pregnancy disorders, sudden death in infants, and some types of cancer. > On the other hand, recent studies suggest that drinking water that has a low value of calcium leads to higher risk of bone fracture in children, premature birth and low weight at birth and some types of cancer. should You Stop Using RO Purifiers? All the above studies seem frightening and someone may now be thinking about stop using an RO purifier now. But that is not the right solution, because if you stop using RO purifier then you will be at a very high risk of several life-threatening diseases caused by water impurities. Because no other water purification technology is as effective as RO purification. The solution lies in overcoming the shortcomings of RO purification with the use of the latest technology. What this essentially means is a technology which re-mineralizes or adds back the essential minerals in the de-mineralized RO purified water. How to Remineralize RO Water? 1) If you are already using RO water purifier (without mineralizer cartridge) and the TDS level of purified water is below 50 mg/L or 50 ppm then you can add an extra mineralizer cartridge after UV or post carbon filter, just before the water is filled in the storageP tank. It can be done yourself or you can get this done from a professional. 2) Mineralizer cartridge like the one adds essential minerals like Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium to the purified water and make the water alkaline by increasing its pH value. 3) You can also buy special water bottles, called alkaline water bottles, which not only increase the pH value of water but also add essential minerals in water. 4) If you are planning to buy a new RO water purifier then always look for RO purifiers with mineralizer or TDS controller/modulator feature. This is especially important if the TDS level of raw/untreated water is below 900 mg/L or 900 ppm because most RO purifiers remove up to 90-99% of TDS. Several brands like Kent, Livpure, Havells, AO Smith etc. offer RO purifiers with TDS controller/modulator or mineralizer cartridge. 5) Water is not the only source of essential minerals; several food items contain Calcium and Magnesium. You can include these foods to maintain the proper balance of these minerals in your body. Below we have listed some food items that contain Magnesium and Calcium.Foods which contain Magnesium Green leafy vegetables (e.g. spinach) Fruits (figs, avocado, banana, and raspberries) Nuts and seeds Vegetables (peas, broccoli, cabbage, green beans) Seafood (salmon, mackerel, tuna) Whole grains (brown rice and oats) Dark Chocolate Foods which contain Calcium Milk Cheese Yogurt Almonds Whey Protein CONCLUSIONS: No other water purification technology is as effective as RO purification. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water. On the other hand, it also removes somey- | qi minerals like calcium and magnesium and drops the PH of | ssenti so acidic: Both effects are responsible for health risks. wa! But not using RO water is not the only solution.lt also move But that is not the right solution, because if you stop using RO wrifier then you will be at a very high risk of several life-threatening eases caused by water impurities. Because no other water purification tecl hnology is as effective as RO purification international and national authorities responsible for drinking water quality should consider guidelines for desalination water treatment, specifying the minimum content of the relevant elements such as calcium and magnesium and TDS. If additional research is required to establish guidelines, authorities should promote targeted research in this field to elaborate the health benefits. If guidelines are established for substances that should be in deminerialised water, authorities should ensure that the guidelines also apply to uses of certain home treatment devices and bottled waters. Inthe end, we would like to conclude all the debate around whether RO water is good for health or not with the fact that RO is not only the most effective purification technique but is also one of the safest. RO water should be mineralized after treatment to ensure the guidelines given by WHO.