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    NERV COORD

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    20 views22 pages

    Nerv Coord

    Uploaded by

    Sauban Ahmed

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ae NERVOUS COORDINATION [7 Her completing this lesson, ‘you will be able to Recognize receptors as ransducers sensitive to varus stimu Trace the path ota message transmiied fo the GINS for processing, Ifenity the tree neurons (sensor. intermediate, mate) invsivad in nervous transmission Ieniig muscles and giands as the eftectors Pred from every day experience what various kinds of receptor can be found in human body. Descrive the detaied structure af a sensory neuron, associate and a maior neuron and relate the specialization in strictures with functors Diforeniate between myetnatod and nenemyetinated nourDas Exptan the function of fa three types of nourons with tho help of a reflex ar: Draw and inbet the stucture af thres kinds of neuron, Betine nerve impuise Describe the generation and transmission of nerve impulse Name he lactors responsible forthe resting membrane potential of neuron, Evatuaia from agraph ne phenomena af poarczation, depolaneation and hyperpatarisation of membrane Compare tne vetoes of nerve impulse inthe aon membrane and inthe synaptic cet Describe the structure of synapse. Explain synaptic banseigslon ol oerve impulse Cnsstyneucotransmitiersas inbtory and excitatory and ist some common examies, Basic Organization of Heenan Nervous Sysiem, tent ne main components ofthe nervous sysier, Explin Billy Ne hurt ons of major divisions ef brain Describe the architecture of human train and compare its sectional wew with that af the spinal cord Desetibo eranial and spinal ors in isn, EExpiain tho structure typos and functions of autonomic norwous system. Exptan the ttructure and functioning of the receptors for smal, taste an touth / pain Drow alabeteg dagram of ha human bron Ibenity iterent eomponants in the diagram of CNS and PNS Eifec of Drugs on Nervous Coordination. Deine narcotic drugs as agomis that interact wih the normal nervous actny Compare the uso ond abuse of drugs wil raspect to heroine, Cannabis, nicotine, akcohol and inhalants tho nai polish remaver and quo Kr Neeru Coordination = + Dofane and captain te tons; dug sdsieton and drug tolerance wth releronee to eatlaine nnd wseatine ‘+ Associate the effects of drug addiction and iotarance with the functioning of nervous system, + Describe wihrawat sympioms of alcohol + Disorders of Narvour Systom and Diagnostic Tests + Classi newvaus disorders ito vascular, infectious, structural. unctional ard dogeoeraive disorders, + Deseribo the eauses. eyriploms and Westment one type of each estegory of disorders cutiaed above, (eg, stoke a5 vaseular, moningitis as infectious, brat fuer as strctural, headache as furetlonal, and Aihoimer disease as degenerative disorder). + Explain the pencisios of tha important diagnoste fasts tor narvous disorders ie. EEG, CT scan and MRI + Goncepiualize tha activity of brain as an efsctncal activity, which can be recorded using rmagnets and tomography. ‘+ Compare the MRI ccan of the brain of 2 sloaping huenan with that of 3 fully awake india ‘+ dusty the way norvaws systam helps to coordinate complox and inrcale mavemanisf hard to play a piano, of write alphabets ‘+ Ascartain he effect of nerve gas-as.an inhibios ef acelychoknesterace, ‘+ dusty that the development af a modem computer ia «facta product of tha undorstanding ofthe way erwaus coorcinalion occurs in complex organisms lke humans 4+ Deseribe how ins knowledge has helped humans ta teat diseases ke eptepsy, paralysis I The body of an animal is frequently exposed to variety of stimuli in its dally ile. For an approptiate response to & particular stimulus, usually more than ono body parts ate involved, their activites are coordinated either by nervous system or endacrine systom or both. These ‘hwa types of coordination systems you also have studied in grade X to some extent, but in this chapter we are mainly focusing on the human nervous system, The system of the body that provides: ‘among diferent body parts for he response ta a particular stimulus is called nervous system. nervous system is the most evolved amiong all the animals, The sludy of the structure: of nervous sysiem is called neurology. Norvous coordination mainly comprises highly specialized cells, called the neurons. The function of a neuron is to detect and receive simul fram different sensory organs (teceptars) and then, integrate them to determine the mode of response af the living arganism, and then commands for an appropriate response are transmitted to the ather organ (elfectors). [Nervous coordination in higher animals therelore consists of three basic steps jie. ception ot stimulus, proeessingtanalysis of information and response to stimulus. "Receptor act as transducer because Wt co 22g. F6d and cone: cell in the ratina of eye convert th iecira chemical energy) 17.1 NEURONS Nourons are the basic structural and functional unit af the nervous system, — 17.4.4 Structure of Neuron reno hough neurons wary considerably in size and shape, ety hay Udine BOBS oNRRENT oS NSA —— EEE. . Call body Sent ‘The cell body is called neuron cell body. It contains a fo= mass of granular cytoplasm and cell membrane, The single . vrimvees large nucleus is centrally placed with a prominent nucleolus. Ho ethene boot re one ae emnekt Ce ie rig, gp eso Fig. 17.1 Structure of neuron Dendrites Dendrites are short and thin, often highly branched cytoplasmic extensions that are Gradually tapered from their bases to their tips. Axons of other neurons form synapses with the dendrites, The function of the dendrite is to receive stimuli and conduct impulses to the cell body. Axon An axen is comparatively a lang and thick nerve fibre whieh has a constant diameter and can vaty in size ftom a few mm to mare than a metre lenglh. It may be branched or un~ branched. Axons terminate by branching {0 form small extensions with enlarged ends called presynaptic terminals, Functionally, axons conduct action potentials from the neuron cell body to the presynaptic terminals, i¢., conduct signal (information) away from the eel! body. Myelin sheath and Schwann cells Beside neuron, nervous system also consists of neuroglia or glial celts, eats Isually axons are covered by Schwann cells which are strip like cells wrap around om cals are also covered by a fall substan eal myelin sheath that acts aS. lasualor. Tos is why aos ave caled myelinated Mores, A nonmyelnaled pat ot axon between two Schwann calls is catled nods of Ranvier, Science Tithits. LUnipelae neuron has @ single process an axon that extends from the call body and divides into tan. In bipolar ‘nautons, the cat body is located between the two processes! an axon and a donde 6... atina of tho oye. ‘Multipelar neurons have three or mare processes ie ,the several dendrites and one axon & sr Nowvous Coordination ici] Tynes of neurons ‘Avot a However, all neurons vary somewhat ovr AEN dag Caney ee in size, shape, and characteristics i Pact depending on the function and role of the “P= esse neuron, Based upon function there are three © Axo" ‘ims ane types of neurons, Sensory neurons Sensory euro ethos edeusel Severn et laa Ta ae aes Bert seal conducting fibre just outside the CNS. The: branches at one end are connected to the receptor. Fig. 17.2: Types ef neuron Motor nourons conduct impulsesisiwayilfom thaléential nenvous sysiom, Tho RISERS ‘SSSA The terminal branches at the far end of the neuron are connected to an efector. GECESNSCRCUENAINEIONS They convey messages between various paris of the CHS_Ihe axon is comparatively thin and non-myeinated, 171.2 Reflex Are Reflex action is an immediate, a oar terme external and intemal envi changes. The path of the during reflex action is called ref Example A typical reflex are includes five fundamental parts: eet sina For example if one unexpectedly touches a hot object. the hand is rapidly removed from the source of heat. Receptors in the skin of the hand Sieea mise are activated by the heat of the object. Fig. 17-3: A toliox are The receplors stimulate a sensor neuron The is The f the spinal cord, The impulse then crosses a synapse toa interneuron which lies compictely within the cord, The impulse travels atong the interneuron and then passes across a synapse to the dendrites and {he cell body of al mater neuron Whici lies Within the Spinal Cord. The motor neuron eventually branches to form synapses with several muscle cells ie, an effectar, The nerve impulses then move atong the motar neuron to the muscles, which cause them to contract Sr 17 Nereus entation 17.2 NERVE IMPULSE Nerve impulse is information or signal about a stimulus that is iansmitted trom cecepiors to the CNS and from CNS to the etfectors, In technical terms a nerve impulse can be defined as @ wave of electrochemical changes that travel along the length of neuron, from one end to the other, 47.2.4 Generation and Transmission of Nerve Impulse Here, word “electrochemical” refers to the electrical potential (a capacity to do electrical \work) that exists on neuron membrane. In case of neuron the electrical potential is termed as membrane potential which is exhibited in two different forms ie., Resting Membrane Poteniial (RMP) and Active Membrane Potential (AMP) Resting membrane potential W Is characterized by nh membrane than inner surface. ind the neuron is supposed to be at rest, This means that there is an unequal distribution of ions an the Wwe sides of the nerve cell membrane, This potential generally measures about 70 mY (with the inside of the membrane negalive with respect lo the outside), So, the resting membrane potenUal is expressed as-7O mM) 2 AES | 0 RANA (or compares io) not ca a resting membrane potential because it occurs when a membrane is not being stimulated or conducting impulses. Resling membrane potential is established by the following faciors: Oihake tony =f gp ph Lenyre gate Yatagerapaaos nage esate para ioe rt cline ama Fig. 17.4: onie mavement aeross neuron membeana Disteibution and active movement of Na” and K" ions, Th " ulside ana the conceritation of These i ‘against their concentration Soden tough sun ptssiom pune ye expen of energy For vay we Ka ate aelively transported inward, three Na’ are pumped out, So inside becomes more negative than outside of the neuron membrane, & sr noevous Coordination Ea Negative organic lons There are many types of organic compounds in ihe neuron cytoplasm thal also have nnogative charges. Thesa iansiinlusie some amino acids, many protains and RNA. Presence of these ions in Lhe neuron cyioplasm makes inside of neuron more negative than outside, Leakage of K’ ions Geli membrane of neuron also has many; Kk" ions leak continuously through leaky K* gates, This aiso makes more positive outside of neuron than inside. Overall there are more positive charges on the outside than on the inside. This is known as resting membrane potential. This potontia) wil be maintained unt the membrane is disturbed of stimulated by a sufficiemiy | SARTO Bon acon potential wil be produced, Active mambrane potential Active membrane potential (also called action potential) is charactenzed by more positive inside of neuron than outside (Wepolanzediistate), This happens when positive charges tend to move inside of neuron on receiving a particular stimulus. This. electrochemical change neuro’ followed by the recovary af polarized state. In this way a wave of action potes begins to move tawords other end of newon. Sapa aia Action potential is established by the sien’ mie mena following factors. mee Threshold stimulus Wa stimulus # stimulus. ae us ‘of Na" ions When a neuron fibre is/Stimilated byl ihreshold Stimillls ‘AS a result Na gales permit the Since there are more Na" ions enle Fig. 17.8: Conduction of nerve impulse across electronegative outside lasts for abo: Repolarization af nouron fibre A fraction of second alter the sodium gates open, membrane ease cone Potassium therefore ince the polassi makes the inside of the cell more negative and starts the Hyper-polarization (More K* ions are on the outside than Na’ ions on the inside} 2 ‘Sodium permeabiily therefore dacines, The luring this, time, $0 it gradually bagins 1 restore Actor Rehnsory the original resting potential, This ay ete . a repolarization 36 shown by the falling phase of the action potential spike ‘and results in the membrane potential returning 10 its ariginal tevel. In fact, ts resting potential. This is called ae “Hamorace gcc! iri . “To (itso) continge fo enter the axan their Fig, 474: Action potential ina neuron positive charge restores. the normal resting potential, Refractory period of recavery of nerve fibre Is calle fractery period. Alihough a repolarised neuron fibre has ‘RRINSSESRES during which the original ionic distibution is restored by sadium-potassium pump which actively transports Na" ions oul and K’ ions in. This returns the membrane to ils testing potential i., -70mV. Reftaclory period fasts for about a milis6Eahds so 3 neuron can 17.2.2 Velocities of Nerve Impulse Velocities of nerve impulse in the axon memibsane and in the synaptic cleft are variable. In human aon myelinated fibessnerve impulses tavelatt 4a melres;BerSeEond, Nyelnated fibres conduct al speeds of up teNT20 (MEWS per second The velocily of nerve impulse is {aster im myelinated neuron fibre due to saltatery conduction. Ssltalory conduction is the rapid transmission of a nerve impulse alang an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping trom © sr nervous Coordination Ea ‘one node of Ranvier lo another, skipaing the mysinaled ragions of membrane, 1

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