Thermodynamics Formulas

Name Formula
1st Law of Δ Euniverse = Δ Esystem + ΔE surroundings Energy cannot be created nor
Thermodynamics destroyed – only change forms.

2nd Law of Δ Suniverse = Δ Ssys + ΔS surr ≥ 0 Entropy of the universe is always

Thermodynamics increasing.

3rd Law of S = KB lnW = K B ln(1) = 0 S of a pure crystal at 0K is

Thermodynamics 0 J/mol·K

Enthalpy ΔH= q Enthalpy, ΔH, is the measure of

heat energy in a system at constant
pressure.
Standard Enthalpy Δ H ° = ∑ Δ H° f ,products + ∑ Δ H° f , reactants Enthalpy change when one mole of
a substance is made from its
elements in standard conditions.
(Enthalpy Change of Formation)
Entropy q reversible Entropy, ΔS, is the measure of
ΔS= disorder in a system.
T A higher entropy = A greater
amount of disorder.
Solids < Liquids < Gases.
Δ H system
Δ Ssurroundings = −
T

Standard Entropy Δ S ° = ∑ Δ S °products + ∑ Δ S°reactants (Standard Molar Entropies)

Gibb's Free Energy Δ G = ∑ Δ Gproducts + ∑ Δ Greactants Used to to predict whether a

process will occur spontaneously
at a constant temperature and
pressure.

Δ G = ΔH − T Δ S
Δ G = ΔG° + RT ⋅ln(Q) Q = Reaction Quotient
R = 8.3145 J/mol·K

Standard Free Energy Δ G ° = ∑ ΔG° f ,products + ∑ Δ G°f , reactants

Specific Heat q = mc Δ T The amount of heat energy needed
Capacity, to raise the temperature of 1 gram
c of a substance by 1℃.
Used in "coffee-cup" calorimetry.
m = mass in grams.
(Specific Heat Capacities)
Heat Capacity, q = CΔT The amount of energy required to
C raise the temperature of a
substance by 1℃.
Used in "bomb" calorimetry.