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    Transmission Line Problems

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    serag LY

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    Problem 2.2 Calculate the line parameters R', L', G', and C! for a coaxial line with an inner conductor diameter of 0.5 cm and an outer conductor diameter of 1 cm, filled with an insulating material where ps = jl, &; = 4.5, and 6 = 10-3 S/m. The conductors are made of copper with pic = pu and G, = 5.8 x 107 S/m. The operating frequency is | GHz. Solution: Given a= (0.5/2) cm = 0.25 x 10°? m, b= (1.0/2) cm = 0.50 x 10-? m, combining Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) gives ai [me (ly! Rex Ge (3+) (10° Hz) (4m x 10-7 H/m) ( 1 1 ) ~ oR 5.8 x 107 S/m 0.25 x 102m * 050x102 m = 0.788 Q/m. Problem 2.3. A 1-GHz parallel-plate transmission line consists of 1.2-cm-wide copper strips separated by a 0.15-cm-thick layer of polystyrene. Appendix B gives He = ly = 4 x 10-7 (H/m) and o, = 5.8 x 107 (S/m) for copper, and €, = 2.6 for polystyrene. Use Table 2-1 to determine the line parameters of the transmission line. Assume ju = jig and 6 ~ 0 for polystyrene. Solution: 0° x 4m x 10-7)? pn Rs 2 Ex 10 x4nx 10") 1.38 (vm), w wl oe 1.2.x 10 5.8 x 107 d _ 4nx 107? x 1.5 x 1074 Lao A 1.57 10-7 (Him), w 1.2 x 10-2 G=0 because = 0, )_ ew w 10° 1.2 x 107? = me Z Racin ha = 10 . =p = BEG = age K 26% Te gaa = 184x107 Fim) Problem 2.5 Find 0,8, 1p, and Zo for the coaxial line of Problem 2.2. Solution: From Eq. (2.22), (R' + jal)(G + joc’) = \/ (0.788 Q/m) + j(2m x 10? s~!)(139 x 10-° H/m) x (9.1 x 10-3 S/m) + j(2m x 10° s!)(362 x 10-12 F/m) = (109 x 10-9 + 744.5) m. Thus, from Eqs. (2.25a) and (2.25b), 0 = 0.109 Np/m and B = 44.5 rad/m. From Eq. (2.29), n- \é + jot! | (0.788. Om) + j(2nx 10° s~!)(139 x 10-° Him) G+ joc’ (9.1 x 10-3 S/m) + j(2x x 10° s~!) (362 x 10-7 F/m) = (19.6 + j0.030) Q. From Eq. (2.33), @ 2nx 10° =e =1) 8 in/s. lp = B= agg = AI x 108 mvs Problem 2.10 Using a slotted line, the voltage on a lossless transmission line was found to have a maximum magnitude of 1.5 V and a minimum magnitude of 0.6 V. Find the magnitude of the load’s reflection coefficient. Solution: From the definition of the Standing Wave Ratio given by Eq. (2.59), Solving for the magnitude of the refiection coefficient in terms of S, as in Example 2-4, Problem 2.12 A 50-Q lossless transmission line is terminated in a load with impedance Z;, = (30 — j50) Q. The wavelength is 8 cm. Find: (a) the reftection coefficient at the load, (b) the standing-wave ratio on the line, Solution: (a) From Eq. (2.49), Z.-Z% _ (30 j50) —50 _ 03° —— = = 0570" Z+% (0-50) +50 = (b) From Eq, (2.59), ga LHD _ 14057 _ 3 65, 1-|T, 1-057. Problem 2.17 At an operating frequency of 300 MHz, a lossless 50-Q air-spaced transmission line 2.5 m in length is terminated with an impedance Z;, = (40+ j20) Q. Find the input impedance. Solution: Given a lossless transmission line, Zy = 50, f = 300 MHz, |= 2.5 m, and Z,, = (40+ j20) Q. Since the line is air filled, up = c and therefore, from Eq. (2.38), @ _ 2nx 300 x 10° = = = 2 rad/m. B tr 3x18 i rad/m. Since the line is lossless, Eq. (2.69) is valid: Zt iz mt) — gy ( (40+ j20) + f50tan (2m rad/m x 2.5 m) ~ (& (40+ [20) tan (2m rad/m x 2.5 m) ) (40+ j20) + j50 x 0 . = 50 ( GO4I20) + J50%0) _ (404 j20) 2. (Seana x0) ~ 40+ 20) Zn = X " 0 (AT Problem 2.18 A lossless transmission line of electrical length 1 = 0.35) is terminated in a load impedance as shown in Fig. 2-38 (P2.18). Find P’, $, and Zin. I-—/ = 0.35A ——> | ZL = (60 + j30) @ Figure P2.18: Loaded transmission line. Solution: From Eq. (2.49a), pa Ze =Zo _ (60+ j30) ~ 100 = = = j132.5° At ~ (0+ 730) 4100 307: From Eq. (2.59), From Eq. (2.63) _ Z + jZotanBl ine (Asap) “ino (60+ j30) + j100tan (220.354) - 100 + j(60 + j30) tan (7440.35) ) = (64,8 — 38.3) Q Problem 2.21 A voltage generator with v,(f) = Scos(2m x 10°r) V and internal impedance Z, = 50 Q is connected to a 50-Q lossless air-spaced transmission line. The line length is 5 cm and it is terminated in a load with impedance Z. = (100 = j100) Q. Find (a) Tat the load. (b) Ziq at the input to the transmission line. (c) the input voltage V, and input current J. Solution: (a) From Eq. (2.494), (100—j100)-50 | ng 0 (100=j100) +50 = 7" (b) All formulae for Z;q require knowledge of B = «/up. Since the line is an air line, Up = ¢, and from the expression for vg(¢) we conclude w = 2x x 10° rad/s. Therefore pe ex 10° rad/s _ 20 “3x1 ms rad/m, Then, using Eq. (2.63), _ 5 (At it st) a(R =50( 1 100) + j50tan (295 rad/m x 5 em) ~~ \'50-+ 7(100 = 100) tan (225 rad/m x 5 em) 100 — j100) + j50tan (§ rad) = 50( (100m 5100) + 4 Nol =(125- 12.7) @ 50+ j(100— j100) tan (¥ rad) ‘An alternative solution to this part involves the solution to part (a) and Eq, (2.61). (©) In phasor domain, V, = 5 Ve” . From Eq. (2.64), Z Vedin 5x (12.5—j12.7) —j40 tq 30+ (25- jay A ~ and also from Eq, (2.64), terse" ; == = 7 NS ). Zq W2s—pay Se mA) Problem 2.22 A 6-m section of 150-Q lossless line is driven by a source with vg(t) = Scos(8m x 10’r—30°) (V) and Z, = 150 Q, If the line, which has a relative permittivity €, = 2.25, is terminated in a load Z,, = (150— j50) Q, find (a) 1 on the line, (b) the reflection coefficient at the load, (c) the input impedance, (d) the input voltage Vj, (@) the time-domain input voltage vi() Solution: (1) = Scos(8m x 10"r—30°) V, seh" Vv, 1509 7 coc a i ‘Transmission line 2b - Jf t %E) Vi Zine H= 1502 VY ti “ 15050) Q Generator |+——!=6m (a) “Fo Bmx 107 © _ 8nx10? =04n (rad/m), uy 2x10 Bl=04nx6=24n (rad). Load Since this exceeds 27 (rad), we can subtract 27, which leaves a remainder B/ = 0.410 (rad). (b) (©) _%=% _ 150-j50-150 __ —j50 ~ Z+Z 150—j50+150 300 j50 = 0.1627", Z_+ jZotanBl Zt jZ al a Sees [150+ 7150 — j50) tan (0.4m) | = (115.70 + j27.42) Q. @ VeZin _ Se730°(115.7 + 27.42) ZtZin 1504 115.7 + 727.42 = 5e-70 e 7+ j27.42 265.7 + 727 = SI" x 0.44074 ) 2.26256" (Vy), (e) vi(t) = Me[Vjel™] = Me[2.2e77756 eI) — 2.2.cos(Sm x 107 — 22.56") V. Problem 2.30 A 50-Q lossless line of length / = 0.375A connects a 300-MHz generator with V, = 300 V and Z, = 50 Q to a load Z. Determine the time-domain current through the load for: (a) Z. = (50= j50) Q, (b) Z, = 509, (ce) Z = 0 (short circuit). Solution: (a) Z = (50—j50) Q, Bi = 32 x 0.375A = 2.36 (rad) = 135°, Zum 20 = 550 — j63.43° = = ——_=0.45e/%* , A+Z 100-750 7 °° Application of Eq. (2.63) gives: Ze + Havent _ [sen + j50tan 135° —— ——————_| = (100 + j50) Q. Z + jZ. tan Bl 50+ 7(50— 750) tan 135° | ~ (100+ 50) Za= Z| 50Q ‘Transmission line Figure P2.30: Circuit for Problem 2.30(a). Using Eq. (2.66) gives vr = ( Mezn 1 0 \ 2 +Zin) el Tee 300(100-+ j50) 1 ~ 50+ (100+ 750) (= F045 eT @= = 150e3" (yy, 150e73° a (10.45 e788") = i-“a-n-= .68e F984" (A), Z u(t) = Refi] = Me[2.68e- HOSA efor 1047) .68 00s (6m x 10° — 108.44°) (A), 4 = 50.0. r=0, Zp =509, 300x 50/1 3s = ( —_) = 1507! V) 50+ 50 (a=) = ©, ~ Vy Si 7 3s i-2-2 0 (1138 _ 56/38 (A), f(t) = RefZeP® eier0y, 3cos(6m x 10°r— 135°) (A). © a T= 0+ jZotan 135° 0 Zu =Zo (2) 135 o( Z+0 ) sata 300(—j50) 1 ~j13s° ft i Vl = ES (geese) = 1506 ), ~ _ Ve z ° k= 2n- 1 = SO t= oe A), (= cole 101-135") (A). Problem 2.34 An antenna with a load impedance Z;, = (75+ j25) Q is connected to a transmitter through a 50-Q lossless transmission line. If under matched conditions (50-Q load), the transmitter can deliver 20 W to the load, how much power does it deliver to the antenna? Assume Z, = Zo. Solution: From Egs. (2.66) and (2.61), ie V,Zin 1 0 Z_+Zin) \eBl 4 Te VeZo [(1 + Te 8) /(1 Pe ?)] el Zt Zo [(1 + Pe PF) /(1 —Te-PB)] "1 + Pe P28 V,e~i8 ~ (Te PB) + (14 Pe PBI eal (1=Te- 8) + (14 Te“PB) ? Thus, in Eq. (2.86), Fe i81)2 % Under the matched condition, || = 0 and P,, = 20 W, so |Vq\?/8Z0 = 20 W. ‘When Z;, = (75+ j25) Q, from Eq. (2.49a), (1-|r?) = $5-(1- (rp). _—Z-% _ (15+ j25)Q-50Q 7 = US+ 725) Q= 508 _ 9) 477,536 Zt ~ (3+ 73a+50a 80 Pyy = 20 W (1—|T|?) = 20 W (1 -0.2772) = 18.46 W. Problem 2.62 | |Z, = 60+; 100) The circuit shown in the figure consists of a 100-Q lossless trans: ion line terminated in a load with Z1, = (50+ j100) Q. If the peak value of the load voltage was measured to be |V.| = 12 V, determine: (a) the time-average power dissipated in the load, (b) the time-average power incident on the line, and (c) the time-average power reflected by the load. Solution: (a) — = Z _ 50+ j100- 100 _ =50+ 100 _ 9 6, js29° “Z+% 50+ jl00+100 1504 j100 The time average power dissipated in the load is: 1, Pay = IhLPRL = Ru 1 50 = sR = 5 x 12? x = 0.29 W. 2 ig eR = 3%? * sor toe = 97? (b) Pay = Poy(1=|T\?) Henee, pi = Pw 02) naw, w1-(r2 1-0.622 . © PI, = —|PP Pi, = —(0.62)? x 0.47 = -0.18 W. Ex Transmission Line Wavelength A length of coaxial line is filled with a dielectric having a relative permittivity of 20 and is designed to be !/s wavelength long at a frequency, f, of 1.850 GHz. {a) What is the free-space wavelength? (b) What is the wavelength of the signal in the dielectric-filled coaxial line? (©) How long is the line? Solution: (a) Ao = c/f =3 x 10°/1.85 x 10° = 0.162 m = 16.2 cm. (b) Note that for a dielectric-filled line with pz, = 1, \ = up/f = c/(Vef) = o/ Ve, 80 X= o/ Ver = 16.2 em//20 = 3.62 cm. (0) Xo/4 = 3.62 cm/4 = 9.05 mm. Eta RLGC Parameters A transmission line has the RLGC parameters R= 100 0/m, L = 80 nH/m, = 1.6S/m, and C’= 200 pE/m. Consider a traveling wave at 2 GHz on the line. (@) What isthe attenuation constant? () What is the phase constant? (©) Whats the phase velocity? (4) What is the characteristic impedance ofthe line? (€) What is the group velocity? Solution: @) a: a+s3= (Rtn Cr me y= VCO po BO 1O-PY (LG + 200 TOP) = (17.94 + J51.85) m™ a= Ry} = 17.94 Np/m (©) Phase constant: (©) Phase velocity: wa g= 2.57 10” rad/s = 9{y) = 51.85 rad/m 2ef _ 1257 x Wrad-s S185 rad-mr (A) Zo = (R+ yob)/-y = (100+ 9 80-10-)/(17.94 + 361.85) = (17.9 + 54.3) 2 Note also that Z = (+ jo1)/(G+ JOC), which yields the same answer (€) Group velocity: 2.42 x 10° m/s =) = OB ‘Numerical derivatives will be used, thus vy = Aw/A3. Now 3 is already known at 2.GHz, At 1.9 GHz, 7 = 17.884 + 349.397 m“', and so f = 49.397 rad/m. _ 2x(2GHz=19GH2) __2n(2=19)10" Hz. “«~ F@GHz)—A9GHz) (185 — 49.307) mt 2.563 x 10° m/s. (Note that Hz =s~*. Note that vy # vp, and so the transmission line has dispersion.) | ExaMPLe 2. | Transmission Line Characteristics A line has an attenuation of 10 dB/m and a phase constant of 50 radians/m at 2 GHz. (a) What is the complex propagation constant of the transmission line? (b) If the capacitance of the line is 100 pF/m and the conductive loss is zero what is the characteristic impedance of the line? Solution: G=0), (@) aly = 0.1151 x alan = 0.1151 x (10.dB/m) = 1.151 Np/m, 8 = 50 rad/m Propagation constant, 7 = o + 7 = (1.151 + 950) m= ) y= (RF HL) (GF pO), and ZH = /(R+ pL) (G+ oO), therefore Zo = 7/(G + puC);w = 2n-2x 10° s-'; G=0; C=100x 10°" F, 80 Z = 39.8 — 30.916 2. Problem 2.26 A 50-0 lossless transmission line is connected to a load composed of a 75- resistor in series with a capacitor of unknown capacitance (Fig. P2.26). If at 10 MHZ the voltage standing wave ratio on the line was measured to be 3, determine the capacitance C. Solution: w= ((52) (2) wpa BA t= 2+) LBA +A) Noting that Zi = (Ru — jXc)(Ri + iXc) = RE+XE. Z(t +Z%.) = Zo(Ri.— 3Xe+ Ri. + iXe) = 2ZoR, ie RAKES — Deo RLFXe+Z5 + 2Z0R 05, RL. =75 Q, and Z) = 50, and then solving for Xe, Xe = 66.19. L 1 OXe ~ ex 10x 66.1 = 2.41 x 10-' = 241 pF. Problem 1: A lossless transmis js 80cm long and operates at a frequency of GOOMHz. The line parameters are L=0.25pH/m, and C=100pF/m. Find the characteristic impedance, the phase constant, and the phase velocity, Solution: Z=R+ jol =0+ jo.25%10 = jo0.25%10°OQm y + jC =0+ joi00%10 Z_ [jen25x10" JZ = [JO x00" = 500, a Pat 7 =AE-¥ = Yj0.25%10"- jA0™ = jax 10" = a+ 58 jeolO"'S/m B= 05x10 =2nf «10° = 27 <600%10" x5x10” = 18.85rad/m yf _ 2X DOXIE ooh as BB 18.85 Problem 2: At an operating radian frequency of S00Mrad/, typical circuit values for fa certain transmission line are: R=020/m, £=0.25yH/m, G=10;8/m, and (C=100pF/m. Find (a) @3(b) B3(©) 4:(@) v,3) Zy- Solution: @ o R+ jo =0.2 + j500%10° x0.25x10* =0.2+ f1250m Y =G+ jo =10%10" + j500%10* «10010 = 10% + j0.08S/m y=NEW = [RF joo) (R+ jo) = JOD f123)-10™ + 0.05) 2251074 725 Y=a+ jp @=2.25mNpim fp =2.5rad/m 2n 2 @a-F 2.5im @ Problem 3 A 20-m length of transmission line is known to produce a 2.0-dB drop in power from end to end. (a) What fraction of the input power reaches the output? (b) What fraction of the input power reaches the midpoint of the line? (©) What exponential attenuation coefficient, a, does this represent? Solut @ “10108. Problem 4 A 50-2 lossless transmission line is terminated by a load impedance Z, =50- j75Q2. If the incident power is 100 mW, find the power dissipated by the Toad. Solution: The reflection coefficient is 0.36~ j0.48=0.6e""" P=(-|P PB, =C—-0.6)100= 64mW 5. A transmission line with characteristic impedance Z = 50 - j5 2 and propagation constant = 0.2 + 2.5 /m is connected to a load impedance of 100 + j50 9. Find 1. Reflection coefficient of the line at the load end. 2. Reflection coefficient of the line 5m from the load. 1. Reflection coefficient ofthe line at the load end, = i= Zo _ (100 + J00) ~ (50 ~ j0) _ 50 j05, = Z,+ Zo ~ (100+ j50) + (60 J5) ~ 100+ HHS (0.4007 + 50.2440) 2. Reflection coefficient ofthe lie Sm from the load, PQ) = Pre = (0.4067 + 50.2446) e°¥O2+2506) = (0.4067 + 30.2146) ee = (0.0501 + j0.0390) 6. (a) Show that the impedance along the line willie between Zo/p and Zyp, where p is the VSWR. (W)A 300 9 transmission line fs connected to a cireuit sith an input impedance of 75+535 9. Find Lp 2, Maximum impedance seen on the line 3, Minimuon impedance seen on the line roe se i + Ia = Zp TWF). 1 Ita [20a (b) Given, Z = 3000, 2, = 75+ j350 Reflection co-efficient, 2y-% _ 15+ j35-300 Tee BF By” T5785 + = 0.6046214.1739 1. VSWR of the line Viner _ 1+ [Pr] _ 1+ 0.0046 Vouin I= [Ei] ~ 10.6046 p= 44.058 2. Maximum impedance seen on the line 2 = 4.058 + 30002 = 1.21749. 3. Minimunn impedance seen on the line = %_ 30 | op Hog = BPH 9. On a 50 2 BNC cable line, the reflection co-efficient is measured at the load end to be 0.7230. If the propagation constant of the line is 20289 /m , find the impedance seen on the transmission line at a distance of 4 m from the load. (Note : BNC is a very popular type of coaxial cable used Solution: "The reflection co-efficient of the line at the load end Py 508 ‘As we know, 7230 = 0.6062 +50.35 2-2 rr sg [1 2.6002 + 30:39 (0.6052 = 70.85 | ~ 91.6945 + j126.20600 4m Zin Above figure shows the equivalent cireuit diagram for input impedance at « distance of 4m from the load end, Input impedance at any given distance I from the load is by the following expression, 21+ Zotanh(>1) Z, + Zitanh(oi) 80289 fin a 39624570.9878 From the expansion of sinh(22) + sin(2y) coah(2e) + e0s(2y) 1211-450.0172 tanh(z+ jy) ‘wo get, tanh(1.39624j79.9878) in on [PLAS zeae 05 (iota paring 30+ 968I21-+ j145-8121 Example Find voltage and current RCs and also characteristic impedance of a uniform line having incident wave voltage and currents as 5020.50V and 0.66720.35A and those on reflected wave as 1020.65V and 0.1332-2.64A Also mention whether the line is loss-less or lossy. Solution: Voltage RC is, y, = 1 pat = 104065 _ 9 9 19 15 = 9:1534—-2.64 bs V,. 5020.50 06672035 I, Current RC is found as, -0.220.15V. It is verified that current RC is ratio of current in reflected wave to current in incident wave, also negative of voltage RC. The characteristic impedance is, aN = OD _a57i50 -Nw I, 0.667.20.35 1; Characteristic impedance is found as 75215V. It is verified that characteristic impedance is equal to negative of ratio of voltage to current ratio in the reflected wave. Example A 750 loss-less line has a voltage of 6020.2V in its forward wave. The RC is found as1Z 0.3 at that point. Find voltage and currents of the total wave. Solution: Voltage in the reverse wave is V,, =IV,, =120.3x6020.2=6020.5V Current in the forward wave is I x 6020.2 “"Z, 1520 Current in the reverse wave is =0820.2A 1, =-Tl,,.=-1203x0.80.2= 0.82 -2.642A Total voltage is sum of voltages in incident and reflected waves, and hence, V=V,,..+V,, = 6020.2 + 6020.5 = 118.6520.35V Total current is sum of currents in incident and reflected waves, and hence, I=I,, +1, =0.820.2+0.82—2.642 = 0.242—-1.22A Example 15.3: A 100Q linc of km long is terminated over a 2000 load. It is fed by a generator of voltage, 10V and intemal impedance, SOQ. Find the load vokage and load power ‘when the wave velocity, »=2x10' mvs and frequency, f= 2x10*rad Solution: Given that, |= 1m, 2; = %=2000, and Z=1000. The phase shift constant can be computed as P=o/v=2x10'/2x10? = 10° rad/m, giving tanl= 1,557, By substituting the available vakics inthe expression, the input impedance can be obtained as, 2, =109 200+ 1155777 47295980 100+ j31148t ‘This impedance is in series withthe source resistance and the two together are across the voltage source. The current through this impedance gives sending end current and voltage seross it gives sending end vokage ofthe line. "They ean be enculated as, 1020 FAD, 000 T1ATZ-0R H, ~T7ATZ-01598%0.0819.20:365 = 63452-0233 With the availabiliy the sending end current and voltages, the receiving end curent and voltages can be computed. In computing these quantities, the relation yx = jpie= j<10" 10" =} , and ako &=121, ¢=1Z-1 canbe wed 40.0819.20.365{ (77.472 -0.598+10020)12—1+(77.472-0598~10020)121] =0.08120,365{ (169.732 -1.26) +(56:842-1.26)] =9.272-0895V ‘This is the value of the voltage across the load. The average power consumed in the load, then, becomes pa AVf/R, = 49.27" 20002150 Example 18.4: Given (a) Z, = 10002, 2-500 and (b) Z. = S00, 71000, determine the time average power delivered to the load, when a loss-lss line of length 1=S%/8 is connected to a =0,081920.365A R source voltage, V,=100V, with an internal impedance, Z,=(304j40)0. Solution: For the given values, fi=(x/A)x(5i/8)=1.25x rad and tan fl = tan 1.25x = 1. The input ipedance can be obvained as, 2, =10022* (6p, 60) 100+ 50 ‘The current into the line is y, 10020 L= = 10020 ____(0,497 - j0.452)=0.6732-0.744, ZAZ, 3+ j40+80+ 560 Now, the sending end voltage of the line is found. (0.497 — j0.452)(80+ 60) $66.88 j6.34 =67.32-0.09V As the line is loss-less, power into load is equal to the power into the line, which is produet of sending end voltage and currents with power factor. Poe =40.673%67.3%605(0.65) =17.99W ‘The angle, 0.65 (~0.74-0,08), in radians is the one in between sending end voltage and currents. (b) Ina similar manner, the input impedance and average power can be found as (40 ~ 30)Q. ‘and 40W when Z, = 500, and Z=1000. Example 15,5: Determine load impedance and time average power delivered under maximum, power transfer conditions when a 1000 loss-less line of length, 10.22 is driven by voltage source, V,=100V, with an internal impedance, Z,= (254/50). ‘Solution: Maximum power transfer into line happens when the source internal impedance is equal to complex conjugate of the input impedance of line. When maximum power enters into the line, as the line is loss-less, the power that enters into the load also becomes maximum. Hence, for maximum power transfer into line and then into load, Z,, =, =25- j502 From the given values, fl=(2n/A)»00.22=0.4 rad and tan fl = tan 0.4x = 3.08, By substituting the available values in the expression forthe input impedance, in Eq. (13.61), one can obtain, 25— js0=100 21+ 100%308 _, 9.95 _ j9.59 = 2+ 13.08 100+ 2, «3.08 1+ 72,308 (0.25 j0.50)(1+ j2,3.08) =(z, + 3.08) 4,(0.54+ j0.77) =(-025+ j3.58) 2, =109'25*8S) 1" O54 077) Next, the power onto the line. which is equal to the power into the toad from line can be ‘computed. The curent into the line is, y. 10020 Z,+0,, 25+ j50+25— j50 ‘The sending end voltage ofthe line is, V, =1,Z,, =2(25- j50)=1182-1.11 Poe = 4x 24111 BxC05(L-11) =49.71W. Note that the angle, 1.11 in radians, isthe angle between the voltage and current. 196.40+ j240.33)0 20K 11, When a losses line is terminated with an arbitrary load impedance Z,, them it causes wave reflction on transmission lines ‘ ransmis the entre supplied power «causes loss in transmission line «none ofthe mentioned Answers a Explanation: When ale is terminated with a impedance other the characteristic impedance ofthe ‘transmission line, I results in reflection of waves from the lad end of the transmission line hence ‘resulting in wave reflection inthe transmission line. 12. We saya transmission line is matched whe: Explanation: We say alin is matched only when th charsterisi impedance of the transmission line is ‘equal tothe terminating load impedance. Hence condition fora line tobe matched is Z,=Z, 13. Voliage reflection coefficient can be defined as: 4) ratio of amplitude of reflected voltage wave tothe transmitted voltage wave ’) ratio of amplitude of reflected voltage to the incident voltage wave ©) ratio of Toad impedance tothe characteristic impedance of the transmission line «@) none of the mention Answers b Explanation: From transmission line theory, reflection coefficient ofa transmission line is defined as the ‘ratio of ample of reflected voltage to the incident voltage wave 14. Expression fora voltage reflection co-efficient in terms of load impedance and characteristics impedance is: a) (LZ Ze) be ZI Z) 2, Loh Za Za Zed) A) Ler ZN Day Ze. Zo Answer: Explanation: The amplitude of the reflected voltage wave atthe load end is equa othe diference ‘between the load and the characteristic impedance, incident voltage i proportional tothe sum of the load and charactensic impedance 15. [Pa transmission line ofa characteristics impedance S0 Q is terminated with a load impedance of 100 then the reflection co efficient is 2) 0.3334 by 0.66657 O16 4) 1333 Answer: a Explanation: Expression for reflection co-efficient ofa transmission line is (Z,~ Z/(2e+ Z) substituting the given values of load and characters impedance, we get reflection co-efficient equal 10 0.3334, 16, Return loss fora transmission line in erms ofits reflection coefficient is given by 8)-20logl in dB where is the reflection cooficient, by) -10log! pli dB where is the reflection coefficient «)-10log (1 in dB where is the reflection coefficient 4) -20log (1/1) in dB where isthe reflection coefficient Answer: a Explanation: Return loss signifies the amount of energy reflected back from the load which is proportional othe reflection co-efficient ofthe ine. Return Joss in JB is given by the Logarithm ofthe reflection co-efficient, 17 the reflection coefficient for transmission line is 0.24, then the return lessin dB is 8) 12.3948, by Isa ©) 12.3048 )-15.24B Answer: a Explanation: The retum loss ofa transmission line, given the reflection co-fTicient is-20log! lin dB \where is the reflestion co-efficient. Substituting for reflection co-eicient inthe above equation, ret loss is 12.3848, 18. Expression for VSWR in terms of efestion co-efficient i adel rlyd-l wa-febarl eb ol el avel rl Answer a Explanation: VSWR isthe ati of maximum amplitase ofthe standing wave formed othe minimum ample ofthe sanding wave, when these volages are expressed in terms of retin co-efficient. we getthe expression (+ ¢ [0 19. Lhe refletion co-efficient fora transmission line s 0.3, hen the VSWR is 0.5384 by LasTl 9.04567 30782 Answer: Explanation: VSWR (voltage standing wave rato) in terms of reflection coefficient is given by 11 rly] r[ substiting 0.3 i this equation we gt, VSWR! 8871 20, If transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 0s terminated with a load impedance of 150.0 then VSWR is: aos bos: 02 4) none of the mentioned Answer: a Explanation: VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) in terms of load afd characteristic impedance is given by Z.~Z /Zy+ Zo, Sudttuing for Z, and Zn the above equation, VSWR is 0.5, 21. Expression for input impedance ofa transmission line in terms Of Joad impedance afd characteristic impedance i 8) Za (2) Zetan ply (Zot) Zam BD) by Got) Zatan BY (Ze) Zatan Bl) ©) Za (2cj Zatan pl) (Zarh Zt il) & rj Zam By Zc} Zeta) Aansover: Explanation: Representing the input voltage as the ratio of Woltge at curont, presenting voltage and ‘currents in hyperbolic function form and simplifying, we get Zo (2+) Ztan il) (Zot Zan 22, Input impedance ofa shar a) Zan by atan OjZeotpl @)jeecotpl Answers Explanation: Since the load impedance of a short circuited transmission line is ero, substituting ZL.=0 in the expression forinput impedance ofa transmission line Z Zs} Zetan ply Ze Z.tan i), input impedance ofthe transmission Tine comes out to be jZatanl cited transmission line is 23, Input impedance ofa transmission line can be represented in terms ofthis simple trigonometry function 8) sine function bycosine function ‘cotangent function ‘tangent function Answer: d Explanation: The input impedance ofa transmission Fine is expressed in the standard form 38 Zo Zs Zatan ly Ze Ztan il) which is represented in terms of a tangent function, 24. 1fa.X/3 transmission line is short circuited that has a characteristic impedance of $00, then its input impedance is: a) 1000 soa ©) 86.600, 4) -}86.600 Answer d Explanation: Fora short circuited transmission line the input impedance is given by jZtanl substituting for characteristic impedance and inthe above equation, input impedance is ~86 400. 25, Expression fr input impedance of an Open circuited transmission line i 1) Ztanp by jzatanpi ©) jot 4) 2601p Answer: d Explanation: Since the load impedance of a open circuited transmission line is infinity, substituting ‘ZL=infiity (1/2, =O) in the expression for input impedance ofa transmission line Z (7+) Ztan fl) (Ze+j Z,tan fi), input impedance ofthe open circuited transmission line comes out to be-jZcot 26, Input impedance of a open circuited transmission line is represented using this trigonometric function: 2) sine funetion b) cosine funetion ©) cotangent function 4 tangent function Answer: e Explanation: The input impedance of transmission line i expressed in the standard form as Zy (Zc Zan il) (Zasj Zt i). With Z, equal to infinity fr open circuit termination, 1/ Z, equal 10, Substituting this, we gt input impedance in term of a cotangent function. 27. For 4/2 transmission line, ifthe characteristic impedance of the line is $0 Cand the termi a load of 100.0, then its input impedance is a) 1000 soa ©) 88.860, {none ofthe mentioned Answer: a Explanation: Input impedance ofa transmission line i given by Zp (2+ Ztan lV Zot Z,tan Bl Substituting B22, and I-22, we get input impedance ofthe transmission line equal to the load impedance or the terminated load, 45. The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory is a) circuit elements b) voltage ©) current d) electrical size Answer: d Explanation: Circuit theory assumes physical dimensions of the network smaller than electrical wavelength, while transmission lines may be considerable fraction of wavelength. 48. To model a transmission line of infinitesim: a) resistor b) inductor ©) capacitor 4) transistor Answer: d Explanation: In the lumped element circuit model of a transmission line, we use only resistor, capacitor and inductor. Hence no transistor is used. length Az, the lumped element that is not used is 51. Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is a) impedance Z of a transmission line b) impedance which is a constant at any point on the transmission line ©) reciprocal of admittance of a transmission line 4) none of the mentioned Answer: b Explanation: Characteristic impedance is defined as that impedance of a line which is a constant when measured at any point on the line, Hence B. 54. Propagation constant 7 is given by a) atiB b)ajp c) ai dajp Answer: a Explanation: Propagation constant is a complex sum of a and B, @ being the real value and i being the complex part, 58. If propagation constant is 12:60°, then the value of phase constant and attenuation constant is a) o=6, B=10.39 b) a=61, B=78 ©) a=12, B=20.6 <4) none of the mentioned Answer: a Explanation: The given propagation constant is in polar form .converting from polar form to rectangular form and equating the real and imaginary parts, we get a=6 and B=10.39 64. A microwave generator at 1.2 GHz supplies power to a microwave transmission line having the parameters R=0.80/m, G=O.8millisiemen/m, L=0,01,H/m and C=0.4PF/m. Propagation constant of the transmission line is: a) 0.0654 40.48 b) 0.0644)4.8 ©) 6.44j48 4) none of the mentioned ‘Answer: a Explanation: Z=R+joL and Y=G+joC, hence finding out Z and Y from these equations, substituting in =VZY, value of y is found out to be 0.0654+)0.48. 66. For a transmission line, L=1.8mh/m C=0.01pF/m, then the phase constant of the line when operated at a frequency of 1 GHz is: a) 4.2426 b)22 ©) 0.3 at Answer: a Explanation: Formula to calculate the phase constant f is B=oVLC. substituting the given values of L,C and f, the value of B is 4.2426. 67. For a low loss line when both conductor and di-electric loss is small, the assumption that could be made is a) R<<@L andG << oC b)R>>oL and G>>o0C ©) R<>0C and G>>oL Answer: A Explanation: For a low loss line, the real part of impedance and admittance, that is resistance and conductance must be very small compared to the complex part of admittance and impedance for maximum power transfer. Hence R <

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