Report

on
Standard Progressive Matrices

Submitted by,

B.Venkatesh

VP21PSYC0100034
 Report on Revan’s Progressive Matrices

Introduction:

Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general
human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of  fluid
intelligence. It is one of the most common tests administered to both groups and individuals
ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It comprises 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order
of increasing difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the
eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general
intelligence). The tests were originally developed by John C. Raven in 1936. In each test item,
the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are
presented in the form of a 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, or 2×2 matrix.

Raven first published his Progressive Matrices in the United Kingdom in 1938. His three sons
established Scotland-based test publisher J C Raven Ltd. in 1972. In 2004, Harcourt
Assessment, Inc. a division of Harcourt Education, acquired J C Raven Ltd. Harcourt was later
acquired by Pearson PLC.

Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary tests were originally developed for use in research
into the genetic and environmental origins of cognitive ability. Raven thought that the tests
commonly in use at that time were cumbersome to administer and the results difficult to interpret.
Accordingly, he set about developing simple measures of the two main components
of Spearman's g; the ability to think clearly and make sense of complexity (known as eductive
ability) and the ability to store and reproduce information (known as reproductive ability).

Raven's tests of both were developed with the aid of what later became known as item response
theory.

Versions:

The Matrices are available in three different forms for participants of different ability:

 Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM): These were the original form of the matrices,
first published in 1938. The booklet comprises five sets (A to E) of 12 items each (e.g.,
A1 through A12), with items within a set becoming increasingly complex, requiring ever
greater cognitive capacity to encode and analyze information. All items are presented in
black ink on a white background.
  Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM): Designed for children aged 5 through 11 years-
of-age, the elderly, and mentally and physically impaired individuals. This test contains
sets A and B from the standard matrices, with a further set of 12 items inserted between
the two, as set Ab. Most items are presented on a coloured background to make the test
visually stimulating for participants. However the last few items in set B are presented
as black-on-white; in this way, if a subject exceeds the tester's expectations, transition to
sets C, D, and E of the standard matrices is eased.
 Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM): The advanced form of the matrices contains
48 items, presented as one set of 12 (set I) and another of 36 (set II). Items are again
presented in black ink on a white background, and become increasingly complex as
progress is made through each set. These items are appropriate for adults and
adolescents of above-average intelligence.[5][4]

In addition, "parallel" forms of the standard and coloured progressive matrices were published in
1998. This was to address the problem of the Raven's Matrices being too well known in the
general population. Items in the parallel tests have been constructed so that average solution
rates to each question are identical for the classic and parallel versions. A revised version of the
RSPM – the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus – was published at the same time. This was
based on the "parallel" version but, although the test was the same length, it had more difficult
items in order to restore the test's ability to differentiate among more able adolescents and young
adults that the original RSPM had when it was first published. This new test, developed with the
aid of better sampling arrangements and developments in the procedures available to implement
the item response theory, has turned out to have exemplary test properties.

The SPM is a nonverbal mental ability test that requires the solution of problems.
The PM measures observation skills, clear thinking ability, intellectual capacity and
intellectual efficiency. Specifically the PM measures the ability of:

 formulate new concepts when faced with novel information

 extract meaning out of confusion or ambiguity
 think clearly about complex situations and events

The SPM score indicates potential for success in positions that typically require clear
and accurate thinking, problem identification and evaluation of tentative solutions for
consistency with all available information. Such positions may include middle
management, supervisory and equivalent level technical or professional non
managerial positions.

The nonverbal aspect of PM minimizes the impact of language skills on performance

on the assessment.
It is recommended that the Raven's PM be used in combination with other
assessment techniques.

AIM: -

To determine the abstract intelligence of the subject using J.C. Raven’s Standard
Progressive Matrices

Participant:

Name: B

Age: 22

Gender: M

Occupation: Student

Qualification : MA 2nd year

Material used:

 Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Booklet

 Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Manual
 Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Answer sheet
 Stop watch
 Pencil
 Norms

PROCEDURE: -

The test was conducted on a single subject. He was clearly briefed about the
intelligence test. He was provided with the SPM Booklet and a sheet to note down
the scores. In the last he was instructed how to do the test.
INSTRUCTIONS: -

The following instructions were given to the subject:

"A Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test is a test designed to measure your non-verbal,
abstract and cognitive functioning. In the test, you will be presented with geometric
designs, with one piece missing. Your job is to choose the right diagram, from a set
of given answers, that completes a pattern in the matrix that you have to figure out.
The questions and answers are all completely non-verbal. The test consists of 60
items (5 series). Each series contains tasks of increasing difficulty. There is no time
limit."

Result/ Discussion:

Table 1: Discrepancies on Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Test

Sets A B C D E
Obtained 12 12 10 10 10
Expected 12 12 11 11 8
Discrepancy 0 0 -1 -1 +2

From table I, it can be observed that the score obtained on the five sets of the RSPM
are A-12, B-12, C-10, D-l0, and E-10, and the expected scores with reference to the
RPM manual are A-12. B-12, C,11, D-11, and E-8.

Hence the discrepancies are 0, 0. -1,-1, and +2 for the five sets A, B, C, D, and E,
respectively. According to the RPM manual, if the discrepancies between the
obtained and the expected scores are equal to or more than +2 and -2. it is
suspected that the subject has resorted to guessing. Since no such discrepancy is
observed from the table, the results are considered accurate.

From table 2. the time taken by the subject is 30 minutes and has attained a score of
54 when taking the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) test. By checking this
score with the subject's age in the SPM manual, it is observed that the subject falls
between the 75-90 Percentile. This Percentile indicates that the subject has obtained
a grade of II, and he is above average in her intellectual capacity.

Table 2: Score obtained from the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices test.

Time Total Score Percentile Grade Comments

30 mins 54 Between II Above Average
75-90% Percentile intellectual capacity

Conclusion:

After administering the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test on a male of

age 22 years, it was found that he is definitely above average in his intellectual
capacity.

CONCLUSION: -
REFERENCE: -