DEBRE BERIHAN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Internship Report and Project

Host Company: Debre Birhan Industrial Park

Duration: February 29, 2022 Jun 21, 2022

Academic advisor: Mr Getahun E

Company advisor:Mr.Ager

Prepared BY:
Name of Students ID No

1. Yimamu Muhie……………………………..2708/11
2. Alemtsehay Getahun…………………………………1386/11
3. Yonas Getachew………………………………….3302/11
4. Tamrat Sisay……………………………………….3751/11
5. Masresha Adugna……………………………………..2802/11
6. Tsegaye Biresawu……………………………………2602/11

Submission Date 25/5/ 2022G,C

I
 Declaration
We are fourth year chemical engineering students, we have undertaken our internship experience
in Debreberhan industrial park in (ground water treatment technology) from a period of February
29 to JUNE21 2022 G.C . under the guidance of Mr. Getahun (advisor) and company manager
Mr. Workneh and Mr. Ager, Mr. Ager (our company advisor).

We certify that our work are original and compiled according to the internship report writing
guidelines given by the institute –industry linkage office of the institutes the student’s academic
advisor, we certify that the internship report written by the students are there work and compiled
according to the guidelines provided by the institute’s UIL office as far as our knowledge are
concerned.

Name of advisor signature date

Mr. Getahun

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, we would like to thank GOD, who are many blessings have made us and for being our
strength. We would like to pass our great thanks to those individuals and institutions that were
involved directly or indirectly in this work so that our study came to success. Our honorable and
special thanks to our plant advisor Engineer workneh, Ager and Yemane which helps every time
we need them. Deeply from our sense we wondered our family for their financial, moral and
immeasurable help. Finally, we want to thank our advisor Getahun for his positive and help full
assistance. In addition, we would like to acknowledge to Debre Brihan University, especially to
department of chemical engineering for preparing this chance.

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 Executive summary

Internship provides students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular zone and also
provides students high level of practical knowledge. Debre Berhan University has added this
internship program for the graduating students to introduce them to the professional life. I got an
opportunity to complete my internship at Debre Berhan industrial park in ground WTP. It started
on February 29, 2022 and ended on jun 21, 2022 which included 260 working hours. There we
worked and visited different units of industrial WTP. We got practical knowledge about WTP
plants and observed its operating system. We were lucky because during this internship period,
we got a chance to visit textile,bortmalt and garment, water management plant and other
auxiliary components of water treatment. We gathered practical experience about different major
in charge of water purification which means water treatment technology in Debreberhan
industrial park passes a number of steps. That means from underground until it reaches for
drinking, domestic, firefighting and production purpose.

Generally in industrial park there are three ground water resources or three deep well conditions
so, by using deep well pump extract the water and transfer to the sedimentation tank in order to
settle the particles due to gravity. Next by the use of pump the untreated water goes to untreated
water storage tank then this water is transferred to the sand filter tank in order to purify. Finally
the purify/treated water is pumped to the treated water tank and this treated water transferred to
distribution tank for the sake of domestic, production and fire extinguishing purpose.

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Contents
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................8
1. Historical background of Debre Berhan industrial park.......................................................................8
1.1Background history of the company...............................................................................................8
1.2 location and address........................................................................................................................9
1.3. vision and mission of the company................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Vision.........................................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Mission.......................................................................................................................................9
1.3.3 values..........................................................................................................................................9
1.4 The main products of the company..........................................................................................9
1.5. Overall organization work flow.....................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................11
2.PRODUCTION PROCESS....................................................................................................................11
2.1. basic raw materials for water treatment......................................................................................11
2.1.1 Raw water.................................................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Objective of Water treatment....................................................................................................11
2.1.3 General description About Water Purification..........................................................................11
2.2 Process of water treatment technology;.......................................................................................13
2.2.1 Scada system in water treatment plant and its application;.......................................................13
2.3. Product and Byproducts of the company....................................................................................14
2.4.1. Basic Water treatment processes;.............................................................................................17
2.4.2. Treatment achievability of drinking water:.............................................................................23
2.4.3 Parameters of water analysis;....................................................................................................23
The parameters such as PH, turbidity, , total suspended solids(TSS),total dissolved solids (TDS),and
heavy metals such as CU, Zn, Mg, Fe Hg and tin etc............................................................................23
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................26
3 . Benefits of Internship.....................................................................................................................26
3.1. To improve practical skills.....................................................................................................26
3.2. Upgrading theoretical knowledge...........................................................................................26
3.3. Interpersonal Communication skills.....................................................................................27
3.4. To improve team playing skills...............................................................................................27
3.5. To improve our Leadership skills............................................................................................28
3.6. To improve about work ethics...................................................................................................28

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 3.6.1 Personal ethics..........................................................................................................................29
3.6.2. Professional ethics...................................................................................................................29
3.7. Entrepreneurship skill............................................................................................................30
4.1 Design of ETP................................................................................................................................30
4.2 Methodology.............................................................................................................................30
4.2.1 Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of ETP................................................................................30
4.3.ETP Plant Operation.....................................................................................................................37
4.4 Effluent treatment effluent process..............................................................................................40
4.5 Advantage of Recycle Sludge To Aeration Tank.........................................................................41
Chapter five...............................................................................................................................................42
Problem Identification...............................................................................................................................42
5. Effluent treatment plant (ETP)..............................................................................................................42
5.1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................42
5.2 statement of the problem;.............................................................................................................44
5.3 Objective.........................................................................................................................................45
5.3.1 General Objective of Effluent Treatment..................................................................................45
5.3.2 Specific objective...............................................................................................................45
5.4 significance of effluent treatment plant........................................................................................45
5.5 Conclusions for Problem Identification.......................................................................................46
5.6 Recommendations For problem Identification............................................................................47
CHAPTER six...........................................................................................................................................48
6. Recommendations and Conclusion for both report and problem Identification...................................48
6.1 Conclusions for Report..................................................................................................................48
6.2 Conclusions for Problem Identification.......................................................................................49
6.3 Recommendations for Report.......................................................................................................51
6.4 Recommendations For problem Identification............................................................................51
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................52

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 List of tables
Table 1: Some of the more common contaminants encountered in water treatment..................................13
Table 2: classification of water according to its hardness..........................................................................23

List of Figures

Figure 1: Over management structure of the company.................................................................12

Figure 2: Scada system..................................................................................................................14
Figure 3: deep well ground water..................................................................................................15
Figure 4:ground water entering pipe line and its flow meter.........................................................16
Figure 5:water storage tank...........................................................................................................16
Figure 6: Industrial sedimentation tank.........................................................................................20
Figure 7: Dual filter media of industrial park................................................................................21
Figure 9: Generalized flow chart of ETP (effluent treatment plant).............................................37
Figure 10: Typical choice for waste water and their sequence;.....................................................38

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. Historical background of Debre Berhan industrial park
1.1Background history of the company

The park which will be constructed by china communications construction company (cccc)
will feature; one stop services to investors such as, electricity, water, customs and
immigration. Moreover it will also create job opportunities for about 1000 Ethiopians once it
starts operations.

Ethiopians aims to commission six industrial parks, including Debreberhan industrial park,
before the end of the current fiscal year 2018/19,in July. The CEO (chief executive officer)
pointed out that the government has invited US $1.3bn in the construction of around a dozen
industrial parks.

Ethiopia plans to increase the number of operational industrial parks from the current five to
around 30 by 2025, as part of its efforts to make the country a light manufacturing hub and
lower middle income economy in the same period .we have so far built and commissioned
five industrial parks and with the anticipated commissioning of six more industrial parks in
2018/19.

Our industrial parks are facing energy supply shortages. To solve this problem IPDC is
conducting studies on ways industrial parks can generate their own energy, the CEO added.
with Ethiopia attracting large scale investment in the export-import oriented manufacturing
sector, especially from Chinese firms the country sees improving the efficiency and speed of
the logistics sectors as key to meet national manufacturing revenue goals.

Debre Birhan industrial park is one of the second level industrial park that found in Ethiopia.

Debre Birhan industrial park was built on a total of 75 hectares of land .the construction was
completed and inaugurated 0n February 23 /06/2011 E.C By prime minister of Ethiopia Dr.
Abiy ahmed and president of Kenya ohuru Kenyatta. It has currently eight production sheds
namely textile and garment and has the following plant these are ground water treatment
plant and boortmalt.

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The production sites works currently are water treatment or drinking water treatment,textile
industry and garment manufacturing and BOortmalt processing. Among these we participate
in ground water treatment and this treated ground water uses for each production shed plant.
And also it use for domestic, production, fire fighting and for irrigation.

1.2 location and address

 Debre Birhan industrial park constructed in Ethiopia’s Amhara regional state Northern
shoa zone .
 The park located in kebele 07 of Debre Birhan town at specific site called Mute Kerensa.
 This site is located about 5 km distance from the center of the town along the main gravel
road leading to Enwari town which is capital of Jiru werda.
 The industry park covers 1000 hectares.
 Classified by demand of the industry project and geographical issue as well as the interest
of the client.
 In the first phase 100ha has been adopted.
 Stretched on 75 hectares of land, the industrial park has eight industrial sheds and each
cover 5500m ready to accommodate prospective investors.
 From 25ha BOORTMALT plc take 15ha and 10ha are free.
 D/Birhan industrial park proposed for production of ago processing, textile and garment.

1.3. vision and mission of the company

1.3.1 Vision
Our industrial park committed to boost industrial parks development through the highest
standards of professionalism; to drive industrialization, promote exports, create employment
opportunities there by the country’s development goal will achieve the middle income status.

1.3.2 Mission
To be innovative and leading eco-industrial parks developer and operator in Africa by 2025.

1.3.3 values
 Highest level of integrity and professionalism.
 Learning organization.
 Concern to environment.
 Effective and efficiency.
 Customer satisfaction.

1.4 The main products of the company

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  Purified drinking water ; company uses this product for:
 Domestic purpose
 Firefighting purpose
 Production purpose that means at the time of manufacturing.
 Textile product; different types clothes are manufactured
 This textile product promote export to get more investment from foreign countries as well
as in the homeland countries.

1.5. Overall organization work flow

General Manager of the Park

EK
Security
Finance and Custom
service Building and Drinking waste
administration service
manager manager maintenance water treatment manager
Senior plant manager
expert manager

Junier Shift manager Senior Senior expert

expert HR Senior and junior
expert expert expert
Senior and
junior expert,
operator, helper
Accounting officer
Helper for operator.
Cleaner
maintenance

HR expert

Casher
expert

10
 Figure 1: Over management structure of the company

CHAPTER TWO

2.PRODUCTION PROCESS
2.1. basic raw materials for water treatment

 Raw water from ground sources.

 Chemicals that are used to treat water such as poly alumunium chloride(PAC),sodium
hypochlorite( Naocl) and other types of chemical used.
 Different grades of sand with inside of sand filter tank.

2.1.1 Raw water

The source of water plays a key role in the quantity and quality of drinking water. Keeping
the water clean starting from the source is vital to get acceptance in the market and remain
profitable. Debreberhan industrial park drinking water treatment plant use water from a deep
borehole built in our factory compound and withdrawn using submersible pump. All possible
precaution should be taken with in the protected perimeter to avoid any pollution of, or
external influence on, the quality of the undergrounding water and the Preventive measures is
taken for disposal of liquid, solid or gaseous waste that could pollute the underground water.
The immediate surroundings of the extraction or collection is protected by limiting access to
authorized persons only. Wellheads are protected by a suitable structure to prevent entry by
unauthorized individuals, pests and other sources of extraneous matter.

2.1.2 Objective of Water treatment

The principle objective of industrial drinking water treatment plant is to produce neat, Clean
and up to the standard drinking water that satisfies health requirement and consumers test
actually, many treatment process and stage are linked together to form a treatment plant in
order to produce water of the desired quality.

2.1.3 General description About Water Purification

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for a

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specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but
water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including fulfilling
the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. The
methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation;
biological process such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes
such as flocculation and chlorination and use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet
light.

Purifying water may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended
particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, as well as reducing the concentration of a
range of dissolved and particulate matter.

The standards for drinking water quality typically set by governments or by international
standards.

These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants,

depending on the intended purpose of water use.

Visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple procedures such
as boiling, or the use of a household activated carbon filter are not sufficient for treating all
the possible contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even
natural spring water considered safe for all practical purpose in the 19th century – must now
be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any, is needed. Chemical and
microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only way to obtain the information
necessary for deciding on the appropriate method of purification.

Water purification plays key role in ensuring access to safe drinking water. Safe drinking
water positively impacts the health of the entire community.

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2.2 Process of water treatment technology;
2.2.1 Scada system in water treatment plant and its application;

Figure 2: Scada system

 Scada (supervisori control and data acquisition) is acollection of hardware and software
components.
 Scads for the software; we will use software package such as wonder ware, citect, factory
talk SE etc.

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 This software will be used to create the interface required to view and operate the control
system.
 Scads for hardware; consists of pumps , motors, valves, switches and transmitters among
other things.

Generally scads system helps to control all machinery system such as ;

 To operate/ maintain the pressure.

 To close / open valves.
 To control amount of flow rate
 To adjust pumping system.

2.3. Product and Byproducts of the company

 The ground water extracted from three borehole using the pump through the pipe, and
transferred to the sedimentation tank then . the water tank has two portion that are
groundwater tank and temporally treated storage tank.

Figure 3: deep well ground water

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 Figure 4:ground water entering pipe line and its flow meter

Figure 5:water storage tank

 The water from the ground water tank (buffer tank) goes to multiple grade filter tank
or sand filter tank which contain sand with in the shell.

15
  And add PAC (poly aluminum chloride) before enters to the sand filter tank .This
sand filter tank filter out the unwanted impurities from the raw water and transfer the
pure water by using pipe in to the temporally treated storage tank.
 Then after Nalco (sodium hypo chlorite) chemical is added in to treated water pipe
and send to storage tank. Generally this chemical treatment process facilitates the
water quality.
 Blowers attached to the tank in order to wash impurities by blowing the air in to the
tank within a certain amount of pressure.
 Compressor by maintain pressure opening and clothing valve at high pressure with in
small amount of compression area.
 Then purest form of water goes to the permanent treated water storage tank.
 Finally, this water goes to the distribution water tank that distributes water for
domestic, fire and production purpose.
 Generally there are many processes that involving in treatment process which is
discussed in the following section.
2.4. utilities

There are many impurities in the raw water.

These impurities can be grouped into three categories:

 Physical: materials that do not dissolve in water and make the water appear "dirty"
 Chemical: substances dissolved in the water from both natural and man-made processes
 Biological: viruses, bacteria, algae, and other small living organisms.
 No "Chemically pure" water, entirely free from any other materials, does not exist in
nature.
 Distilled water, is usually flat and tasteless and few people enjoy drinking it.
 It would be prohibitively expensive and possibly unhealthy to purify our entire water
supply to that level.
 "Natural water", free from any man-made additives, contains concentrations of minerals
such as Ca, Mg, and Fe which are beneficial to human health in small quantities.

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 Table 1: Some of the more common contaminants encountered in water treatment

Contaminant Affects Source Common treatment options

Giardia Health organism Filtration/Disinfection

Cryptosporidiu Health organism Filtration

m

Viruses Health organism Filtration/disinfection

TTHM Health Disinfection by Filtration/Adsorption/

product Disifectant selection

HAAS Health Disinfection Filtration/Adsoption/

Disifectant selection

Arsenic Health Mineral Co-precipitation/Adsorption

Lead Health Mineral/ Corrosion control

Corrosion

Copper Health Mineral/ Corrosion control

corrosion

Nitrate Health Nitrogen Ion exchange

Manganese Health/ Mineral Oxidation/Filtration/

Aesthetic Adsorption

Iron Health/ Mineral Oxidation/Filtration

Aesthetic

Turbidity Health/ Particle matter Filtration

Aesthetic

Color Aesthetic Minerals or Oxidation/Filtration/

organics Adsorption

Odor Aesthetic Hydrogen sulfide Oxidation/Aeration

Hardness Aesthetic Minerals Ion exchange

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 2.4.1. Basic Water treatment processes;
 To remove all water contaminants, water treatment involves physical, chemical and
biological processes.
 The most common treatment processes in potable water treatment are chemical and
physical processes.

1.Physical Process;

 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Adsorption
2. Chemical Process;
 Oxidation
 Coagulation
 Flocculation
 Disinfection
 Softening
3. Biological process;
 Slow sand filtration
 Biologically activated carbon
The types of processes required and the order in which they are used
depends on the types and concentration of contaminants that must be
removed.
 Physical Process

Raw water entering to the treatment plant will be screened to avoid the entrance of larger
animals like fish and plant materials like branches and logs.

i. Sedimentation;
 Quality of water is improved by holding or storing it undisturbed and without mixing
long enough for larger particles to settle out /sediment by gravity.
 The settle water then carefully removed by decanting, ladling or other gentle methods.
 Takes place: sedimentation/ settling tank/clarifier Particles settle to the bottom under
quiescent conditions ( when flow velocities and turbulence are minimal
 Sludge – the accumulated solid at the bottom , called sludge will be removed by
decanting, ladling or other methods

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  Storing water for a few hours will sediment the large, dense particles such as sands and
silt, larger microbes and smaller particles associated with large particles.
 Longer settling times, more than 24 hrs. To 1 or 2 days will remove large microbes
such as helminthes ova and other parasites, some nuisance microbes such as algae and
clay particles.
 Sedimentation Depends on;
density, size, drag, buoyancy, temperature and viscosity of water.
 Sedimentation is effective in reducing water turbidity, but it is not consistently
effective in reducing microbial contamination. However, turbidity reduction often
improves microbial reduction by the next processes.
 Sedimentation also improves aesthetic quality

Figure 6: Industrial sedimentation tank

II. Filtration;

 Ancient and widely used technology that removes particles and at least some microbes
from the water
 It is the process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from water by passing
the water through a filter media
 Involves a number of physical processes
• Straining
• Settling
• Adsorption

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As the water and particles (floc) enter the filter, they begin to settle, adsorb and collect on the
upper portion of the filter media

This increases the pressure above the particles, driving them down into the media.

The clogged portion of the filter bed is removed by backwashing.

Filter Media
 Consists of silica sand, greensand, anthracite coal and activated carbon
 Each media can be used by themselves as a single media filter or mixed to provide
improved filtration
 The two most common granular media filters are
Dual media - anthracite coal + silica sand
Tri-media filters – anthracite coal + silica sand + fine garnet
 Most common filter arrangements in mixed filter media
Anthracite(top) + green media – to remove inorganic contaminants such as Mn and Fe

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 Activated carbon + silica sand – to adsorb organic contaminants called contactors.

Figure 7: Dual filter media of industrial park.

III. Adsorption;

Adsorbents include
 stationary media such as activated carbon, ion exchange resins and metal oxide
 Aluminum or ferric chloride floc that formed during flocculation.
 This floc can adsorb organic carbon and inorganics such arsenic
 Organic adsorption
 Activated carbon removes hundreds of different organic contaminants.
 It can be injected into the water as a powder (PAC) or it can be placed in a vessel in
granular (GAC) form for the water to pass through it.
 Inorganic adsorption
 Adsorption can on the surface of the media or on the surface of the floc
 Common adsorption media includes ferric oxide or activated alumina.

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  Inorganic compounds that can be removed by adsorption include arsenic, manganese,
fluoride and others

Chemical treatment process

Chemical treatments are techniques adopted to make industrial water suitable for use or
discharge.these include;

 Coagulation
 Flocculation
 Oxidation
 Disinfection; suchas ozonation, chlorination and ultraviolet

But in debrebirhan industrial park they applied only chlorination among Chemical treatment
process
Chlorination principles;

Chlorination can be achieved by using liquefied chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite solution or
calcium hypochlorite granules and on-site chlorine generators.

Liquefied chlorine gas is supplied in pressurized containers. The gas is withdrawn from the
cylinder and is dosed into water by a chlorinator, which both controls and measures the gas
flow rate.

Sodium hypochlorite solution is dosed using a positive-displacement electric dosing pump or

gravity feed system .Calcium hypochlorite has to be dissolved in water ,then mixed with the
main supply.

Chlorine, whether in the form of chlorine gas from a cylinder, sodium hypochlorite or
calcium hypochlorite, dissolves in water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite
ion (OCl-). Different techniques of chlorination can be used, including breakpoint
chlorination, marginal chlorination and super chlorination/DE chlorination.

Breakpoint chlorination is a method in which the chlorine dose is sufficient to rapidly

oxidize all the ammonia nitrogen in the water and to

leave a suitable free residual chlorine available to protect the water against reinfection from
the point of chlorination to the point of use. Super chlorination /DE chlorination is the

22
addition of a large dose of chlorine to effect rapid disinfection and chemical reaction,
followed by reduction of excess free chlorine residual.

Removing excess chlorine is important to prevent taste problems. It is used mainly when the
bacterial load is variable or the detention time in a tank is not enough. Marginal chlorination
is used where water supplies are of high quality and is the simple dosing of chlorine to
produce a desired level of free residual chlorine.
 Generally chemical used in this water treatment plant are ;
 PAC(poly alumunium chloride) is used to reduce viscousity.
 NaOCl( sodium hypo chlorite) is use as a disinfectant.

Biological treatment process

Slow sand filtration using a biofilm to metabolize organic matter, adsorb soluble components
and entrap particulates

 Biological process is purely used in wastewater treatment. However, the following are
applicable
 slow sand filtration to remove pathogens and
 biologically activated carbon process to remove organic pollutants

2.4.2. Treatment achievability of drinking water:

The ability to achieve a guideline value within a drinking-water supply depends on a number
of factors, including:

 The concentration of the chemical in the raw water;

 Control measures employed throughout the drinking-water system;
 Nature of the raw water (groundwater or surface water, presence of natural background
and other components); and
 Treatment processes already installed.

2.4.3 Parameters of water analysis;

The parameters such as PH, turbidity, , total suspended solids(TSS),total dissolved solids
(TDS),and heavy metals such as CU, Zn, Mg, Fe Hg and tin etc.

 pH

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pH is classed as one of the most important water quality parameters. Measurement of pH
relates to the acidity or alkalinity of water. A sample is considered too acidic if the pH is
below 7 meanwhile it is alkaline if pH higher than 7. Acidic water can lead to corrosion of
metal pipe and plumping system. Meanwhile alkaline water shows disinfection in water. The
normal drinking water pH range mention in WHO guidelines is between 6.5 and 8.5.
The pH value of drinking water samples are found to be in the range between 7.01and 8.21.

 Turbidity

Turbidity is the cloudiness of water caused by a variety of particles and another key
parameter in drinking water analysis. It also related to the content of diseases causing
organisms in water, which may come from soil runoff. The standard recommended maximum
turbidity limit set by WHO for drinking water is 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).

The lowest turbidity values of0.69NTU and highest value of 4.6 NTU.

 Total suspended solids (TSS)

The maximum recommended TSS limit set by WHO is 25mg/L

 TOTAL dissolved solid (TDS)

TDS are the inorganic matters and small amounts of organic, which are present as solution in
water. The standard or allowable value of TDS set is 1000mg/L.

 Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity is the ability of water to carry an electric current. The presence of
dissolved solid such as calcium, chloride, and magnesium in water samples carries the
electric current through water. The maximum allowable level of conductivity value of
conductivity is1000 micro second/cm.

 heavy Metals Analysis

The presence of heavy metals in drinking water higher than a certain concentration can cause
detrimental impacts on human health. Therefore the analysis of heavy metals in drinking

24
water is an important parameter and most of the studies on drinking water quality involve
investigation of heavy metals.

 Hardness

Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make
water "hard." The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements: grains per
gallon, milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm)

 Color

Many surface waters are colored, due primarily to decomposition of organics, metallic Salts
or colored clays. This color is considered as apparent color as it is seen in the Presence of
suspended matter, whereas true color is derived only from dissolved Inorganic and organic
matters. Samples can be centrifuged and/or filtered to remove turbidity in order to measure
true color.

 BOD and COD

Measurement of the oxdisable organic matter in wastewater is usually achieved through

determining the 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), the chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). BOD5 is an indication of the quantity of dissolved
oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter in the
wastewater over a 5-day period at 200C. The test has its limitations but it still used
extensively and is useful for determining approximately how much oxygen will be removed
from water by an effluent or how much may be required for treatment. COD is often used as
a substitute for BOD as it only takes a few hours not five days to determine.

COD is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic material chemically oxidized in
the reaction and is determined by adding dichromate in an acid solution of the wastewater.

Generally, the water quality parameters are summarized in the following table;

Table2: classification of water according to its hardness

Water classification Total hardness concentrations as mg/l as
CaCO3

Soft water <50mg/L CaCO3

25
 Moderately hard 50-150 mg/L as CaCO3

Hard water 150-300 mg/L as CaCO3

Very hard >300mg/L as CaCO3

CHAPTER THREE
3 . Benefits of Internship
General Benefits of Internship During this intern ship we have get and develop different skill.
Those skills make ours

 Feel better our self

 More confident
 Ready to contribute to the society

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 Appling the right skill in the right place
 To acquire any skill, people need to get practical experience as well as theoretical
Knowledge.

3.1. To improve practical skills

During this internship program we have improved and develop ability to do something with
practical skills such as treatment process.

 Machine operation for each treatment

 Process parameter controlling of different processes
 Identify the raw material quality and product quality as well as water quality parameters.

3.2. Upgrading theoretical knowledge

It improves the previous theoretical knowledge since we explore more than ever in order to
solve the existing problems of the treatment plant. Education of the factory; The internship
allowed to confront the demands of life in industrial environment, to learn how to manage
their time, plan their work, to report at regular intervals and make use of its soft skills (human
and relational qualities). The technical competence; the internship gives ours to implement
and validate the skills and Knowledge acquired in the context of professional activity.
Knowledge of the business; the course gave ours to provide an opportunity to solve the
Company problem in order to profitable.

It is obvious that in order to improve one’s theoretically based knowledge he or she has to be
able to grasp every information that is forwarded during the internship program and being able
to integrate this newly acquired knowledge with the previous one and use this information to
solve any problem that may arise on the course of time.

3.3. Interpersonal Communication skills

This is common and one of the most important skills during our internship period. This skill
helps a person to interact with others in much better and pleasant manner. It is an art to
present one’s views, thoughts and ideas before its listeners. During our internship period it
helped ours to build good rapport with the other employs who guided in the best possible
manner. Our interaction and dealings with the customers helped ours to broaden ourselves
social network. Ask different question

27
 Make discussions.
 Answer questions when asked.
 It brings social interaction to the employs
 It helps to build up self confidence
 It improves our speaking listening skills
 It thoughts us to behave in the proper manner and it motivates to see different Problems
and to find out solutions to them.
 To exchange new ideas and knowledge, etc.

3.4. To improve team playing skills

During performing different tasks, it is very important to play as a team. Sometimes the
problem is faced during our working section and those problems are difficult to solve for ours.
But during group discussion (team playing) among the technicians one them tell ours the
solution for that problem is easy way to understanding so we have learnt how solve the
problem and try to understand. Besides these we improved our communication and playing
skill during team playing and during team playing each member in the team playing have
different ethical parameter, such as polite, aggressive, medium in conduct, having good
interpersonal communication skill.

Therefore we have gained benefit from team playing different way of understanding one’s
problem from others person opinion. Improving communication skill and learn good ethics
from person who have good ethics.

Being as a team member we improve the following

 Ability of problem identification

 Selecting the most appropriate method to solve the existing problem.
 Generating or forwarding flexible premises to solve the problem raised.
 Shares openly and willingly.
 Functions as an active participant.
 Treats others in a respectful and supportive manner A good decision maker, ability to
persuade, others etc.

28
3.5. To improve our Leadership skills
What we gain from the internship regarding improving leadership is that to inspire workers
into higher levels of teamwork. There are certain things must be known to do that. These are:

 Be technically proficient
 Seek and take responsibility for actions
 Know peoples and look out for their well-being.
 Keep workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility in workers.
 Finally what we grasp is becoming a leader isn’t easy because it takes a conscious
commitment and consistent effort to develop one’s leadership skills. But on the positive
side, anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

3.6. To improve about work ethics

During internship period we have learnt punctuality and the significance of time in an
organization. We have realized that time management is an important element of work. Our
practical learning has taught to prioritize and organize our work according to schedule that
enabled to complete our tasks in the allotted time.

 Punctuality
 Reliability
 Honest

Ethical work conduct enables us in order to possess appropriate behaviors in the work and so
we develop proper relationships with co-workers, and it helps us to create good working
environment.

There are two common types of ethics. These are:

1. Personal ethics and
2. Professional ethics

3.6.1 Personal ethics

What we gained in the company principles of personal ethics include:
 Concern for the well-being of others
 Honesty.

29
 Compliant to the law.
 Fairness.
 Benevolence (doing well.)
 Refusing to take unfair advantage.

3.6.2. Professional ethics

Professional ethics refers to the standards or a set of moral principles for regulating behaviors
of certain defined profession. In order to consider that an activity to be a profession, it should
be carried out by one who has advanced education, knowledge, and skills. Thus, for
developing healthy working environment and increase productivity, ethical work conducts are
important medium.

The following are some of the common professional ethical principles what we gained in the
internship period.
 Punctuality: means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to
complete a given task within the given period. That was challenging to become punctual
for the first days of work but gradually we began to start and end our tasks on time.
 Reliability: the worker should be qualified for the part he/she is supposed to performing.
He or she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned.
 Honest: regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain from bad
behaviors such as cheating, corruption etc.
 Cooperation: each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working.
That is because such system problems could be easily solved.

3.7. Entrepreneurship skill

Internship are an important tool for gaining experience and learning about one’s preferences
and interests. Being an intern student built an individual’s knowledgeable in;

 Selection of the effective way of doing work

 Increasing efficiency work
 Reduce the production loss
 Easiest methods for producing a product
 Creative mined in solving the problem of company
 Risktaking ability for doing work

30
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. Material and energy balance of the company in selected unit
operation

4.1 Design of ETP

The design and size of the ETP depends upon: • Quantity and quality of the industries
discharge effluent.

 Land availability.
 Monetary considerations for construction, operation & maintenance.
 Area dimension depends on:
• Quality of wastewater to be treated,
• Flow rate
• Type of biological treatment to be used.
• In case of less available land, CETP (Common Effluent Treatment Plant) is
preferred over ETP

4.2Methodology

4.2.1 Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of ETP

 Preliminary.
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary (or advanced)

Treatment mechanisms:

 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological

Preliminary Treatment level

Purpose: Physical separation of big sized impurities like cloth, plastics, wood logs, paper, etc.
Common physical unit operations at Preliminary level are:

 Screening: A screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove large solids such as
plastics, cloth etc. Generally maximum 10mm is used.

31
 Sedimentation: Physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended
solids from water.
 Clarification: Used for separation of solids from fluids

Primary Treatment Level

Purpose: Removal of floating and settle able materials such as suspended solids and organic
matter.

Methods: Both physical and chemical methods are used in this treatment level.

Chemical unit processes:

 Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be used
with biological treatment processes.
 Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring about
changes in its quality.
 Example: pH control, coagulation, chemical precipitation and oxidation.

pH Control:

 To adjust the pH in the treatment process to make wastewater pH neutral.

 For acidic wastes (low pH): NaOH, Na2CO3, CaCO3or Ca(OH)2.

For alkali wastes (high pH): H2SO4, HCl.

Chemical Precipitation

Chemical precipitation is the most common method for removing dissolved metals from
wastewater solution containing toxic metals. To convert the dissolved metals into solid
particle form, a precipitation reagent is added to the mixture. A chemical reaction, triggered
by the reagent, causes the dissolved metals to form solid particles. Filtration can then be used
to remove the particles from the mixture. How well the process works is dependent upon the
kind of metal present, the concentration of the metal, and the kind of reagent used. In
hydroxide precipitation, a commonly used chemical precipitation process, calcium or sodium
hydroxide is used as the reagent to create solid metal hydroxides. However, it can be difficult

32
to create hydroxides from dissolved metal particles in wastewater because many wastewater
solutions contain mixed metals.

Chemical coagulation and Flocculation:

 Coagulation refers to collecting the minute solid particles dispersed in a liquid into a
larger mass.
 Chemical coagulants like Al2(SO4)3 {also called alum} or Fe2(SO4)3 are added to
wastewater to improve the attraction among fine particles so that they come together
and form larger particles called flocs.

Chemical Oxidation/Reduction and Advanced Oxidation

With the introduction of an oxidizing agent during chemical oxidation, electrons move from
the oxidant to the pollutants in wastewater. The pollutants then undergo structural
modification, becoming less destructive compounds. Alkaline chlorination uses chlorine as an
oxidant against cyanide. However, alkaline chlorination as a chemical oxidation process can
lead to the creation of toxic chlorinated compounds, and additional steps may be required.
Advanced oxidation can help remove any organic compounds that are produced as a
byproduct of chemical oxidation, through processes such as steam stripping, air stripping, or
activated carbon adsorption.

Redox reactions are used for the treatment of potable water. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and
pesticides can be effectively removed from wastewater by the use of ozone and hydrogen
peroxide treatments. Advanced oxidation processes are also used for the degradation of drug
substances like antibiotics or cytostatic drugs that might be found in the water. Reduction
processes can also be used for the transformation of heavy metal ions into sulfides.

Ion Exchange

When water is too hard, it is difficult to use to clean and often leaves a grey residue. (This is
why clothing washed in hard water often retains a dingy tint.) An ion exchange process,
similar to the reverse osmosis process, can be used to soften the water. Calcium and
magnesium are common ions that lead to water hardness. To soften the water, positively
charged sodium ions are introduced in the form of dissolved sodium chloride salt or brine.

33
Hard calcium and magnesium ions exchange places with sodium ions, and free sodium ions
are simply released in the water. However, after softening a large amount of water, the
softening solution may fill with excess calcium and magnesium ions, requiring the solution to
be recharged with sodium ions.

Adsorption and Chemisorption

Adsorption is a process whereby substances accumulate on the surfaces of a solid body due to
the van der Waal force. This process is a physical one – when the same thing happens as a
result of a chemical bond, the process is known as chemisorption.

In wastewater treatment, activated carbons are often used to bind to soluble elements in the
water which were unable to be removed in earlier stages of the treatment process such as
mechanical or biological. Colorants from textile dying, pharmaceutical residues, arsenic, and
heavy metals are examples of substances that can be effectively removed through this
process.

Flocculation

 Flocculation: Flocculation is the step where destabilized colloidal particles (or the
particles formed during the coagulation step) are assembled into aggregates. The
flocculation step can only operate on a water/wastewater where the particles are already
destabilized. It is the logical step following coagulation.
 Destabilized particles: The origin of destabilized particles is various and depends mainly
on the origin of the water to be treated. They can come from an initial coagulation step.
The charge (+ or -) brought by the flocculants will be selected according to the nature of
destabilized particles in the water.

In general the selection follows the pattern below:

Anionic flocculants (-) for mineral particles

Cationic flocculants (+) for organic particles

Flocculants:

 Anionic and Non-Ionic flocculants that bring negative (-) charges to the media.
 Cationic flocculants that bring positive (+) charges to the media.

34
Generally, Flocculation uses flocculants to help remove very fine particles from wastewater
that would not normally accumulate as larger agglomerates as a result of their electrical
repulsion from having an identical charge. By adding specialty chemicals, larger formulations
of particles will occur which will then settle out in a sedimentation process.

Chemical Stabilization

This chemical waste water treatment process works in a similar fashion as chemical
oxidation. Sludge is treated with a large amount of a given oxidant, such as chlorine. The
introduction of the oxidant slows down the rate of biological growth within the sludge and
also helps deodorize the mixture. The water is then removed from the sludge. Hydrogen
peroxide can also be used as an oxidant and may be a more cost-effective choice.

Secondary Treatment Level

Methods: Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.

Biological unit process

 To remove, or reduce the concentration of organic and inorganic compounds.

 Biological treatment process can take many forms but all are based around
microorganisms, mainly bacteria.
 Aerobic Processes
 Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence of air (oxygen).
 Utilizes those microorganisms (aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to assimilate
organic impurities i.e. convert them in to carbon dioxide, water and biomass.
 Anaerobic Processes
 The anaerobic treatment processes take place in the absence of air (oxygen).
 Utilizes microorganisms (anaerobes) which do not require air (molecular/free oxygen) to
assimilate organic impurities. 
 The final products are methane and biomass.

Tertiary / Advanced Treatment

Purpose: Final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it is reused, recycled
or discharged to the environment.

35
Mechanism: Removes remaining inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the nitrogen
and phosphorus. Bacteria, viruses and parasites, which are harmful to public health, are also
removed at this stage.

Methods:

 Alum: Used to help remove additional phosphorus particles and group the remaining
solids together for easy removal in the filters.
 Chlorine contact tank disinfects the tertiary treated wastewater by removing
microorganisms in treated wastewater including bacteria, viruses and parasites.
 Remaining chlorine is removed by adding sodium bisulphate just before it's discharged.

36
 Figure 8: Generalized flow chart of ETP (effluent treatment plant)

Figure 9: Typical choice for waste water and their sequence;

4.3.ETP Plant Operation

1. Screen chamber:

37
Remove relatively large solids to avoid abrasion of mechanical equipments and clogging of
hydraulic system.

2. Collection tank:

The collection tank collects the effluent water from the screening chamber, stores and then
pumps it to the equalization tank.

3. Equalization tank:

 The effluents do not have similar concentrations at all the time; the pH will vary time to
time.
 Effluents are stored from 8 to 12 hours in the equalization tank resulting in a
homogenous mixing of effluents and helping in neutralization.
 It eliminates shock loading on the subsequent treatment system.
 Continuous mixing also eliminates settling of solids within the equalization tank.
 Reduces SS, TSS.

4. Flash mixer:

Coagulants were added to the effluents:

 . Lime: (800-1000 ppm) To correct the pH up to 8-9

 . Alum: (200-300 ppm) To remove color
 Poly electrolyte: (0.2 ppm) To settle the suspended matters & reduce SS, TSS.

The addition of the above chemicals by efficient rapid mixing facilitates homogeneous
combination of flocculates to produce micro flocs.

5. Clarriflocculator:

In the clarriflocculator the water is circulated continuously by the stirrer.

 Overflowed water is taken out to the aeration tank.

 The solid particles are settled down, and collected separately and dried; this reduces SS,
TSS.
 Flocculation provides slow mixing that leads to the formation of macro flocs, which then
settles out in the clarifier zone.
 The settled solids i.e. primary sludge are pumped into sludge drying beds.

6. Aeration tank:

38
 The water is passed like a thin film over the different arrangements like staircase shape.
 Dosing of Urea and DAP is done.
 Water gets direct contact with the air to dissolve the oxygen into water.
 BOD & COD values of water are reduced up to 90%.

7. Clarifier:

 The clarifier collects the biological sludge.

 The overflowed water is called as treated effluent and disposed out.
 The outlet water quality is checked to be within the accepted limit .
 Through pipelines, the treated water is disposed into the environment river water, barren
land, etc.

8. Sludge thickener:

 The inlet water consists of 60% water + 40% solids. The effluent is passed through
the centrifuge.
 Due to centrifugal action, the solids and liquids are separated.
 The sludge thickener reduces the water content in the effluent to 40% water + 60%
solids.
 The effluent is then reprocesse reprocessed and the sludge collected at the bottom.

9. Drying beds:

Primary and secondary sludge is dried on the drying beds.

FLOW CHART OF ETP

Influent

Screening

Equalization

39
 (Lime + Alum) pH = 8.5

SS, TSS removal

Disperse unit

Biological Treatment & Aeration

{Dosing = (Urea + DAP) for O2}

BOD removal ~ 90%

RECYCL
E TANK COD removal ~ 90%
Effluent

 Sedimentation tank
Fish
(PH=7.5)
pond

Sludge thickening unit

sludge discharge
Effluent
40% water +
discharge
60% solids

4.4 Effluent treatment effluent process

Screening

 Screening is the filtration process for the separation of coarse particles from influent.
 Stainless steel net with varying pore size can be utilized.
 Screens are cleaned regularly to avoid clogging.

Equalization Tank

 Equalization makes the waste water homogenous.

 Retention time depends upon the capacity of treatment plant. (Generally 8-16 hours)
40
pH Correction

Influent from equalization tank Influent of desired to pH disperse unit

 In this tank pH of the influent is corrected to meet the standard.

 Acid or alkali is added to the effluent to increase or decrease the pH.

Disperse unit

Disperse tank mixes the sludge coming from recycle tank with waste water for to proper
aeration.

Aeration

 Function of aeration is oxidation by blowing air.

 Aerobic bacteria is used to stabilize and remove organic material presents in waste.

Reaction in Aeration Tank

Organic matter O2 by using bacteria and nutrient converts or gives

CO2+ H2O + heat.

Sedimentation Tank

 In this tank sludge is settled down.

 Effluent is discharged from plant through a fish pond.
 Sludge is passed to the sludge thickening unit.

Sludge Thickening Unit

 Here sludge is dried and discharged.

 Partial amount of sludge is returned back to the aeration tank from thickening unit
through recycle tank called return sludge tank and disperse tank.

Return Sludge Tank

 Function of return tank or recycle tank is to mix water with sludge

 This mixture is then passed to aeration tank through disperse tank.

4.5 Advantage of Recycle Sludge To Aeration Tank

 Sludge again oxidized to minimize the pollution from sludge.

 Alive bacteria of sludge are again used in aeration to utilize these bacteria.

41
 Chapter five
Problem Identification
5. Effluent treatment plant (ETP)
5.1. Introduction
ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design for treating the industrial waste water for
its reuse or safe disposal to the environment.

 Influent: Untreated industrial waste water.

 Effluent: Treated industrial waste water.
 Sludge: Solid part separated from waste water by ETP.

Wastewater treatment is the process of cleaning used water and sewage so it can be returned
safely to our environment.

42
Thus, if we envision the water cycle as a whole, we can see clean water produced by
wastewater treatment is the same water that eventually ends up back in our lakes and rivers,
where we get our drinking water.
Why is Wastewater Treatment Plants Important?
Wastewater treatment plants are vital to our communities. They protect public health by
eliminating disease-causing bacteria from water. Also ensure the preservation and continuity
of aquatic life.
In addition, by protecting water quality, wastewater treatment plants make it possible for us
to safely enjoy the aesthetic aspect as well as recreational use of clean oceans, lakes, streams
and rivers. In order to achieve such desired change in quality of wastewater, more than one
treatment process is needed. Thus, wastewater treatment is a chain of processes operating in
sequences.

The characteristics of industrial waste water are physical, chemical and biological
characterstics.
Physical characteristics;

 The most important physical characteristic of wastewater is its total solids content, which
is composed of floating matter, settle able matter, colloidal matter, and matter in solution.
 Other important physical characteristics include particle size distribution, turbidity, color,
temperature, transmittance, conductivity, and density, specific gravity and specific
weight.
 Odor, sometimes is also considered as a physical factor
Chemical characteristics;
 Organic matters like fats, oil and greases, surfactants, phenols, volatile organic
compounds, pesticides and agricultural chemicals.
 The parameter of organic contents are BOD(biological oxygen demand) and
COD(chemical oxygen demand)
 Inorganic matters consists of nitrogen and phosphorous, sulfur, heavy metals.
Biological characteristics;

Some industries have certain pathogenic organisms like slaughterhouses others have molds
and fungi as starch and yeast factories.

Biological information needs to assess the degree of treatment of waste water before its
discharge to the environment.

43
Generally, we can teat waste water by three mechanisms these are;

Physical methods

In which the applications of physical forces dominates. These are; screening, mixing,
flocculation, sedimentation, floatation, filtration, and gas transfer are typical unit operations.

Chemical methods;

These treatment methods the removal or conversion of contaminants is brought about by the
addition of the addition of chemicals or by other chemical reactions.

Precipitation, adsorption and disinfection are the most common examples used in waste waste
water treatment.

Biological methods;

These treatment methods the removal of contaminants is brought by biological activity.

It is used primarily to remove the biodegradable organic substances( colloid or dissolved) and
nutrients ( nitrogen &phosphorus) from waste water. basically these substances are converted
in to gases that can escape to the atmosphere and into biological tissues that can be removed
by settling.

Generally, waste water treatment is important for reuse and to keep environment in safe and
clean at the time of discharged.

5.2 statement of the problem;

The industrial park built temporal storage effluent or waste water and this industry not treat
effluents that discharged from production section. The indiscriminate discharge of these
waste water streams in to the environment can;

 Render soils sick.

 Pollute the receiving bodies of water.
 Cause air pollution by toxious gases

Discharge untreated waste water to prevent any health hazards caused by discharging waste
water in to the environment and protect domestic Sewage; the waste water must be treated
before discharge.

44
The industries plans to complete the construction of waste water treatment plant to reduce the
risks caused by waste water. So, industrial park should be treating the effluents at every time
of discharge by applying physical, chemical and biological methods.

Generally, effluent treatment plant must use the appropriate treatment technology for reuse,
to keep environment safe and to keep health.

5.3 Objective
5.3.1 General Objective of Effluent Treatment
The principal objectives of industrial waste water treatment are generally to allow industrial
effluents to be discharged without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environment.

5.3.2 Specific objective

 To manage water discharged from homes, business, and industries to reduce the threats of
water pollution.
 To reuse the treated effluent.
 To solve social problems caused by the accumulation of waste water.
 To keep environment clean
 To keep health of community

5.4 significance of effluent treatment plant

 To clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.
 To reduce the usage of fresh/potable water in Industries.
 To cut expenditure on water procurement.
 To meet the Standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from
various Industries set by the Government and avoid hefty penalties.
 To safeguard environment against pollution and contribute in sustainable development.

45
5.5 Conclusions for Problem Identification
Wastewater effluents are major contributors to a variety of water pollution problems. Some of
these problems include eutrophication, which can stimulate the growth of algae, increased
water purification cost, interference with the recreational value of water, health risks to
humans and livestock, excessive loss of oxygen and undesirable changes in aquatic
populations.
Since large amounts of wastewater effluents are passed through effluents treatment
systems on a daily basis, there is a need to remedy and diminish the overall impacts of these
effluents in receiving water bodies. In order to comply with wastewater legislations and
guidelines, wastewater must be treated before discharge. This can be achieved through the
application of appropriate treatment processes, which will help to minimize the risks to public
health and the environment. To achieve unpolluted wastewater discharge into receiving water
bodies, there is the need for careful planning, adequate and suitable treatment, regular
monitoring and appropriate legislation. This is will enhance science-based decisions and
ensure the sustainability of the environment and the health of plants and animals. There is
also a need to ensure that effluents standards and limitations, as set by regulatory bodies are
not compromised.
Generally, Waste water treatment passes a number of stages involving processes that are
mechanical (physical)-based, biological, and chemical as well as membrane (filtration)
process. And this treatment processes helps to purify water

46
and make certain that it is safe for subsequent use once it has been returned to the
environment as part of the water cycle.

5.6 Recommendations For problem Identification

The industrial park has not built permanent waste water treatment area. So, we recommended
that, the park built this area with in short period of time because waste water needs special
treatment to keep our community and environment in healthy condition. Waste water requires
several treatment processes so you have to use appropriate treatment methodology for reuse
as well as discharged to the environment.

Effluent treatment plant for the future it is important to construct Effluent treatment plant for
the purpose of the following reasons

47
  To treat the industry sewage properly and safety,

 For health and environmental safety as well as clarity,

 For participating many workers ,

 To save water consumption by reuse those treated water

CHAPTER six

6. Recommendations and Conclusion for both report and problem

Identification
6.1 Conclusions for Report
It is a great opportunity for our to complete the internship in industrial water treatment plant.
WTP is playing an important role in treating and distributing water in industrial park. we
spent 120 days and experienced some practical skill during internship program under a
friendly environment which encouraged us to learn some things about the water treatment
plant and its water treatment system. At industrial WTP, we also observed the working
environment and their official activities. We tried our best to acquire knowledge about water
treatment, water quality and water parameter control. we managed to gain practical
knowledge about some major equipment of all this WT plant. The theories that we have
learned at the university especially in environmental engineering course could be observed at
industrial WTP. We hope that this experience will extend our knowledge effectively and
provide them best future in the field of water treatment sector.

The main objective of this internship is to link the theoretical skills studies and practical work
done on the field. We obtained some experience on water treatment and water analysis.

In Debre Birhan industrial park, ground water treatment plant involve a some treatment
process majorly depend on physical treatment process among chemical and biological
treatment processes because the assumption of ground water of debreberhan is good in some
extent.That means doesn’t contain very toxic materials. The water treatment processes start
from three underground deep well area, the water is extracted using the pump and transferred
water storage tank, next the untreated water from this storage tank transport by the help of
pipe in to sand filter tank, this sand filter tank filter impurities and send to temporal treated

48
water storage tank then in this section some chemical treatment process involved such as
PAC, NAOCL to kill pathogen and reduce viscosity. Finally this treated water goes to
permanent water storage tank; at the end use this treated water for domestic, firefighting and
production purpose.

Generally, Above all the internship program is the crucial or mandatory option to make the
compatible in chemical engineering students experience in terms of improving our real
practical skills, critical thinking, problem identification, problem solving, enhancing
interpersonal communication abilities, leadership system, understanding professional ethics.

We observed the principle operation of different components machines in the company. Such
as blower, compressor, sand filter machine, backwasher pipe, valves, pumps, start on/off
control machine, Scads. In addition to develop our skill the company also benefit from our
practical application. We got practical work experiences and benefits at the industry some of
the benefits the internship offered to us include;

 Allow us to both make and develop professional contacts, for our future job search.
 Assist we are developing greater understanding of our own strength and weakness.
 The company’s workflow.
 Upgrade our theoretical knowledge at school.
 Improves our leadership skill.
 Knowing working standards.
 Work ethics.
 Team playing skills

6.2 Conclusions for Problem Identification

Wastewater effluents are major contributors to a variety of water pollution problems. Some of
these problems include eutrophication, which can stimulate the growth of algae, increased
water purification cost, interference with the recreational value of water, health risks to
humans and livestock, excessive loss of oxygen and undesirable changes in aquatic
populations.
Since large amounts of wastewater effluents are passed through effluents treatment
systems on a daily basis, there is a need to remedy and diminish the overall impacts of these
effluents in receiving water bodies. In order to comply with wastewater legislations and
guidelines, wastewater must be treated before discharge. This can be achieved through the
application of appropriate treatment processes, which will help to minimize the risks to public

49
health and the environment. To achieve unpolluted wastewater discharge into receiving water
bodies, there is the need for careful planning, adequate and suitable treatment, regular
monitoring and appropriate legislation. This is will enhance science-based decisions and
ensure the sustainability of the environment and the health of plants and animals. There is
also a need to ensure that effluents standards and limitations, as set by regulatory bodies are
not compromised.
Generally, Waste water treatment passes a number of stages involving processes that are
mechanical (physical)-based, biological, and chemical as well as membrane (filtration)
process. And this treatment processes helps to purify water

and make certain that it is safe for subsequent use once it has been returned to the
environment as part of the water cycle.

50
6.3 Recommendations for Report
Some of the recommendations suggested to the company are as follows:

 There is no library to read different manual needed for quality control as well as for in
stallion. So, we suggest the company to have library with different book and manuals.
 The lack of some reagents for measuring water parameter is not found at industrial
WTP. then industries should be able to dispose enough reagents for plant site in water
analysis, bacteriological analysis and physicochemical analysis.
 The Debre Berhan industrial park has not water quality testing laboratory. So I
recommended that the park built this laboratory with in short period of time. B/c we
cannot know the quality of water theoretically.
 There is no furher chemical treatment process used.so I recommend to use appropriate
chemical used since ground water consist different contaminant process.
 There is temporally waste storage condition so, you have to build the permanent waste
storage in order to treat wastes to maintain environment safe and clean as well as the
community.

6.4 Recommendations For problem Identification

The industrial park has not built permanent waste water treatment area. So, we recommended
that, the park built this area with in short period of time because waste water needs special
treatment to keep our community and environment in healthy condition. Waste water requires
several treatment processes so you have to use appropriate treatment methodology for reuse
as well as discharged to the environment.

Effluent treatment plant for the future it is important to construct Effluent treatment plant for
the purpose of the following reasons
 To treat the industry sewage properly and safety,

 For health and environmental safety as well as clarity,

 For participating many workers ,

 To save water consumption by reuse those treated water

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REFERENCES
1. Kerala water authority .Jhalam, CCDU Publishers
2. Sawyer,C.N and M.C. Carty (1978).Chemistry for environmental
engineering,M.C.Graw,Hill book company, Tokyo

3. S.V.Rao (2006).An introduction to water pollution, ICFAI University press, Hyderabad.

4. ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU6Mwmi49eo – Water quality-Sampling and
Analysis
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7uyi_NrR1Y-How do we test water quality?
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3DvCCifdr0- an introduction to water quality
Testing.
7. P.K.Goel (1997).Water pollution-Causes, Effects and control, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.

8. First Addendum to third Edition. Volume 1, world health organization of drinking water
quality.

9. CPHEEO, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization. 1993.

Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment (2nd Ed.). New Delhi: Ministry of Urban
Development.

10.Viessman, W. and Hammer, M.J. Water Supply and Pollution Control, 6th ed., Menlo
Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.

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