UNIT-IV

Fourier Series

Suppose that a given function f  x  defined in   ,   (or) 0, 2  (or) in any other interval can be
expressed as

a0
f  x     an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
The above series is known as the Fourier series for f  x  and the constants
a0 , an , bn  n  1,2,3      are called Fourier coefficients of f  x 

Periodic Functions:-
A function f  x  is said to be periodic with period T  0 if for all x f  x  T   f  x  and T is the
least of such values
Example:- s i nx  si xn   2  sxi n   4    the function sin x is periodic with period 2 there is
no positive value T, 0  T  2 such that sin  x  T   sin x x

Euler’s Formula:-
The Fourier series for the function f  x  in the interval c  x  c  2 is given by

a0
f  x     an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
1 c  2
f  x  dx

Where a0 
c

1 c  2
f  x  cos nx.dx and

an 
c

1 c  2
f  x  sin nx.dx

bn 
c

These values of a0 , an , bn are known as Euler‟s formula

Corollary:- if f  x  is to be expanded as a Fourier series in the interval 0  x  2 , put c  0 then the

formulae (1) reduces to
1 2
a0   f  x  dx
 0
1 2
an   f  x  cos nx.dx
 0
1 2
bn   f  x  sin nx.dx
 0
Corollay 2:- if f  x  is to expanded as a fourier series in   ,   put c   , the interval becomes
1 
f  x  dx
 
a0 


1 
f  x  cos nx.dx
 
  x   and the formula (1) reduces to an 


1 
f  x  sin nx.dx
 
bn 


Conditions For Fourier Expansion:-

Dirichlet has formulated certain conditions known as Dirichlet conditions under which certain
functions posses valid Fourier Expansions.

A given function f  x  has a valid Fourier series expansion of the form a0    an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1

Where a0 , an , bn are constants, provided

(i) f  x  is well defined and single – valued except possibly at a finite number of points in the interval of
definition

(ii) f  x  has a finite number of discontinuities in the interval of definition

(iii) f  x  has al most a finite number of maxima and minima in the interval of definition
Note:- The above conditions are sufficient but not necessary

Functions Having Points of Discontinuity :-

In Euler‟s formulae for a0 , an , bn it was assumed that f  x  is continuous. Instead a function may have

a finite number of discontinuities. Even then such a function is expressible as a Fouries series

Let f  x  be defined by
f  x     x  c  x  x0
   x  x0  x  c  2
Where x0 is the point of discontinuity in  c, c  2  in such cases also we obtain the Fourier series for
f  x  in the usual way. The values of a0 , an , bn are given by
1  x0 c  2
a0     x  dx     x  dx 
  c x0 
c  2
an      x  cos nx.dx     x  cos nx.dx 
1 x0
  c x 0 
c  2
bn      x  sin nx.dx     x  sin nx.dx 
1 x0
  c x0 
Note :-
 0 for m  n
 
(i )  cos mx cos nx dx    , for m  n  0

2 , for m  n  0

 0 for m  n and m  n  0
(ii )(i )  sin mx sin nx dx  

  , for m  n  0

Examples:-
1. Express f  x   x   as Fourier series in the interval   x  
Sol Let the function x   be represented by the Fourier series

 
a0
x     an cos nx   bn sin nx  1
2 n 1 n 1

Then

1  1 
f  x  dx    x    dx

a0 
   

1  
xdx    dx 
  

 
1 
 0   .2 dx   x is odd function 
 0 
1
  2  x 0 


 
 2   0   2 and
1 
f  x  cos nx.dx

an 


1 
 x    cos nx.dx




1  
  x cos nx.dx    cos nx.dx 

x     
1 
 0  2  cos nx.dx 
  0 
 
 an  2  cos nx.dx
0

 sin nx 
 2  
 n 0
2
  sin n  sin 0 
n
2
  0  0   0 for n  1, 2, 3..........
n
1 
bn 
 f  x  sin nx.dx


1 

    x    sin nx.dx


1   
  x sin nx    sin nx.dx 
 
     

1  
2 x sin nx.dx    0  
  0




2    cos nx    sin nx  
   1
   
x
( x cos nx is odd function and cos nx is even function) n   n2 0
2   cos n  
    0    0  0 
  n  

2 2
 cos n   1
n

 n
2
 1 n  1, 2,3.....
n 1

n
Substituting the values of a0 , an , bn in (1),
We get

n 1 2
x        1 sin nx
n 1 
 1 1 1 
   2 sin x  sin 2 x  sin 3x  sin 4 x  ......
 2 3 4 

2. Find the Fourier series to represent the function e ax from x   to  . Deduce from this
that
  1 1 1 
 2 2  2  2     
sinh   2 1 3 1 4 1 
 ax
Sol. Let the function e be represented by the Fourier series

a0
e  ax     an cos nx  bn sin nx   1
2 n 1
Then
 
1  1  e  ax 
 e
 ax
a0  dx   
     a  
1  a e a  e  a

a
 e  e a
 
a
a  a
a  e  e  1 sinh a
 0   a  a
2  2 
And
1 


 ax
an  e cos nx.dx



1  e  ax 
2 
  2  a cos nx  n sin nx  
 a  n  
e ax
 e cos bx.dx 
ax
 a cos bx  b sin bx 
a 2  b2
1  e  ax e a 
 an   2   a cos n   0   2 
 a cos n  0  
  a  n 2
a n
2


2 
e a  e  a  cos n
a

 a  n 
2

2a cos n sinh a

  a 2  n2 
 1 2a sinh a
n


 a  n 
2  2
cos n   1
n

1 


 ax
Finally bn  e sin nx.dx


1  e ax 
2 
  2 a sin nx  n cos nx  
 a  n  
 a a
1 e e 
2 
  2 0  n cos n   2 2 
0  n cos n  
 a  n a n 
n cos n e a  e  a  1 2n sinh a
n

 
  a 2  n2    a 2  n2 
a0
Substituting the values of , an and bn in (1) we get
2
sinh a    1 2a sinh a 
n
sinh a
 ax
      
n
e cos nx 1 2 n sin nx
a n 1 
   a 2
 n 2
   a 2
 n 2
 
2sinh a  1 a cos x a cos 2 x a cos 3x   sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3x 
   2  2  2        2  2  2    
  2a 1  a
2
2 a 2
3 a 2
 1  a
2
2 a 2
3 a 2

Deduction:-

Putting x  0 and a  1 in (2), we get

2sinh   1 1 1 1 1 
1    2  2  2   
  2 2 2 1 3 1 4 1 
  1 1 1 
 2 2  2  2    
sinh   2 1 3 1 4 1 

    x  0
Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined as f  x   
0  x   
3.
 x
1 1 1  2
Hence deduce that 2  2  2       
1 3 5 8
 
a0
Sol. Let f  x     an cos nx   bn sin nx  1
2 n 1 n 1

Then
1 
f  x  dx
 
a0 


1 o 
     dx   xdx 

   0 

1  x2  
    x     
0

   2  0 
1  2  2  1   2  
       
 2    2  2

1 1
2 
cos n  1  2   1 
n 1

n n  
2 2 2
a1  2 , a2  0, a3  2 , a4  0, a5  2 ,   
1 . 3 . 5 .
1 
bn 
   f  x  sin nx.dx


1 0 

  
   sin nx.dx  0 x sin nx.dx 

1   cos nx   cos nx sin nx  
0

    x  2  
   n    n n  0 
1   
  1  cos n   cos n 
 n n 
1
 1  2 cos n 
n
 1 
an 
   f  x  cos nx.dx


1 o 

  
   cos nx.dx  0 x cos nx.dx 

1   sin nx   sin nx cos nx  
0

     x   
   n   n n 2 0 
1 1 1 
 0  2 cos n  2 
 n n 
1 1
b1  3, b2  , b3  1, b4  and so --- on substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get
2 4
 2  cos 3 x cos 5 x   sin 2 x 3sin 3 x sin 4 x 
f  x    cos x          3sin x      
4  32
5 2
  2 3 4 
Deduction:-
Putting x  0 in (2), we obtain
 2  1 1 
f  0   1  2  2     
4 4 3 5 
Now f  x  is discontinuous at x  0
f  0  0    and f  0  0   0
1 
f  0  f  0  0   f  0  0   
2 2
Now (3) becomes
  2  1 1 1 
   2  2  2     
2 4  1 3 5 
2

8

Even and Odd Functions:-

A function f  x  is said to be even if f   x   f  x  and odd if f   x    f  x 

Example:- x 2 , x 4  x 2  1, e x  e  x are even functions

x3 , x,sin x, cos ecx are odd functions

Note:-
1. Product of two even (or) two odd functions will be an even function
2. Product of an even function and an odd function will be an odd function

f  x dx  0 when f  x  is an odd function

a
Note 2:- a

 2  f  x  dx when f  x  is even function

a

Fourier series for even and odd functions

 We know that a function f  x  defined in   ,   can be represented by the Fourier series
 
a0
f  x    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

1 
Where a0 
   f  x  dx


1 
f  x  cos nx.dx
 
an 


1 
And bn 
   f  x  sin nx.dx


Case (i):- when f  x  is even function

1  2 
a0   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
    0

Since cos nx is an even function, f  x  cos nx is also an even function

1 
f  x  cos nx.dx
 
an 

Hence
2 
f  x  cos nx.dx


0

Since sin nx is an odd function, f  x  sin nx is an odd function

1 
 bn   f  x  sin nx.dx  0
 
 If a function f  x  is even in   ,   , its Fourier series expansion contains only cosine terms

a0
 f  x    an cos nx
2 n 1
2 
Where an 
  f  x  cos nx.dx, n  0,1, 2,     
0

Case 2:- when f  x  is an odd function in   ,  

a0   f  x  dx  0 since f  x  is odd
1 
 
Since cos nx is an even function, f  x  cos nx is an odd function and hence
1 
an   f  x  cos nx.dx  0
 
Since sin nx is odd function ; f  x  sin nx is an even function
1 
 bn 
   f  x  sin nx.dx


2 

  f  x  sin nx.dx
0


 f  x    bn sin nx
n 1
2 
Where bn 
  f  x  sin nx.dx
0
Thus, if a function f  x  defined in   ,   is odd, its Fourier expansion contains only sine terms

Examples:-
1. Expand the function f  x   x2 as a Fourier series in   ,   , hence deduce that
1 1 1 1 2
(i)        
12 22 32 42 12
Sol. Since f   x     x   x 2  f  x 
2

Hence in its Fourier series expansion, the sine terms are absent

a0
 x2    an cos nx
2 n 1
Where
2 


a0  x 2 dx
0


2  x3  2 2
   
  3 0 3
2 
an 
  f  x  cos nx.dx
0

2 


 x 2 cos nx.dx
0


2  2  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx  
x    2x    2 
  n   n
2
  n
3
0
2 cos nx 
  0  2  2.0 
 n 2

4 cos n 4
  2  1
n
2
n n
Substituting the values of a0 and an from (2) and (3) in (1) we get
2 
4
x2   2 
1 cos nx
n

3 n 1 n

 1
n 1
2 
  4 cos nx
3 n 1 n2
2  cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x 
  4  cos x           4
 
2 2 2
3 2 3 4
Deductions:-
Putting x  0 in (4), we get
2  1 1 1 
0  4 1  2  2  2     
3  2 3 4 
1 1 1  2
 1 2  2  2     
2 3 4 12
2. Find the Fourier series to represent the function f  x   sin x ,   x  
Sol Since sin x is an even function,
bn  0 for all n

Let f  x   sin x  a0   an cos nx  1
2 n 1

Where
1 

 
a0  sin x dx


2 


 sin x dx
0

2
  cos x 0



2 4
  1  1  and
 
1  2 
f  x  cos nx.dx  
 
an  sin x.cos nx dx
  0

1 
sin 1  n  x  sin 1  n  x  dx


0


1  cos 1  n  x cos 1  n  x 
    ,n 1
 1 n 1 n 0

1  cos 1  n   cos 1  n   1 1 
      n 1
  1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n  0

1   1  1  1  1 
n 1 n 1

   
  1  n 1  n 

1  n 1  1 1   1 1 
  1     
  1  n 1  n  1  n 1  n 
 1  2 2 
 1
n 1
  
  1  n 1  n 2 
2

2  1n 1  1

  n  1 
2 

2 1   1n 

  n  1 
2 

 0 if n is odd
 4
 an  
if n is even
   n 2  1

2 
for n  1, a1   sin x.cos x dx
 0

1 


 sin 2 x dx
0


1   cos 2 x 
 
  2 0
1
  cos 2  1  0

Substituting the values of a0 , a1 and an in (1)
2 
4
We get sin x 

 
n  2,4,    n  1
2
cos nx


2 4 cos nx


 
 n  2,4 n 2  1

2 4 cos 2nx




 4n
n 1
2
1
( replace n by 2n)
Hence sin x   4  cos 2 x  cos 4 x      
2
  3 15 

Half –Range Fourier Series:-

1) The sine series:-

f  x    bn sin nx
n 1

2 
f  x  sin nx.dx

where bn 
0

2) The cosine series:-


a0
f  x    an cos nx
2 n 1
2 
f  x dx and

where a0 
0

2 
an 
  f  x  cos nx.dx
0
Note:-
1) Suppose f  x   x in 0,   , it can have Fourier cosine series expansion as well as Fourier sine series
expansion in 0,  
2) If f  x   x2 in 0,   , can have Fourier cosine series as well as sine series
Examples:-
1. Find the half range sine series for f  x   x   x  in 0  x   . Deduce that
1 1 1 1 3
       
13 33 53 73 32
Ans. The Fourier sine series expansion of f  x  in  0,   is

f  x   x   x    bn sin nx
n 1

2 
where bn 
  f  x  sin nx.dx
0

2 
hence bn   x   x  sin nx.dx
 0

   x  x  sin nx.dx
2 
2

 0

2   cos nx    sin nx  cos nx 
   x  x 2       2 x      2  3 
  n   n
2
 n 0
22 
  3 1  cos n  
 n 
4
 3 1   1
n
 n

 0, when n is even

bn   8
 , when n is odd
  n3
Hence
8
x   x   
n 1,3,5...  n
3
sin nx  or 

8 sin 3x sin 5 x 
x   x    sin x  3  3        1
 3 5 
Deduction:-

Putting x  in (1), we get
2
  8  1 3 1 5 
 x     sin  3 sin  3 sin   
2 2   2 3 2 5 2 
 2
8 1   1   1   
 1  3 sin      3 sin  2    3 sin  3       
4  3  2 5  2 7  2 
2 1 1 1
 or   1   
32 33 53 73
 e ax  e  ax
3) Find the half- range sine series for the function f  x   in  0,  
e a  e  a

Ans. Let f  x    bn sin nx
n 1

2 
then bn 
  f  x  sin nx.dx
0

2  e ax  e  ax

  0 e a  e  a
.sin nx.dx

2   eax sin nx.dx   e  ax sin nx.dx 

 a  0 0

 e  e  
a 
 
2   e ax   e  ax  
   a sin nx  n cos nx    2 2  a sin nx  n cos nx  
  ea  e a    a 2  n 2 0  a  b  0 
2  e a n e  a n 
         
n n
 n 1 n 1
a  b 2 
  ea  e a   a  n
2 2
a b a b
2 2 2 2 2

2n  1
n
 e  a  e a 
  
  ea  e a   n 2  a 2 
2n  1
n 1


  n2  a 2 
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
n  1
n 1

2
f  x   2 sin nx
 n 1 a  n 2
2  sin nx 2sin 2 x 3sin 3 x 
   2  2 2     
  a 1 a  2
2 2 2
a 3 

Fourier series of f  x  defined in c1c  2l 

It can be seen that role played by the functions

1,cos x,cos 2 x,cos3x,.....sin x,sin 2 x.........

In expanding a function f  x  defined in c1c  2  as a Fourier series, will be played by

x   2 x   3 x 
1, cos   , cos   , cos   ,.....
 e   e   e 
x  2 x   3 x 
sin   ,sin   ,sin   ,.....
 e   e   e 

In expanding a function f  x  defined in c, c  2I  it can be verified directly that, when m, n

are integers
 c  2l  m x   2 x 
c
sin 
 l 
 .cos 
 l 
 dx  0

 0 if m  n
c  2l  m x   n x  
c sin  l  .sin  l  dx   l if m  n  0
2l if m  2n  0

 0 if m  n
c  2l  m x   n x  
 cos 
 l 
 .cos 
 l 
 dx   l if m  n  0
2l if m  n  0
c

Fourier series of f  x  defined in 0,2l  :-

Let f  x  be defined in 0,2l  and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier series expansion is

defined as
1 
 n x n x 
f  x   a0    an cos  bn sin  1
2 n 1  l l 
1 2l n x
where an   f  x  cos dx and   2 
l 0 l
1 2l n x
bn   f  x  sin dx   3
l 0 l
Fourier series of f  x  defined in  l , l  :-

Let f  x  be defined in  l , l  and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier series expansion is

defined as
1 
 n x n x 
f  x  a0    an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 

1 l n x
where an   f  x  cos dx
l l l
1 l n x
bn   f  x  sin dx
l l l

Fourier series for even and odd functions in  l , l  :-

n x
Let f  x  be defined in  l , l  . If f  x  is even f  x  cos is also even
l
1 l n x
 an   f  x  cos dx
l  l l
2 l n x n x
  f  x  cos dx and f  x  sin is odd
l 0 l l
1 l n x
 bn   f  x  sin dx  0n
l  l l
 Hence if f  x  is defined in  l , l  and is even its Fourier series expansion is given by
1 
n x
f  x  a0   an cos
2 n 1 l
2 l n x
where an   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l
If f  x  is defined in  l , l  and its odd its Fourier series expansion is given by

n x 2 l n x
f  x    bn sin where bn   f  x  sin dx
n 1 l l 0 l
Note:- In the above discussion if we put 2l  2 , l   we get the discussion regarding the intervals
0, 2  and  ,   as special cases
Examples:-
1. Express f  x   x2 as a Fourier series in  l , l 
f   x   f   x   x2  f  x 
2
Sol
Therefore f  x  is an even function
Hence the Fourier series of f  x  in  l , l  is given by
a0  n x
f  x    an cos
2 n 1 l
2 n x
where an   f  x  cos
l
dx
l 0 l
l
2 l 2  x3  2l
hence a0   x 2 dx    
l 0 l  3 0 3
2 l n x
also an   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l
2 l n x
  x 2 cos dx
l 0 l
l
   n x    n x   n x  
  sin      cos    sin 
  x2  
2 l  l   2 l 
  2x 
l  n   n
2 2
  n
3 3

      
 l   l 2
  l 3
0
l
 n x 
2  cos 
  2 x 2 l2 
l n 
 l2  0
Since the first and last terms vanish at both upper and lower limits
 2  cos n  4l 2 cos n
 an  2l 
l  n 2 2 / l 2  n 2 2
 1
n
4l 2

n 2 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

l 2   1 4l
n
n x
2

x  
2
cos
3 n 1 n 
2 2
l
 1
n 1
l 2 4l 2 
n x
  2
3 

n 1 n 2
cos
l
l 2 4l 2  cos  x / l  cos  2 x / l  cos  3 x / l  
  2        
3   12
2 2
32


Find a Fourier series with period 3 to represent f  x   x  x in  0,3

2
2.

a0 
 n x n x 
Sol. Let f  x     an cos  bn sin   1
2 n 1  l l 
Here 2l  3, l  3/ 2
Hence (1) becomes

f  x   x  x2
a0   2n x 2n x 
    an cos  bn sin    2
2 n 1  3 3 
1 2l
f  x  dx
l 0
Where a0 
3
2  x 2 x3 
   x  x  dx      9
2 3 2

3 0 3  2 3 0

1 2  n x 
and an   f  x  cos   dx
l 0  l 
 2n x 

2 3

3 0
 x  x 2  cos 
 3 
 dx

Integrating by parts, we obtain

2 3  2  54  9
an   2 2 
   2 2
3  4n   4n   3  9n 2 2
2 2
 n
1 2l n x
Finally bn   f  x  sin dx
l 0 l
  2n x 

2 3
3 0
 x  x 2  sin 
 3 
 dx
12

n
Substituting the values of a‟s and b‟s in (2) we get
9 9 
1  2n x  12  1  2n x 
x  x2  
2 2
n
n 1
2
cos     sin 
 3   n 1 n  3 


Half- Range Expansion of f  x  in 0, l  :-

The half range sine series expansion of f  x    bn sin n x in  0, 2  is given by


1.
n 1 l
2 n x
f  x  sin
1
Where bn 
l 0 l
dx

2. The half range cosine series expansion of f  x  in 0, l  is given by

1 
n x
f  x  a0   an cos
2 n 1 l
2 l n x
where bn   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l

Examples:-

1. Find the half- range sine series of f  x   1 in 0, l 

The Fourier sine series of f  x  in 0, l  is given by f  x   1   bn sin n x


Ans.
n 1 l
2 n x
f  x  sin
l
here bn 
l  0 l
dx

2 l n x
  1.sin dx
l 0 l
n x 
l

 cos
2 l 
  
l  n / l 
 0
n x 
l
2 
   cos l 
n 0

2
  cos n  1

n
2 
 1  1
n 1

n  
 bn  0 when n is even
 4
 , when n is odd
n

4 n x
Hence the required Fourier series is f  x   
n 1,3,5 n
sin
l
2. Find the half – range cosine series expansion of f  x   sin   x  in the range 0  x  l
 l 
Sol
  x  a0  n x
f  xa0   sin      an cos
 l  2 n 1 l
2 l 2 l x
where a0   f  x  dx   sin dx
l 0 l 0 l
2   cos  x / l 
l


l   / l  0
2 4
  cos   1  and
l 
2 l n x
an   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l
2 l x   n x 
  sin   cos  dx
l 0  l   l 
1 l  sin  n  1  x sin  n  1  x 
     dx
l 0 l l 
cos  n  1  x
l
 

1 
  l 
cos  n  1  x / l 

l  n  1  / l  n  1  / l 
  0
1   1  1 1 
n 1 n 1
1
     
  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1 
When n is odd
1  1 1 1 1 
an     0

  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1 
When n is even
1 1 1 1 1 
an    
  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1 

4

  n  1 n  1
  x  2 4  cos  2 x / l  cos  4 x / l  
 sin          
 l    1.3 3.5 
 Fourier Transforms

Fourier Transforms are widely used to solve Partial Differential Equations and in various boundary
value problems of Engineering such as Vibration of Strings, Conduction of heat, Oscillation of an elastic
beam, Transmission lines etc.

Integral Transforms:

The Integral transform of a function f(x) is defined as

I{f(x)} =
Where K(s,x) is a known function of s & x, called the „Kernel‟ of the transform.
The function f(x) is called the Inverse transform of

1.Laplace Transform: When K(s,x) =

L{f(x)} =

2.Fourier Transform: When K(s,x) =

F{f(x)} =

3.Fourier Sine Transform: When K(s,x)=Sinsx

{f(x)} =

4. Fourier Cosine Transform: When K(s,x)=Cossx

{f(x)} =

5.Mellin Transform: When K(s,x)=

M

6.Hankel Transform: When K(s,x) = x

H(s) =
Where is a Bessel function.

Fourier Integral Theorem:- If f(x) satisfies Dirichlet‟s conditions for expansion of Fourier series in (-c,c)
and converges, then

Which is known as Fourier Integral of f(x)

Proof: Since f(x) satisfies Dirichlet‟s conditions in (-c,c), Fourier series of f(x) is
……………..(1)

Where , ,
Substitute the values of , and in (1) , we get

…………………….(2)

Since converges i.e., f(x) is absolutely integrable on x-axis,

The first term on R.H.S of (2) approaches to „0‟ as

Since

The second term on R.H.S of (2) tends to

Let

……………………………(3)

This is of the form

Thus , (3) becomes

Which is known as Fourier Integral of f(x)

Fourier Sine & Cosine Integrals:-

From Fourier Integral theorem

…………………..(1)

w.k.t cosλ(t-x) = cosλt cosλx + sinλt sinλx

Sub. This value in eq(1), we get

……….(2)

when f(t) is odd function, then f(t)cosλt is an odd function while f(t)sinλt is an even function.
then eq(2) becomes

f(x) =
This is called “Fourier sine Integral”
when f(t) is even function then f(t) cosλt is an even function, while f(t)sinλt is an odd function
then eq(2) becomes

This is called “Fourier cosine Integral”

Complex form of Fourier Integral:-

From Fourier Integral theorem
……………(1)
=

since cos λ(t-x) is an even function

………………..(2)

w.k.t sinλ(t-x) is an odd function,

……………………(3)

multiply (3) by i and add it to (2), then

f(x) =

which is known as „Complex form of Fourier Integral‟.

Problems:
1. Express the function f(x) = as a Fourier integral and hence evaluate

sol: The Fourier Integral of f(x) is given by

f(x) = ……………(1)

given that f(t) =

f(x) =
=
=
=
 = ……………………(2)
which is fourier integral of f(x)
from (2), = f(x)
=

given f(x) =

at i.e., when x=±1

f(x) is discontinuous & the integral has the value

2.Find Fourier Sine Integral representation of f(x) =

sol: Fourier Sine integral of f(x) is given by

f(x) = ……………..(1)

given that f(t) =

f(x) =

=
f(x) =

Fourier Transforms:-
Complex form of Fourier Integral of f(x) is

f(x) =
replace λ by s

f(x) =

If we define F(s) =

then f(x) =

F(s) is called Fourier Transform (F.T) of f(x) and f(x) is called inverse Fourier transform of F(s)

Fourier Sine & Cosine transforms:-

The Fourier sine integral of f(x) is defined as

f(x) =
 f(x) =

If we define

then f(x) =

here is called Fourier sine transform of f(x) and f(x) is called Inverse Fourier
sine transform of

similarly, Fourier cosine integral of f(x) is

f(x) =

if we define

then f(x) =

here is called Fourier cosine transform of f(x) and f(x) is called Inverse Fourier
cosine transform of

NOTE: 1. Some authors define F.T as follows

i) F(s) = ii) f(x) =

iii)F(s) = iv) f(x) =

2.Some authors define Fourier sine & cosine transforms as follows

i) ii) f(x) =

iii) iv) f(x) =

Properties of Fourier Transforms:-

1.Linearity Property:- If be the Fourier transforms of
respectively then f{a

proof:- by definition of Fourier transform,

F{ a }=

=a +b

=
2.Change of Scale Property:- If F{f(x)} = F(s) then F{f(ax)} =

proof:- By definition of F.T,

F{f(x)} = F(s) = …….(1)

F{f(ax)} =

put ax = t
then a dx = dt

F{f(ax)} =

= by(1)

3.Shifting Property:- If F{f(x)} = F(s) then F{f(x-a)} =

Proof:- By definition of F.T,

F{f(x)} = F(s) = …….(1)

F{f(x-a)} =

put x-a = t
then dx = dt

F{f(x-a)} =

= by(1)

4.Modulation Property:- If F{f(x)} = F(s) then F{f(x)cosax} = ½ {F(s+a)+F(s-a)}

Proof:- By definition of F.T,

F{f(x)} = F(s) = …….(1)

F{f(x)cosax} =

=
 =

= {F(s+a) + F(s-a)}

5.Convolution Property:- The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) in (-∞,∞) is defined
as f(t) * g(t) =

Theorem:- If F{f(t)}= and F{g(t)}= then F{f(t)*g(t)} =

Proof:- By definition of F.T we have
F{f(t)*g(t)} =
=
=
on changing the order of integration,
=
=
=
F{f(t)*g(t)} =

6.If F{f(x)} = F(s) then F{f(-x)}= F(-s)

Proof: By definition, F{f(x)} = …………..(1)

F{f(-x)} =
put –x = t then dx = -dt
as x→∞, t→-∞ and as x→-∞ , t→∞

F{f(x)} =

= F(-s) (by (1))

7.

Proof: By definition, F{f(x)} = F(s) = …………..(1)

F(-s) =
taking complex conjugate on both sides

=
 =

8.

Proof: By definition, F{f(x)} = F(s) =

take complex conjugate on both sides

=
put x=-z then dx = -dz

= F{

9.

Proof: By definition of Fourier sine transform

= {

Note:

Problems:
1. Find the F.T of f(x) =
sol: Given f(x) =
={
by definition, F{f(x)} =
=
 =

=
=

= .

2. S.T the Fourier Sine transform of f(x) = { is

sol: By definition,

FINITE FOURIER TRANSFORMS:-

If f(x) is a function defined in the interval (0,c) then, the Finite Fourier sine transform
of f(x) in 0<x<c is defined as

, where n is an integer.

The Inverse finite Fourier sine transform of is f(x) and is given by

f(x) =

The Finite Fourier cosine transform of f(x) in 0<x<c is defined as

, where n is an integer

The Inverse finite Fourier cosine transform of is f(x) and is given by

f(x) =
Problems:-

1. Find the Finite Fourier sine and cosine transforms of f(x)=1 in (0,c)
sol: By definition,

= )

Now,

= =0