Experiment # 6

Apparatus:
Temperature Control System

Description
Temperature Control Trainer contains an educational board with a vessel, a set of sensors and
actuator for temperature and flow. A control module, containing the interface circuits for the
sensors and the ON/OFF, proportional, integral, derivative control circuits (PID).
Theory:
Thermocouple sensor:
When 2 dissimilar metals are joined together to form a junction, an emf is produced which is
proportional to the temperature being sensed.
The term "thermoelectric effect" encompasses three separately identified effects: the See back
effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect
See back Effect: The generation of current in a circuit comprising of two wires of dissimilar
metals in the presence of temperature difference
When an electric current is passed through a circuit of a
thermocouple, heat is evolved at one junction and absorbed
at the other junction. This is known as the Peltier Effect.
The evolution or absorption of heat when electric current
passes through a circuit composed of a single material that
has a temperature difference along its length. This is known
as Thomson effect.
All these effects can be combined to measure temperature.
By holding one junction at a known temperature (reference
junction) and measuring the voltage, the temperature at the
sensing junction can be deduced. The relationship
between temperature and voltage is positive one
RTD sensors:
A Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature
Detector is a device which used to determine the
temperature by measuring the resistance of pure
electrical wire. This wire is referred to as a temperature
sensor
If we want to measure temperature with high accuracy,
RTD is the only one solution in industries. It has good
linear characteristics over a wide range of temperature
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a
temperature sensitive resistor. It is a positive
temperature coefficient device, which means that the
resistance increases with temperature. The resistive
property of the metal is called its resistivity. The
industry standard is the platinum wire RTD (Pt100)
whose base resistance is exactly 100.00 ohms at 0.0
°C. In RTD devices; Copper, Nickel and Platinum are
widely used metals.
These three metals are having different resistance
variations with respective to the temperature variations.
That is called resistance-temperature characteristics
Objective:
To determine the characteristic of a Thermoresistance as position transducer.

Circuit Schematic:

Procedure:
1. Press the main switch (ON).
2. Insert one terminal of a digital multimeter (Ohmmeter) in bush No. 1 and the other
one in bush No. 2 of the resistor TESTER.
3. Regulate the trimmer TESTER to read the value of 100 Ohms (resistance of the
PT100 at 0°C).
4. Use the multimeter as a Voltmeter, set in dc, and move one terminal in bush No.3 and
the other one in the earth bush.
5. Connect, through leads, bushes No. 1 and 2 (0oC) of TESTER to bush No. 1 and 2 of
TEMPERATURE SENSOR INTERFACE.
6. Regulate the trimmer OFFSET to read 0V on the voltmeter.
 7. Remove the leads from bushes No. 1 and 2 of TESTER and insert in the same bushes
the terminals of the multimeter.
8. Use the multimeter as an Ohmmeter and regulate the trimmer TESTER to read the
value of 138.5 Ohms (resistance of the PT100 at 100°C).
9. Use the multimeter as a Voltmeter and move one terminal to bush No. 11 and the
other one to the earth bush.
10. Connect bushes No. 1 and 2 (100oC) of TESTER to bushes No. 1 and 2 of
TEMPERATURE SENSOR INTERFACE.
11. Regulate the trimmer GAIN to read on the multimeter the value of 10V: you have
now calibrated the temperature sensor establishing 1V per 10°C.
12. Remove the leads from bushes No. 1 and 2 of TESTER and connect them to bushes
No. 1 and 2 of the temperature sensors (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.1).
13. Connect bush No. 11 of the HEATER DRIVER to bush No. 11 and bush No. 12 to
bush No. 12 (Sheet 2.1 Fig. 2.2).
14. Connect the bush of SET POINT 1 to bush No. 8 of the HEATER DRIVER.
15. Check if the level of the water is 18cm.
16. Regulate the voltage on SET POINT 1 at 10V: the heating element will start to
operate.
17. Insert one terminal of the voltmeter, set in dc, in bush No. 3 of the temperature
interface and the other one in the earth bush.
18. Read on the voltmeter the voltage values corresponding to the different values of
temperature shown on the thermometer.
19. Write down in Table 2.1 the voltage value for each temperature values listed in the
Table.
20. Turn OFF the main switch.
21. Remove all the connections.
22. Draw the diagram of the voltage as a function of the temperature in Fig. 2.3
23. Analyze the results.

Observation & Calculation:

Zero Error 2.56 V

Temperature (C) Voltage (V) Vcorrect (V)
25 2.65 0.09
27 2.75 0.19
29 2.91 0.35
31 3.12 0.56
33 3.3 0.74
35 3.49 0.93
37 3.68 1.12
39 3.86 1.3
Graphical Plot:
Temperature (oC) Vs Voltage (V)
1.4

1.2

1
Voltage (V)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Temperature (oC)

Applications:
1. RTD sensor is used in automotive to measure the engine temperature, an oil level
sensor, intake air temperature sensors. RTD is used in power electronics, computer,
consumer electronics, food handling and processing, industrial electronics, medical
electronics, military, and aerospace.
2. Thermocouples use in temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel
engines, and other industrial processes. Thermocouples are also used in homes, offices
and businesses as the temperature sensors in thermostats, and also as flame sensors in
safety devices for gas-powered appliance
3. Two classic mechanical applications are the toilet bowl float proportioning valve and
the fly-ball governor.
4. Proportional control concept is more complex than an on–off control system such as a
bi-metallic domestic thermostat, but simpler than a proportional–integral–derivative
(PID) control system used in something like an automobile cruise control. On–off
control will work where the overall system has a relatively long response time, but can
result in instability if the system being controlled has a rapid response time.
Proportional control overcomes this by modulating the output to the controlling device,
such as a control valve at a level which avoids instability, but applies correction as fast
as practicable by applying the optimum quantity of proportional gain.
5. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are used in most automatic process
control applications in industry today to regulate flow, temperature, pressure, level, and
many other industrial process variables.
Result & Discussion:
In this experiment there was a direct relationship between the temperature and voltage this is
deduced from the graphical representation. In Graph which shows a straight line means as the
heater power will increases the temperature of the tank will increase and the increase in voltage
shows in multimeter until the set point reaches where it maintains in steady state.

References:
https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/thermocouples-applications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control

https://electricalvoice.com/controllers-proportional-integral-derivative-controllers/

https://www.omega.com/en-us/resources/pressure-transducers-applications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_sensor
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_controllers.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_control

https://www.ni.com/en-lb/innovations/white-papers/06/pid-theory-explained.html

https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/pub/features/articles/20013