Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Power Plants with
Oil and Gas Installations
Operation Strategies and Frequency Control issues
Atle Rygg Årdal
Salvatore D'Arco
SINTEF Energy Research
Trondheim, Norway
Atle.Ardal@SINTEF.no, Salvatore.Darco@SINTEF.no
Abstract — The interconnection of offshore wind power
plants with oil and gas installations can bring environmental as
well as financial benefits. Such an interconnected system is still
not in operation, but the combination of high reliability
requirements and relatively low system inertia can pose
significant technical challenges, especially in the design of an
adequate overall control strategy. This paper investigates the
robustness of an offshore power system including an offshore
wind power plant and O&G-platforms with focus on the active
power management. State-of-the-art wind power plant
ancillary services such as inertia emulation and power-
frequency control are evaluated as a measure for improving
the robustness of the offshore power system. In particular, the
possible benefits deriving from wind turbine support are
assessed on a reference case study by numerical simulations.
Keywords: Offshore Wind Power, Oil and Gas installations,
VSC-HVDC, Inertia Emulation, Frequency Control
I. INTRODUCTION
The majority of the existing Offshore Oil and Gas (O&G)
installations are self-supplied with gas fired turbines located
on the platforms. A few notable exceptions are the
installations electrified from shore with HVDC transmission
links (e.g. Valhall [1] and Troll [2]) or with AC
transmission links (e.g. Gjøa [3], Ormen-Lange and Goliat
[4]). Gas turbines for offshore O&G installations have a
significantly lower efficiency (e.g. 30% - 40%) than onshore
gas turbine power plants and add substantial volume and
weight requirements to the platforms. In 2008 offshore
O&G industry was responsible for 27% of the greenhouse
gas emissions in Norway and almost 80% of these
emissions were originated from turbines and motors [5].
Based on the EWEA forecasts there are prospects for
European offshore wind power developments of about 40
GW by 2020 and 150 GW by 2050 [6]. The realization of
offshore HVDC hubs to link the offshore wind power
generation to the onshore AC grid is planned within several
of these projects (e.g. Germany’s offshore grid plan [7]).
However, the AC or DC substations represent development
costs which may reduce the feasibility of the project.
Indeed, the transmission investment cost represents
Kamran Sharifabadi
Statoil ASA
Oslo, Norway
approximately a 20%-30% share of the total costs for
remotely located offshore wind power plants. It is
reasonable to expect that some of these offshore wind
projects and power hub projects with HVDC links to shore
will have a near proximity with O&G installations. The
connection of such wind power plants with nearby offshore
O&G installations can bring substantial cost savings due to
a better utilization of the export cables to shore.
Additionally, the investment cost can be shared between the
wind power plant and the O&G operators, increasing the
probability of realization. Moreover, supplying offshore
O&G installations with renewable energy from wind power
plants and from the onshore grid can have a positive impact
on reducing the total CO2 emissions from this industry. In
the last years, research communities have been studying
several possible integration concepts. Islanded operation
without transmission to shore has been examined both in
terms of fuel saving and CO2-analysis [8]-[9] or in the
perspective of power system stability and control [10]-[14].
Grid-connected operation through a HVDC-link has been
studied in [15]-[16] and demonstrated a promising behavior
in terms of power system stability.
This paper investigates the robustness of an offshore
power system including an offshore wind power plant and
O&G-platforms with focus on the active power
management. In particular, the topology presented in
Figure 1 is used as a basis for discussion and analysis.
Figure 1: Overview of the reference topology
 Section II gives a general overview of the advantages and
the challenges connected to a joint grid integration concept.
Strategies for active power management are discussed in
section III, while a particular focus on Wind Turbine
Generator (WTG) support options is given in section IV.
Finally, a simulation study is presented in section V to
highlight the possible advantages deriving from wind
turbine support.
II. CHALLENGES AND ADVANTAGES WITH JOINT GRID
INTEGRATION
A power system integrating an offshore wind power plant
with an O&G-platform has not been realized yet. In general,
integration concepts offer significant advantages but present
also critical technical challenges. The list below summarizes
the most relevant potential advantages of such a
configuration.
• The cost of the offshore wind power plant can be
reduced since a significant share of the electrical
infrastructure cost can be shared with the O&G-
platform owner. Moreover, the transmission link
capacity and losses can be drastically reduced
compared to a connection to shore with separate
transmission cables.
• The approach can bring lower emissions per
produced petroleum unit. Norwegian O&G
platform owners are encouraged to supply their
loads with renewable energy through an emission
tax on local generation corresponding to 0.09
€/Sm3 gas [9]. Assuming an offshore gas turbine
efficiency of 35%, this equals to 0.025 €/kWh for
the electric energy.
• The required power per produced petroleum unit is
expected to grow in the near future due to tail
production of existing fields requiring more
compression capacity or to the new fields located
at a deeper sea depth. Thus, offshore gas turbine
generation becomes more challenging due to more
strict weight and volume constraints.
• Development of offshore power hubs (offshore
collection & distribution substations) may provide
a grid interface close to subsea installations.
However, the integration of a wind power plant with
O&G installations will lead also to several challenges as
discussed in the list below:
• Wind power cannot be used as the only power
supply as the wind energy production may be
insufficient for several days. This implies that
backup generation and/or transmission to shore is a
necessity.
• If O&G-fields and wind power plants are planned
to be interconnected, coordination has to be
initiated in an early stage of the development
process. For example, control issues and solutions
for fast power balancing must be resolved before
operation.
• The wind power plant must not affect negatively
operation of the O&G-field and vice versa. This
has particular importance concerning stability
issues, design of control and protection systems.
• Projects are hard to develop due to regulatory
aspects related with offshore transmission
ownership (many stakeholders).
III.FREQUENCY CONTROL AND ACTIVE POWER
MANAGEMENT IN OFFSHORE POWER SYSTEMS
Stability and robust operation are critical in offshore
power systems since even small power outages in the range
of seconds can lead to O&G-load interruption for hours or
days. The cost associated with lost O&G-production is very
high, thus large efforts should be taken to design a robust
power system. In this context, the ability to balance
generation with load in stationary as well as dynamic
conditions is a fundamental design task. In particular, the
following aspects must be considered:
• Gas turbines in O&G-platforms are typically
interfaced through synchronous generators, and
have response time of few seconds. In addition, the
combined inertia of generator and turbine
contributes to a more stable frequency.
• An offshore HVDC-hub can act as a strong slack
bus, and may supply or consume any amount of
active and reactive power within the design limits.
• A dominating portion of O&G-loads are interfaced
through power electronic converters. Such loads do
not contribute with an own inertia.
• Offshore wind turbines are interfaced through
power electronic converters. State-of-the-art WTGs
have incorporated both frequency droop and
synthetic inertial behavior [17].
A. Frequency control through HVDC-hub
HVDC based on Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is
suitable for connection to offshore load or generation.
Indeed, a VSC-based HVDC hub can be utilized to control
the offshore power system frequency and to provide a
frequency reference for the synchronization of other units.
Frequency control in VSC-HVDC interfaced offshore wind
power plants is analyzed in [18] and [19] while systems
with joint HVDC-transmission for an offshore wind power
plant and O&G-platforms are analyzed in [15] and [16]. In
these studies, the offshore HVDC-converter imposes the
frequency, leading to a stable offshore power system
operation with satisfactory limits to the grid code limits
[20]. However, this configuration can only be adopted if a
few conditions are satisfied. First, the onshore grid
connection point must have a sufficient short-circuit
capacity, hence being able to withstand large and abrupt
changes in the HVDC transmission power flow. In addition,
the HVDC-system must operate with some margin to its
ratings, allowing for up- or down-regulation if required by
the offshore power system. In order to reduce the
requirements for the HVDC-system, supporting control
features can be implemented in one or more of the following
units:
• O&G-generation: if the O&G-platform is
equipped with gas turbine generation, this unit is a
natural choice for frequency control as discussed in
the following subsection.
• Wind power plant: possible contribution from the
wind power plant is discussed in section IV.
• O&G-loads: generally, there are strict ramping
requirements on O&G-loads, so they should
preferably not contribute to frequency control.
B. Frequency control by O&G-platform generation units
In principle, gas turbine generation is redundant if the
O&G-loads can be supplied with both wind power and from
shore. However, as the redundancy requirements in O&G-
production are particularly high, backup generation might
be included nevertheless. The Goliat-platform is an example
where local generation is combined with AC transmission
link to shore [4].
Typically, two or more gas turbines are running in
parallel and governors featuring proportional droop
controllers ensure adequate power sharing. The gas turbines
are able to ramp the power output within few seconds. A
comparison of different gas turbine models for system
stability studies is presented in [22].
Frequency control depends mainly on three factors: 1)
the gas turbine response time is fast enough, 2) sufficient
inertia is present in the system 3) the governor settings
(droop constants) are properly set. The parametric
sensitivity on frequency dynamics from these parameters is
evaluated in [10].
IV. FREQUENCY SUPPORT FROM WIND TURBINES
An increasing share of offshore wind turbines is equipped
with power electronic converters able to control the
rotational speed in addition to the active and reactive power.
This degree of freedom has traditionally been used to
operate the wind turbine at maximum efficiency, as well as
injecting reactive power to the grid during voltage
transients. In the past frequency support and active power
curtailment from wind power plants was not considered
critical due to low penetration of wind energy but new
national grid codes require providing ancillary services as in
conventional power plants (e.g. primary frequency support,
inertial response). These requirements are object of
extensive research (e.g. [23]-[26]) and some manufacturers
have already developed commercial solutions [17]. In case
of a HVDC-transmission, offshore wind turbines do not
directly see the onshore grid frequency. Consequently,
frequency support can only be realized through a
coordinated control scheme between the HVDC-link and the
wind turbines. Frequency mirroring is one possible control
option suggested in [27].
When the offshore wind power plant is connected to
O&G-platforms, frequency support in the local offshore grid
can be potentially beneficial but this possibility has not been
explicitly considered in previous research. This paper
demonstrates how such control can lead to more robust
operation.
A. Power-frequency control (frequency droop)
Power-frequency control (Pf-control) or frequency droop
from wind turbines can be expressed as follows on its
simplest form:
Pout , Pf = Pwind −
( f grid − f ref ) (1)
ρ wind
where Pout,Pf is the turbine output power with Pf-control
enabled, Pwind is the available wind power and ρwind is the
droop constant determining the magnitude of Pf-control. fgrid
and fref are the measured and reference electrical
frequencies, respectively. Typically ρwind is specified as the
percentage frequency variation required for changing the
power output from zero to nominal. In practice, a lookup
table is often implemented including dead-bands and
variable droop gains. Nevertheless, eq. (1) is implemented
in the case study analysis in order to illustrate the Pf-control
principle more clearly.
B. Synthetic inertial response - Inertia Emulation
Classical schemes for control of grid connected power
converters require an external grid with sufficient physical
inertia or an external unit imposing the frequency to operate
correctly. Reduction of the external inertia can lead to
power oscillations and eventually to instability. The inertia
of the system can be virtually increased by embedding
inertia emulation features in the wind power plant. The
concept of synthetic inertia response and inertia emulation
has been proposed with several implementations and
denominations [28]. The simplest implementations can be
still based on a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to synchronize to
the external grid and to compute the frequency derivative
term (e.g. Synchronverter [29]). However, these schemes
suffer for the need of an external grid imposing the
frequency. Alternative implementations are based on an
internal model of virtual inertia and do not rely on a PLL for
synchronization. In this case synchronism is ensured based
on mechanisms similar to those acting in synchronous
machines connected to the grid.
Inertia Emulation (IE) can be realized by including a
term in the active power reference that is proportional to the
derivative of the frequency. On its simplest form, this can be
expressed as:
df grid
Pout ,VSM = Pwind − J IE ⋅ (2)
dt
where Pout,IE is the turbine output power with IE enabled,
Pwind is the available wind power and JIE is the equivalent of
the inertia in rotating machines. In practice, the WTG
inertial energy contribution can be quantified as:
W −W
WIE = actual 2 0 ⋅100% (3)
1 Jω
2 nom
Wactual is the actual amount of delivered energy to the grid
during a given transient while W0 is the amount of delivered
energy in the case where inertia support is not implemented.
1 J ω 2 is the kinetic energy stored in the turbine at rated
2 nom
speed. WIE can then be interpreted as the percentage use of
available rotational energy for inertial support, and is
closely linked with the amount of turbine rotational speed
variation. Although JIE in principle can be chosen
arbitrarily, it is recommended to account for two main
factors: 1) the amount of stored rotational energy in the
turbine at the given operation condition and 2) the
dimensioning or maximum Rate of Change of Frequency
(ROCOF) in the power system. The simulation case
presented in the following pages evaluates the impact of WIE
on the frequency dynamics.
V. CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
A. System overview
A case study has been developed with the objective of
studying frequency dynamics after the loss of a large load.
The simulated case consists of a 500 MW offshore wind
power plant connected to two O&G-platforms with 125
MW load each and a HVDC-transmission link to shore with
rating 400 MW as indicated in Figure 2. As discussed in
section III, O&G-platforms with transmission links to shore
can still be equipped with gas turbines to increase
redundancy. Therefore, gas turbines interfaced through
synchronous generators with a total installed capacity of 300
MW are integrated in the simulation model.
A transient where platform 2 (Pload2) is suddenly
disconnected, corresponding to 50% of the offshore load, is
applied in all simulations. The initial conditions for all cases
are as follows (power losses neglected in this overview):
Pwind = PHVDC = Pgas = 250 MW, Pload1=Pload2=125 MW.
A dynamic simulation model has been established in in
MATLAB/Simulink with the following components:
• Wind power plant: Modeled as an aggregated P-Q
injection equivalent at the 132 kV-level. Power
control includes a current controller and
synchronization through a PLL. The wind speed
has been assumed constant.
• Offshore transmission system: Three cable
sections with 20 km length are modeled with a PI-
equivalent, see Figure 2.
… … Pgas
Pwind Pload1
20 km 20 km
=125 MW
20 km
Pload2
PHVDC =125 MW
50-200
km
Onshore grid
Figure 2: One-line diagram of the case study power system. Sudden
disconnection of Pload2 is applied in the transient simulations
• Oil platform gas turbine generation: A dynamic
model of the gas turbine and associated governor
system has been developed based on [21]. The
governor model is represented by a pure gain. The
synchronous machine model is fourth order.
• O&G-platform load: Represented as constant
power loads modeled with current controllers and
PLLs. Zero inertia is assumed since the dominating
share of O&G-loads is interfaced through power
electronic drives.
• HVDC-transmission: The offshore HVDC-
transmission is modeled equal to the wind power
plant except for the secondary frequency control
described below. As the DC-cable effectively
decouples the offshore power system from the
onshore grid in the electro-mechanical domain,
both the DC-cable and the onshore grid are omitted
in the model.
Frequency control in the hypothetical offshore system
is implemented as follows:
• Primary frequency control: The O&G-platform
gas turbines are assumed to impose the frequency,
according to the discussion in section III. They are
operated in parallel droop mode such that a change
in production will produce a stationary change in
frequency until secondary control is initiated.
• Secondary frequency control: The offshore
HVDC-node is used to bring the gas turbines back
to the original operation point. Consequently, the
frequency is also brought back to its reference
value. The secondary control is assumed to be
relatively slow due to the need for
communications. In the model, this is implemented
through a low-pass filter with time-constant 4 s.
 62
W IE = 0 %

Voltage control is disregarded from the analysis since 61.5 W IE = 0.5 %

Frequency [Hz]
its effect on the active power flow is assumed negligible due W IE = 1 %
61
to relatively short distances between units. Moreover, both W IE = 1.5 %

the O&G-platform synchronous generators and the offshore 60.5

HVDC-converter are able to perform voltage control within

60
a small timescale. Two scenarios are defined based on the 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time [s]
wind turbine support possibilities discussed in section IV: 1)
Wind turbine inertia emulation support and 2) wind turbine
Pf-control (frequency droop). 350

P wind , P HVDC [MW]

PHVDC
300
Pw ind
B. Scenario 1: Wind turbine inertia emulation support
250
In this scenario, the impact of inertia emulation (IE) in
the wind turbines is assessed. IE is implemented as 200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
explained in section IV, while WIE is defined in eq. (3). Time [s]

Figure 3 shows the simulation results when WIE is varying

Figure 3: Loss of O&G-platform load 2 (Pload2) with increasing percentage
between 0% and 1.5%, while Table 1 shows the maximum of WTG inertia support
overshoot and the overshoot at t=4 s. Initially the frequency
rises quickly due to the sudden loss of 125 MW in 62.5

combination with limited inertia present in the system. 62

ρw ind = 0

However, the peak value of the frequency is effectively ρw ind = 1 %

Frequency [Hz]
61.5
reduced with increasing levels of IE. On the contrary, the 61
ρw ind = 2 %

overshoot at t=4s increases when higher values of WIE. This 60.5

ρw ind = 3 %

is a consequence of a symmetric IE counteracting both 60

positive and negative frequency deviations. It is expected 59.5
that a more sophisticated logic in the control system could 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time [s]
optimize the inertial support and yield a better response, but
this is out of scope of the present work.
350
Pwind , PHVDC [MW]

PHVDC
C. Scenario 2: Wind turbine Pf-control 300
Pw ind
In this scenario, frequency droop (Pf-control) is included
as another measure to increase the robustness of the offshore 250

power system. Pf-control is implemented as described in

200
section IV, while ρdroop is defined in eq. (1). Figure 4 shows 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time [s]
the results when ρdroop is varying between 0% and 3%, while
Table 2 shows the overshoots defined as with Table 1. The Figure 4: Loss of O&G-platform load 2 (Pload2) with increasing amount of
frequency trajectory and the overshoot reduction look WTG frequency droop (Pf-control)
similar as in the case with IE (Figure 3). However, the two
methods for frequency support lead to different behavior
after the peak frequency occurs. In fact, with Pf-control, the TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY OVERSHOOT WITH INCREASING
WTG INERTIA SUPPORT
overshoot at t=4 s is reduced with increasing values of
ρdroop. This is a general characteristic that emphasizes the Inertia support Maximum overshoot Overshoot ∆f/fref
(WIE) ∆fmax/fref [%] at t = 4 s. [%]
difference between IE and Pf-control: the main purpose of 0 % (base case) 2.78 % 1.15 %
IE is to reduce the frequency peak, while Pf control has a 0.5 % 2.52 % 1.25 %
stabilizing effect for as long as the frequency deviation 1% 2.30 % 1.33 %
exceeds a specified value. 1.5 % 2.13 % 1.38 %

TABLE 2: COMPARISON OF FREQUENCY OVERSHOOT WITH INCREASING

WTG FREQUENCY DROOP CONTROL
Frequency droop Maximum overshoot Overshoot ∆f/fref
constant (ρwind) ∆fmax/fref [%] at t = 4 s. [%]
0 % (base case) 2.78 % 1.15 %
0.5 % 2.58 % 1.07 %
1% 2.40 % 1.00 %
1.5 % 2.25 % 0.93 %
 VI. CONCLUSIONS
Offshore O&G-installations require reliable and secure
power supply, and the overall control strategy must be
developed in accordance. In case of low system inertia,
these constraints impose challenges regarding the frequency
control. A coordinated frequency control between the
HVDC-hub, the offshore wind power plant and any O&G-
platform generation units has been analyzed. Both inertia
emulation and frequency droop functions were implemented
in the wind power plant equivalent model and the resulting
improvements on the frequency transient overshoot were
calculated for increasing levels of wind power plant support.
Based on these analyses, it is concluded that wind power
plant frequency support can bring a valuable contribution to
the robustness of the offshore interconnected power system.
Future work should address more in detail capabilities of the
offshore HVDC-converter in terms of fast frequency/active
power control. In addition, a case study without any backup
generation in the O&G-installations should also be
analyzed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper has been prepared with funding from
NOWITECH, a joint research centre on offshore wind
technology, hosted by SINTEF Energy Research and co-
financed by the Research Council of Norway, industry and
research partners, www.nowitech.no
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