METRO MANILA COLLEGE

U-Site, Brgy. Kaligayahan, Novaliches, Quezon City

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Prepared by: Mr. Daryl Eldrin L. Valenzuela

 LESSON #2: READING AS AN ENGAGEMENT WITH THE TEXT
AND DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN TEXTS

Sub-cover 2. Professional young man reading with loupe and glasses & Fingers note report journalist filling.
(freepik & jcomp, freepik.com)

CONTENT STANDARD:

The learner…
[CS.RWS.1] realizes that information in a written text may be selected and organized to achieve a
particular purpose.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner…
[PS.ORC.1] critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on information
selection, organization, and development.

OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the module, you should be able to…

[MELC.RWS.1.2] compares and contrasts patterns of written texts across disciplines
 LESSON 2.1: READING
(adapted from Seastres, 2016)

Reading as an Engagement with the Text

As one might remember from the previous

discussion on verbal communication in the course
Oral Communication in Context, it is humans
who assign meaning to symbols (Hermosa,
Hernandez, and Vergara, 2019).

In the same way, meaning is not found

in text; it is derived through the reader’s
interaction with the text. How does a person
primarily interact with a written text? Reading is
the answer to this question.

What is Reading?

Reading is a process that prompts a person to decode symbols in a text in an effort to

understand what is meant (Seastres, 2016). This facilitates the engagement of the reader with
the text and vice versa. Reading is always an engagement between the reader and a text.

The Cambridge Online Dictionary (2021) denotes reading as “the skill or activity of getting
information from a text”. From this definition, one can see that reading (much like speaking which
is covered in Oral Communication in Context) is a
skill – and like all skills, it can be improved
upon. If one reads a lot, decoding and
understanding a text will most likely be a lot
easier for him/her/them.

According to the Merriam-Webster Online

Dictionary (2021), reading comes from the
Latin word reden which means “to advise,
to guess, or to grasp the meaning of”.
This relates to how people decode the text
they read in order to gain understanding of the
text.

Why Do People Read?

The reason why people read is very similar to why people converse with one another; they
want to gather and disseminate information which is ultimately tied to the inherent desire to
learn and understand.
 Reading is done under different contexts – primarily for personal, professional, or
academic purposes.

[ACTIVITY 2.1.] LET’S TAKE NOTE!

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions in no less than THREE sentences. Write
your answers on the space provided (3 pts. each).

1. Where is meaning in a text found? Who or what assigns meaning to symbols in a written text?
(3 pts.)
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2. How does one primarily interact with written text? How can one define this process? (3 pts.)
________________________________________________________________________________
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3. The Cambridge Online Dictionary defines reading as a skill. What does this imply about reading
and other communication skills like speaking and selecting and organizing information? (3 pts.)
________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do people read? (3 pts.)

________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Based on the ideas presented in Lesson 2.1, how would you personally define reading? (3 pts.)
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 LESSON 2.2: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT FOUND IN TEXTS
(adapted from Antonio et al., 2017)

The Common Patterns of Development

People write texts for various reasons. Some people what to share their ideas with one
another. Some people write to express their feelings. Some people write to tell a story. And yet some
people write for other purposes. People use different patterns of development for different purposes.

Written below are common patterns of development seen in texts.

1. Development by Description

Texts that make use of development by description have the purpose of creating images
or pictures of what is/are described. In this pattern of development, people make
use of words to draw things in the reader’s minds.

e.g.

David’s smartphone is not really in the best condition. Its screen has a lot of scratches
that are probably made by his pet cat. Its audio jack is a little loose which makes it hard
for to detect earphones, speakers, or any other external sound output device connected
to it. The power button is a little faded – probably because of overuse.

Well, David should really get a new phone.

(written by Mr. Valenzuela)

Please note that this pattern of development is the most commonly used method of
writing a paragraph (Antonio et al., 2017). This is probably because humans always try
to describe things that they see or are fascinated with.

2. Development by Narration

Texts that make use of development by narration have the purpose of telling a story
or retelling an account. The most preferred arrangement of details in such a text is
chronological order – an arrangement according to how events happened in
time. Transitional devices like first, second, third, in the end, next, previously, before,
after, as soon as, and the like are used to signal progression throughout the narrative.
 e.g.

Last night, something really scary happened to me. I was walking back home when I
caught sight of a woman who was certainly not part of our neighborhood. As soon as
our eyes met, she hurriedly ran to me. “Young man”, how do I go to the pharmacy from
here?”, she said. I told her to go straight and take the next right, and to go right at the
second street that she would see after making the turn. She thanked me and went on
her way.

A short time after I talked to her, one of my neighbors – Keith – approached me.

“Who are you talking to, bro?”, he asked.

“An old woman”, I replied. “She asked me how to get to the pharmacy.”

Little did I know that Keith saw me from afar seemingly talking to someone, but he
didn’t see anyone else with me.

(written by. Mr. Valenzuela)

3. Development by Comparison and Contrast

Texts that make use of development by comparison and contrast have the purpose of
presenting the readers with the similarities and differences of two or more
things.

Please note that while it is common to compare and contrast two things, one can
compare and contrast three or more things.

e.g.

Mr. Balentong and Mr. Cacatawa are similar and different at the same time. They have
the same height, but they do not have the same weight. They have the same field of
expertise (English), but they do not have the same waterloos (Math for Mr. Balentong
and Science for Mr. Cacatawa). Mr. Balentong makes use of humor as he teaches while
Mr. Cacatawa connects his personal experiences to the discussions. Nevertheless, they
are still interesting teachers! I am happy to be their student.

(written by Mr. Valenzuela)

 4. Development by Definition

Texts that make use of development by definition have the purpose of providing a
succinct explanation of who or what something is – and to an extent, what its
features are. The definition also acts as the limiter of the term – clearly telling readers
what a term encompasses / does not encompass.

e.g.

A tumbler is a container that is used to hold water, juice, or any other beverage that
humans drink. They have different designs and parts. My tumbler – this one that I’m
holding – is brown and has three parts: one for holding water, one for filtering water,
and one for covering the top of the water container.
(written by Mr. Valenzuela)

It is important to note that one must avoid using a term to define itself.

e.g.
[X] Writing is the act of writing words.
[/] Writing is the act of using a tool to create symbols that convey meaning.

[X] A water container is used to contain water or any other liquid normally used for
human consumption.
[/] A water container is used to hold water or any other liquid normally used for
human consumption.

[ACTIVITY 2.2.] LET’S ANALYZE FACTS!

DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write FALSE if it is
incorrect. Use CAPITAL letters only. (1 pt. each)

___________ 1. Development by description is the most common pattern of development.

___________ 2. A writer makes use of transitional words in order to showcase that facts are
arranged chronologically in a narrative paragraph.
___________ 3. The purpose of describing something is to create images in the readers’ minds.
___________ 4. In a comparison-and-contrast paragraph, a writer can only compare and contrast
two things.
___________ 5. One of the reasons why a writer must use transitional words is to signal progression
within the paragraph or the composition.
___________ 6. The definition of a term sets its boundaries because it tells the readers what it is
and what it is not.
___________ 7. The purpose of a narrative paragraph is to tell a story or to retell a narrative.
___________ 8. It is okay to use a term to define itself.
___________ 9. First, second, and lastly are examples of transitional devices for narrative works.
___________ 10. People use different patterns of development to suit their purposes.
 [ACTIVITY 2.3.] LET’S REDEFINE TERMS!
DIRECTIONS: Rewrite the following definitions so that they won’t use the
terms that must be defined. Write your answer on the space provided. An
example is given below for your guidance (2 pts. each)

e.g.
[X] A statement is considered true if it is true.
[/] A statement is true if it is correct.

1. [X] A controller is a device one uses to control something.

[/] _________________________________________________________________

2. [X] A mobile game is a game played on a mobile phone.

[/] _________________________________________________________________

3. [X] A pink notebook is a notebook that is colored pink.

[/] _________________________________________________________________

4. [X] Being angry is an expression of one’s anger.

[/] _________________________________________________________________

5. [X] A computer management system is a system used to manage a computer.

[/] _________________________________________________________________

[ACTIVITY 2.4.] LET’S IDENTIFY THE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT USED!

DIRECTIONS: Identify the patterns of development used in the texts below. Choices are
in the box below. Please note that they may be used more than once. (2 pts. each).

CHOICES:
Description / Narration / Comparison and Contrast / Definition

1. Under the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face mask is a personal protective equipment
(PPE) that covers the nose and the mouth. It has different types – the most popular of which are
surgical and cloth masks. Face masks are used by people to protect themselves from COVID-19, a
disease that has spread worldwide. They are readily available for purchase in stores and other retail
outlets.

(“Writers”, written by Mr. Valenzuela)

Answer: _________________________________________________________________________
2. Three years ago, I had the best day of my life. I got married. Yay! I still remember our journey
together. I met her in college – in one of my classes – around five years ago. I managed to strike a
conversation with her because we were put in the same group for an activity. I then found out that
we had a lot of interests in common which made me so happy. Things continued from there. We
became good friends which definitely cultivated our feelings for one another. At first, I was hesitant
to acknowledge my feelings, but my heart got the better of me. After eight months, I decided to risk
it all and confess. We got into a relationship. Of course, we had misunderstandings and quarrels at
times, but we didn’t let those destroy our relationship. After some time, we got married. I’m still with
her right now.

Alice, I love you.

(“Alice”, written by Mr. Valenzuela)

Answer: _________________________________________________________________________

3. My phone is one of my greatest treasures. It’s a little big, but that’s okay. I have big fingers
anyway. And yes, even though it has some nicks and scratches, I love it to bits. Its light blue color
forms a beautiful contrast with its jet-black casing. It has a lot of functions. I can text people with
it. I can take pictures with it. I can connect to the Internet with it. I can play games with it. I can
watch videos with it. And yes, a whole lot more.

(“My Phone”, written by Sir Valenzuela)

Answer: _________________________________________________________________________

4. Books are eBooks are reading materials enjoyed by people of different ages. They both provide
readers with information about various topics. Both of them are quite portable, actually, though one
may argue that eBooks are more portable than actual books because you can simply save them in a
personal digital device for easy access. As for the reading experience, a lot of people prefer traditional
books because they want the experience of literally turning the pages and smelling the “scent” of
olden and newly-published books. Both are really great either way, though!

(“Books and eBooks”, written by Mr. Valenzuela)

Answer: _________________________________________________________________________

5. Paper is one of the world’s most widely-used resource. It is usually made from trees, grasses,
and other similar natural resources. Some types of paper are even created with recyclable materials.
People use paper for a good number of activities – printing, publishing, writing, creating paper-based
materials like recyclable cups and containers, and the like. The application letter we use to apply for
a job? Made of paper. The exam we answer using our pencils and pens? Made of paper. The books
we read for leisure? Made of paper. A lot of things in these modern times are made of paper. One
can say that paper is an essential resource of the modern age.

(“Paper”, written by Mr. Valenzuela)

Answer: _________________________________________________________________________
 [ACTIVITY 2.5.] LET’S WRITE OUR OWN TEXTS!
DIRECTIONS: Select one out of the choices written below. Create a paragraph of (at
least 10 sentences) which makes use of your chosen topics and pattern of organization.

CHOICES:
1. My Favorite Thing – Description
2. The Best Adventure of My Life – Narrative
3. Computers vs. Smartphones – Comparison and Contrast
4. The Philippines as a Country – Definition

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS

The paragraph presents valuable content about the topic
CONTENT AND
and is presented in a way that is reflective of the pattern of 5
ORGANIZATION
development that must be used.
GRAMMAR The paragraph follows the rudiments of English grammar
5
AND STYLISTICS and stylistics and contains at least ten (10) sentences.
The paragraph is written in such a way that it stands as one
UNITY AND
united thought – no irrelevant ideas or sentences are 5
COHERENCE
present in the work.
TOTAL 15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY (LESSON 2)

=====================================================

Content References:

Main Reference (Book):

Antonio, M.T., Sarte, M., Inigo, M.E., & Tagonan, O. (2017). Reading and writing skills for senior high school sudents. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.

Supporting References (Book and Internet):

Hermosa, A.L., Hernandez, M.R., & Vergara, S. (2019) Oral communication: for senior high school (V. M. Victorio, Consultant).
Educational Resources Corporation.

Cambridge Online Dictionary. (2021). Reading. In dictionary.cambridge.org.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/reading

Merriam-Webster. (2021). Read. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/read

Pena, A.R., & Anudin, A. (2016). Reading and writing. NCR: Vibal Group, Inc.

Seastres, J.E. (2016). [Reading and writing skills] text as a discourse - introduction. Slide Presentation.
https://www.slideshare.net/EjeSeastres/reading-and-writing-skills-text-as-a-discourse-introduction

Book Cover:
Piqsels (2021). Person using magnifying glass [Digital Image]. https://www.piqsels.com/en/public-domain-photo-svvbd

Pictures for Lesson 2:

Freepik (2020). Christmas alphabetical letters in vintage style [Digital Image]. https://www.freepik.com/free-
vector/christmas-alphabetical-letters-vintage-style_10806056.htm

Freepik (2017). Professional young man reading with loupe and glasses [Digital Image]. https://www.freepik.com/free-
photo/professional-young-man-reading-with-loupe-glasses_1189373.htm

JComp (2017). Fingers note report journalist filling [Digital Image]. https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/fingers-note-report-
journalist-filling_1088221.htm

Logos Used for Module 2:

Milano83 (2017). Check and cross signs paint. [Digital Image]. From https://www.freepik.
.com/free-vector/check-cross-signs-paint-design_1136697.htm#page=1&query= check&position=24

YAWD (n.d.). Light Bulb. [Digital Image]. from https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/idea/

YAWD (n.d.). Note with thumbtack. [Digital Image]. from https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/note/

YAWD (n.d.). Pencil and note pad. [Digital Image]. from https://ya webdesign.com/explore/writing/

YAWD (n.d.). Perplexed female #1. [Digital Image]. https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/thinking/

Special Fonts Used in the Title Page:

“Benja” by Don Marciano
https://www.1001fonts.com/benja-font.html

“Xerography” by Vic Fieger

https://www.1001fonts.com/xerography-font.html