EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2

Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

I. Lesson: Measures of Variability

II. Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the different measures of variability

2. Compute and interpret the range, quartile deviation, variance, and
standard deviation from ungrouped and grouped data of the given data
set/scores

III. Content:
This presents the measures of variability, namely: range, quartile deviation, average
deviation, variance, and standard deviation. These measures of variability describe on how sets
of observation dispersed, scattered or spread, unlike the measures of central tendency which do
not give information on how the scores are dispersed.
For example there are two set of scores with the same mean ( x ¿ ,53.25 , but sample
A is less scattered because it is homogenous class and Sample B is spread wider
since it is a heterogeneous class.
Illustration:
Sample A 40, 50, 51, 52, 53, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60 x=53.25
Sample B 20, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 70, 75 x=53.25
1. RANGE
Range is obtained by getting the difference between the highest score and the lowest
score. In sample A, the range is 20, while in Sample it is 55.Hence B is more scattered than
Sample A because the range is 55, whereas in Sample A, the range is 20.

2. QUARTILE DEVIATION
Quartile Deviation is another measure of variability which divides the difference of the
third quartile and first quartile into halves.
Step 1. Estimate the frequency “lesser than”
Step 2. Find the third and first quartiles
Step 3. Compute the quartile deviation by using the formula:
Q3−Q1
QD=
2

Table 1. Sample Computation of Quartile Deviation in a Form of Frequency Distribution

of the Assessment of Student Learning 2 Test taken by 50 Teacher Education Students.

Scores Frequency <cf

51-56 5 50
45-50 12 45
39-44 6 33
33-38 10 27
27-32 7 17
21-26 8 10
15-20 2 2

1|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

( )
N
−¿ cfb Md
2
Md=l b+ i
F Md

( )
N
−¿ cfb Q
2 2

Q2=l Q + i
2
FQ 2

N 50
= =25
2 2
Q2=32.5+
25−17
10
6 ( )
Scores Frequency <cf
51-56 5 50
45-50 12 45 Q2=32.5+ 4.8
39-44 6 33
33-38 10 27
27-32 7 17 Q2=37.3
21-26 8 10
15-20 2 2

THIRD QUARTILE

( )
3N
−¿ cfb Q 3 N 3(50) 150
4
i ; 4 = 4 = 4 =37.5
3

Q3=l Q + 3
FQ 3

Q3=44.5+( 37.5−33
12 )
6

Q =44.5+(
12 )
4.5
3 6

Q3=44.5+ ( .375 ) 6
Q3=44.5+2.25
Q3=46.75

FIRST QUARTILE

( )
N
−¿ cfb Q N 50
4 = =12.5
i; 4 4
1

Q1=l Q + 1
FQ 1

Scores Frequency <cf

51-56 5 50
45-50 12 45
39-44 6 33
33-38
27-32
10
7
27
17
Q1=26.5+ ( 12.5−10
7 )6
21-26 8 10
15-20 2 2

2|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Q1=26.5+ ( 12.5−10
7 )6
Q1=26.5+ ( 2.57 ) 6
Q1=26.5+ (.357 ) 6
Q1=26.5+2.14
Q1=28.64
Q3−Q1
QD=
2

46.75−28.64
QD=
2
18.11
QD=
2
QD=9.055

3. AVERAGE DEVIATION OR MEAN DEVIATION

Average Deviation or mean deviation is defined as the sum of absolute deviations of the
arithmetic mean divided by the number of cases. It is a measure of variability infrequently used.
Average Deviation from ungrouped data is applied when the number of cases (N) is less
than 30. The steps are as follows:
Step 1: Find the arithmetic mean by summing the scores divided by the number of cases or
∑ X/N
Step 2: Find the difference between the scores and the mean | X−X| .
Step 3: Add the results of Step 2 to get ∑ | X− X|
Step 4: Apply the formula of average deviation from ungrouped data.

AD=
∑ |X −X|
N
Table 2. Computation of Average Deviation from Ungrouped Data in an 80-item Test
in English

Students X ∑|X− X|
1 80 12.7
2 78 10.7
3 75 7.7
4 74 6.7
5 74 6.7
6 70 2.7
7 64 3.3
8 60 7.3
9 50 17.3
10 48 19.3
673 94.4
∑ X = 673 =67.3
N 10

3|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

AD=
∑ |X −X|
N
94.4
AD=
10

AD=9.44

Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

Activity
I. Compute the quartile deviation of the set of scores of Grade 7 students in Science
Quiz.

Scores f
40-44 5
35-39 6
30-34 10
25-29 4
20-24 5
15-19 8
10-14 3
5-9 4

II. Compute the average deviation of the ff: scores.

14, 17, 12, 15, 18, 19, 25, 30, 28, 24, 28, 16

4|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Scores f <cf
40-44 5 45
35-39 6 40
30-34 10 34
25-29 4 24
20-24 5 20
15-19 8 15
10-14 3 7
5-9 4 4

( )
3N
−¿ cfb Q 3 N 3( 45) 135
4
i ; 4 = 4 = 4 =33.75
3

Q3=l Q + 3
FQ 3

Q3=29.5+ ( 33.75−24
10 )5
Q3=34.375

( )
N
−¿ cfb Q N 45
4 = =11.25
i; 4 4
1

Q1=l Q +
1
FQ 1

Q1=14.5+ ( 11.25−7
8 )5
Q1=17.156
Q3−Q1
QD=
2

34.375−17.156
QD=
2
17.219
QD=
2
QD=8.61

Students X ∑|X− X| ∑ X = 246 =20.5

1 30 9.5 N 12
2 28 7.5
3 28 7.5
4 25 4.5
5 24 3.5
6 19 1.5
7 18 2.5
8 17 3.5
9 16 4.5
AD=
∑ |X −X|
10 15 5.5 N
11 14 6.5
12 12 8.5
246 65

65
AD=
12

AD=5.42

5|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Average deviation from grouped data is applicable when the number of cases (N)
is equal to or more than (≥ ¿ 30. In computing average deviation from grouped data in a form of
frequency distribution, the steps are as follows.
Step 1. Look the arithmetic mean
Step 2. Look for the midpoint of each class limit
Step 3. Find the difference absolutely between the midpoint and arithmetic mean. The
signs are disregarded.
Step 4. Multiply Step 3 by the frequency to get f| X−X|

Step 5. Look for the sum of Step 4 to find ∑ f |X −X|

Step 6: Compute the average deviation from grouped data using the formula

AD=
∑ f |X −X|
N
Table 3. Sample Computation of Average Deviation in a Form of Frequency Distribution
of the MOCK LET taken by 50 Teacher Education Students.

Scores Midpoint (x) f fx | X−X| f | X− X|

51-56 53.5 5 267.5 16.08 80.4
45-50 47.5 12 570 10.08 120.96
39-44 41.5 6 249 4.08 24.48
33-38 35.5 10 355 1.92 19.2
27-32 29.5 7 206.5 7.92 55.44
21-26 23.5 8 188 13.92 111.36
15-20 17.5 2 35 19.92 39.94
50 ∑ fx =1871 ∑ f |X −X|=451.68

Mean ( x )=
∑ fx = 1871 =37.42
N 50

AD=
∑ f |X −X|= 451.68 =9.03
N 50

4. VARIANCE
Variance is another measure of variability which is the square of standard deviation. It is
called the mean square.
One of the sources of variance is the difference between individuals. There’s saying
which goes, “No two individuals are alike.” Even identical twins differ from each other. If a set of
observation has no difference, there’s no variance.
Computation of Variance from ungrouped data.
Step 1. Look for the arithmetic mean by using the formula ∑ X / N .
Step 2. Find the difference between the scores and mean or X −X .
Step 3. Multiply the results in Step 2by itself and add to get the sum of ∑ ¿¿ ¿
Step 4. Compute variance from ungrouped data using the working formula
SD =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

Table 4. Computation of Variance from Ungrouped Data in an 80-item test in Calculus.

Students X X −X ¿¿
1 80
2 79
3 78
4 77

6|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
5 75
6 75
7 75
8 75
9 74
10 73
11 72
12 70
13 68
14 67
15 66
16 65
17 64
18 63
19 61
20 60
Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class
Computation of Variance from Grouped Data
Step 1. Multiply the frequency by the midpoints to get the Fm.
Step 2. Add all the fM values to get ∑ fM .
Step 3. Multiply fM by M to get fM 2.
Step 4. Sum all the values of fM 2 ¿ get ∑ fM 2 .
Step 5. Compute the variance from grouped data using the midpoint method with
the use of formula
SD =N ( ∑ fM )−¿ ¿
2 2

Table 5. Computation of variance from Grouped Data Using the Midpoint Method
on Science 10.

Scores Frequency M fM fM 2
51-56 5
45-50 12
5. 39-44 6
33-38 10
27-32 7
21-26 8
15-20 2
STANDARD DEVIATION
Standard Deviation as another measure of variability is the most commonly used indicator of the
degree of dispersion and also the most dependable measure of variability. Moreover, the
standard deviation is the square root of variance.
Computation of Standard Deviation from Ungrouped Data
As mentioned earlier, the standard deviation formula and its steps are almost the same
with variance and it differs only in the square root sign. The formula for standard deviation from
ungrouped data is as follows:

SD=√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
Data from Table 4. Computation of Standard Deviation from Ungrouped Data in an 80-item test
in Calculus.

Students X X −X ¿¿
1 80
2 79
3 78
4 77
5 75
6 75
7|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020
EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021
7 75
8 75
9 74
10 73
11 72
12 70
13 68
14 67
15 66
16 65
17 64
18 63
19 61
20 60
Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

Computation of Standard Deviation from Grouped Data

Step 1. Multiply the frequency by the midpoints to get the Fm.
Step 2. Add all the fM values to get ∑ fM .
Step 3. Multiply fM by M to get fM 2.
Step 4. Sum all the values of fM ¿ get ∑ fM .
2 2

Step 5. Compute the standard deviation from grouped data using the midpoint
method with the use of formula
√
SD= N ( ∑ fM 2 )−¿¿ ¿

Data from Table 5. Computation of Standard Deviation from Grouped Data Using
the Midpoint Method on Science 10.

Scores Frequency M fM fM
2

51-56 5
45-50 12
39-44 6
33-38 10
27-32 7
21-26 8
15-20 2

Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

IV. References:
Assessment of Student Learning 2 by Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, PhD
Assessment of Learning Outcomes Book 2 by Danilo S. Gutierrez, PhD

8|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

I. Lesson: Measures of Skewness and Kutosis

II. Learning Outcomes:

1. Define skewness
2. Differentiate positive skewed from negatively skewed distribution
3. Compute, interpret, and plot mean, median, and mode in a positively
skewed distribution.
4. Compute, interpret, and plot mean, median, and mode in a negatively
skewed distribution.
5. Compute and interpret the kurtosis of the given data scores
III. Content:
Skewness is defined as the asymmetrical distribution in a set of data in a scale with
respect to its arithmetic mean. A distribution can be positively skewed. A positively skewed
distribution tapers more than the right which means of the concentration of values is below the
arithmetic mean. A negatively skewed distribution tapers more to the left means the
concentration of values is above the arithmetic mean. This means that in a positively skewed
distribution, few values are above the mean. For negatively skewed distribution, few values are
below the mean and more values are above the mean.

Positively Skewed Distribution

In normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode have the same values. If the distribution is
positively skewed, the mean and median are both at the right of the mode. Table 1 shows the
computation of the mean, median, and mode in a positively skewed data.
Table 1. Test Results from Midterm Exam in ASL 2

Class Limit M F <cf

94-97 1
91-94 1
88-91 1
85-88 1
82-85 1
79-82 2
76-79 2
73-76 3
70-73 4
67-70 5
64-67 6
61-64 10
58-61 7
55-58 4
52-55 2
Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

9|Page JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020

EDUC 9- ASSESSMENT IN STUDENT LEARNING 2
Handout
BSED E3A, E3B, M3A, BEED 3A, 3B
First Semester, A.Y. 2020-2021

Negatively Skewed Distribution

Negatively skewed distribution is the opposite of positively skewed data. In negatively
skewed data, the mean and median are found at the left of the mode because majority of the
students are above the mean or average. Table 2 presents the computation of the mean,
median, and mode in a negatively skewed distribution.
Table 2. Test Results from Midterm Exam in Math 16

Class Limit M F <cf

94-97 5
91-94 7
88-91 8
85-88 10
82-85 6
79-82 3
76-79 2
73-76 1
70-73 1
67-70 1
64-67 1
61-64 1
58-61 1
55-58 1
52-55 1
Note: Detailed Computation will be discussed during online class

Kurtosis
There are two kinds of kurtosis. These are leptokurtic and platykurtic.
1. In leptokurtic, the distribution has pointed curve and more peaked at the top and thicker tails.
The value of kurtosis is more than 3.
2. In platykurtic, the distribution is flat on the top or flat-topped curve. The value of the kurtosis is
less than 3.
In normal distribution, the kurtosis value is 3.

Note: Discussion of Kurtosis will be facilitated in Microsoft Excel.

IV. References:
Assessment of Student Learning 2 by Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, PhD
Assessment of Learning Outcomes Book 2 by Danilo S. Gutierrez, PhD

10 | P a g e JUDELLE L. INOCENCIO 2020