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Chapter-1 Sentence A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. A sentence has two parts. The naming part is called the subject and what we say about the subject is called the predicate part. Example-He runs in the field. Subject-he Predicate-runs in the field Exercise1.1 Match the subject & Predicate and make meaningful sentence.

Subject Ravi The Sun A bird Water Boys Girls It Cow Teacher Harish is a big room.

Predicate

teaches and gives us knowledge. gives us milk is a good boy is very intelligent sets in the west flies in the sky boils at 1000 centigrade play badminton love to play cricket

1.2 Identify the subject & Predicate in the following sentences (Elementary) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) Your younger brother is a doctor. Ravi runs very fast. The food smells very good. The tall boy standing in the corner is our captain. All the girls watched T.V. in the evening. He is sitting in the corner. All the new students are unhappy. The boards decision has made us happy. The prime minister has given us tax concession. His father is a teacher. Lions roar in the forest. Every student sang in the party.

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(xiii) (xiv) (xv)

They have gone out for a dinner. I bought a car yesterday. She sings very well.

1.3 Put a suitable subject to form a meaningful sentences. (Elementary) i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. _____________ rises in the east. _____________ am a teacher. _____________ have won the match. _____________ bark at strangers. _____________ are playing cricket. _____________ is very hot today. _____________ are swimming fast. _____________ gives us knowledge. _____________ gives us light & life. _____________ starts at 10 a.m. _____________ have been living in this city for 10 years. _____________ saw a movie yesterday. _____________ had left before I reached there. _____________ can speak English. _____________ must obey the traffic rules.

1.4 Put a suitable Predicate to make the sentence meaningful _________ (Intermediate) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) The sun _____________ The rose _____________ The door _____________ India _____________ Ravi _____________ Sonu _____________ Water _____________ Cows _____________ Children _____________ The teacher _____________ The doctor _____________ Dogs _____________ Ravi and Rakesh _____________

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14) 15)

Bread & butter _____________ The boy in red shirt _____________

Chapter-2 The Elements of a Sentence

The important elements of a sentence are:

1.Subject: Every statement in English begins with a subject. The subjects Noun, Pronoun or Noun Phrase is tied to or is in agreement with the verb. 1. A bird is flying. 2. Birds are flying.

2.Verb: The verb is the second element of a statement. There are three types of verbs Linking verb ( Is, am, are, was, were. etc) Intransitive verb (verb without object) Example-Birds fly Transitive verb (verb with object) Example- He reads a book.

3.Complement: A Complement usually follows a linking verb. The complement tells us more about the subject. The subject and the complement refer to the same person or thing. The complement may be an adjective, a noun, a preposition phrase or an adverb. Examples:1. His father is a teacher. 2. Your friend is tall.

OBJECTS Objects are of two types Direct object Indirect object

Object come only after transitive verb. If a transitive verb requires only one object, it has to be a direct object. The object can be an answer to what or whom. The object can be a noun or a pronoun. An indirect object comes immediately after the main verb but usually followed by a direct object.

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Example 1. 2. Sachin hits the ball. Ravi told us a story.

Adverbial An adverbial can be a one word adverb, a noun phrase or a clause. An adverbial can be an answer to when or where in a sentence. 1. 2. 3. 4. Ravi lives here. (Adverb). Your read this book last week. (noun phrase). The book is on the table. (prepositional phrase) She came when I was going out. (Clause)

Note: There is a second Category of linking verbs. These are verbs such as appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, become, get and grow. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rakesh feels happy. You seem restless. His uncle became a doctor. It sounds good. He appears upset.

Basic Sentence Patterns Pattern 1 Subject + Intransitive verb + Adverbials Ex. 1. 2. He You Sings laughed Well loudly

Pattern 2 Ex. 1. 2. Sub + Linking verb + Complement They were happy. She is a teacher.

Pattern 3 Sub + Transitive verb + Direct object + Adverbial 1. 2. Sachin scored a century He has read this book.

Pattern 4 Subject + Transitive verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object + Adverbials 1. 2. I gave my friend a present on his birthday. The teacher asked him a question.

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2.1 Exercise (Elementary) Arrange the following words in the order subject + Intransitive verb + Adverbials. Start with a capital letter and end with a full stop.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Ravi / with a pen / writes in the east / the sun / rises The bus / late / arrived Ran / fast / he studied / in the room / children He / over the wall / jumped Heavily / it / rained Well / she / sings Laughed / loudly /He Rohit / there / sat Sanjay / loud / spoke The Scooter / fast /runs Begins / my college /in July Went /Home /they on the ice / Ravi / slipped

2.2 Exercise (Intermediate) Arrange the words in the order. Subject + linking verb + complements

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Are/ busy / the boys tall / my brother / is Ravi / happy / appeared feel / they / annoyed Sad / seemed / he this boy / seems / restless smells / the rose / sweet bitter / this fruit / taste upstairs / is / my / brother must have been / the party / enjoyable were / in the library / they on Sunday / the examination / will be