Basic Calculus SENIOR

HIGH
SCHOOL

Introduction to Module

Derivatives 10
Quarter 3
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Self-Learning Module 10: Introduction to Derivatives
First Edition, 2020

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Basic Calculus SENIOR
HIGH
SCHOOL

Module

10
Quarter 3

Introduction
to Derivatives
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the (Basic Calculus (Senior High School) Module on Introduction

to Derivatives !

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the (Basic Calculus) Module on Introduction to Derivatives!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

LESSON: Introduction to Derivatives

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to apply the definition of
the derivative of a function at a given number.

PRETEST

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It refers to the process of finding the derivative of a function.
a. differentiation b. integration
0
2. A process used if the differentiation produces indeterminate form .
0
a. factoring or rationalization b. division or multiplication

3. Which of the following is an example of indeterminate form?

1 0
a. b.
1 0

4. Which of the following is 𝑓′(−2) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3 ?

a. 4 b. -4

5. Which of the following is 𝑓′(1) the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 ?

a. 5 b. 4

RECAP

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following refers to a line that intersects the graph at
exactly one point?
a. tangent b. secant
2. Which of the following is the formula in finding the slope of a tangent
line at a given point?
 f ( x0 + x ) + f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
a. ml = lim b. ml = lim
x→0 x x→0 x
3. At what point the graph intersect g ( x ) = x3 − 1 at x = 2 ?
a. 6 b. 7
4. What is the slope of g ( x ) = x − 1 at x = 2 ?
3

a. 12 b. 15
5. What is the equation of the line of g ( x ) = x3 − 1 at x = 2 ?
a. y = 12x − 17 b. y = 12x − 21

LESSON

The derivative of a function at y = f (x ) at x = xo tells us that f ' ( x0 ) is

the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point
P( x0 , P( x0 )) .
x f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
f ' ( x0 ) = lim = lim
x→0 y x →0 x
provided the limit exists.

The derivative of a function f ( x ) denoted f ' ( x ) at any x in the domain of

the given function is defined as

x f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim
x→0 y x→0 x
Provided the limit exists.

The following are the different notations of derivatives when y = f (x )

df dy
y' , f '( x) , , ,
dx dx

 f (x) , D  f (x)
d d d
f , y , X
dx dx dx
Note that the process of solving the derivative is called differentiation.
The techniques in differentiating functions is the same with evaluating limits
0
and in indeterminate form , factoring and rationalization process could be
0
utilized.

Illustrative Examples

1. Find the derivative of f ( x ) = x 2 2. What is the derivative of y = x

Solution: Solution:

f ( x + x ) − f ( x ) f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = lim
x→0 x x→0 x

( x + x )2 − x 2 ( x + x) − x
f ' ( x ) = lim f ' ( x) = lim rationalization
x→0 x x→0 x

x 2 + 2x + (x ) − x 2 ( x + x ) − x ( x + x ) + x
2
f ' ( x) = lim f ' ( x ) = lim •
x→0 x x→0 x ( x + x ) + x

2x + (x )
2
f ' ( x) = lim ( x + x ) − x
f ' ( x ) = lim
x→0 x x→0 x( ( x + x ) + x)
x( 2 + (x )
f ' ( x ) = lim ( x )
x→0 x f ' ( x ) = lim
x→0 x( ( x + x ) + x)
f ' ( x) = lim2 + x
x→0 1
f ' ( x ) = lim
f '( x) = 2
x→0 ( x + x ) + x

1
f ' ( x ) = lim
x→0 2 x
What is the derivative of
Note that the domain of the
derivative is permissible for all values
of x  0

An alternate equation of derivative by setting x = x0 + x therefore x = x − x0 ,

similarly f (x ) − f ( x0 ) will be produced. The derivative of f at x0 is defined
to be provided that the limit exists
x f ( x) − f ( x0 )
f ' ( x) = lim = lim
x→0 y x →0 x − x0
provided that the limit exists then, The derivative of f at x0 is the slope of
the tangent line at f ( x0, f ( x0 )) , if it exists.

Illustrative Examples

1. f ( x ) = 5 x − 1 , solve for f ' (1) 2x

3. f ( x ) = , solve for f ' ( 2)
x +1
Solution:
Solution:
Using the given definition x0 = 1
Using the given definition x0 = 2
(5 x − 1) − 4
f ' (1) = lim
x→1 x −1 2x
−1
f ' (1) = lim x + 1
5x − 5 x→2 x −1
f ' (1) = lim
x→1 x −1
2x
−1 x + 1
5( x − 1)
f ' (1) = lim f ' (1) = lim x + 1 .
x→1 x −1 x→2 x −1 x +1

f ' (1) = lim5 2 x − ( x + 1)

x→1 f ' (1) = lim
x→2 ( x − 1)( x + 1)

f ' (1) = 5
x −1
f ' (1) = lim
x→2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2. f ( x) = 5 x , solve for f ' ( 0)
1
f ' (1) = lim
Solution: x→2 ( x + 1)

f ( x) − f ( x0 ) 1
f ' ( x) = lim f ' (1) =
x→0 x − x0 3

Using the given definition x0 = 1

5
x −0
f ' (0) = lim
x→0 x−0

5
x
f ' (0) = lim
x→0 x

1 1
f ' (0) = lim 4 → + 
x→0
5 0 
x

f ' ( 0) = 

The derivative undefined at x = 0

therefore, the limit does not
exists (DNE)
 ACTIVITIES

A. Find the derivative of the given function at a given number

1. y = 3x 2 − 2 at 𝑓 ′ (1)
2. y = x 2 − 1 at 𝑓 ′(2)
2x
3. f ( x ) = , solve for f ' ( −2)
x +1
4. y = 2 x 2 − 2 x , solve for f ' ( 0)

WRAP-UP

What are the different notations of derivatives ?

What can you say to the limit of a certain function when the derivative
is undefined?

VALUING

We have different and alternative ways of solving derivative of a

function like the different modality of how you learn today compared to the
old one. What is important is that you are doing the best way that you can to
learn and adopt to our current situation.
In a sheet of paper, write 3 or 4 sentences about the learning attitude
or habits you are doing to cope up with our present condition.
 POSTTEST

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It refers to the process of finding the derivative of a function.

a. differentiation b. integration
2. What process can be used if the differentiation produces
0
indeterminate form 0 ?
a. factoring or rationalization b. division or multiplication
3. Which is 𝑓′(3) of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2x + 1?
2

a. 50 b. 52
1
4. Which is 𝑓′(−2) of 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥 −2
a. 1 b. 2
5. Which of the following is the sum of 𝑓′(1) and f (-1) of the function
f(x) = −2x 2 + 3x ?
a. 5 b. 6
 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRE-TEST RECAP ACTIVITIES

1. a 1. a 1. 𝑓′(1) = 6
2. a 2. b 2. 𝑓′(2) = 4
3. b 3. b 3. 𝑓′(−2) = 2
4. b 4. a 4. 𝑓′(0) = −2
5. a 5. a

References

Leithold, L. College Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison Wesley Longman Inc.,

1989. reprinted by Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2002.

Lial, M.J., J Hornsby, and D.I Schneider. College Algebra and Trigonometry
and Precalculus. Addison-Wesly Educational Publisher, Inc., 2001.