SENIOR

Basic Calculus HIGH

SCHOOL

Introduction to Module

Derivatives 9
Quarter 3
Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Self-Learning Module 9: Introduction to Derivatives
First Edition, 2020

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 SENIOR
Basic Calculus HIGH
SCHOOL

Module

9
Quarter 3

Introduction
to Derivatives
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the (Basic Calculus (Senior High School) Module on

Introduction to Derivatives !

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the (Basic Calculus) Module on Introduction to Derivatives !

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

LESSON: Introduction to Derivatives

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to

1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given
point.
2. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.

PRETEST

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

Use the equation g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 in answering questions nos. 1-4

1. At what point does the graph intersect at x = 2 ?

a. 4 b. 6

2. What is the slope of the graph at x = 2 ?

a. 4 b. 2

3. What is the equation of the line at x = 2 ?

a. y = 4 x − 2 b. y = 4 x − 14
4. Which of the following refers to a line that intersect the graph at
exactly one point?
a. secant b. tangent

5. Which of the following is the formula in finding the slope of a tangent

line at a given point?
f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + x) − f ( x0 )
a. ml = lim b. ml = lim
x→0 x x→0 x0
 RECAP

In your junior high lesson, slope of a line (m) were introduced and
defined as the rise over run or the ratio between change of y and change of
x as shown in the given formula.
y1 − y2
m= , x1  x2
x1 − x2
Direction: Choose the correct letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. What is the sign of the slope when the direction of a line tends to the
right?
A. positive B. negative
2. What is the slope of the line when it is parallel to the y -axis?
A. zero slope B. undefined
3. What is the slope of a line that passes through point A (4,-8) and point
B(9,2)?
A. 2 B. -2
4. Which of the following is the slope of the line passing through (-5,6) and
(-3,2)?
A. 2 B. -2
5. Using the figure, what is the slope of a line
6 6
A. − B.
7 7
 LESSON

In Geometry tangent line is defined as a line that touches the circle at

exactly one point as shown.

Line is tangent to circle A at point P. The

point at which the circle and the line intersect
(point P) is the point of tangency.

While tangent line to a curve starts with a secant line

By inspection, x is called increment it represents change in the value of x .

If the value of Q approaches P, x will also approach to 0 as shown in the
figure below.
Eventually line PQ will approach line l then if Q gets closer and closer to P ,
the slope of line l will be defined as :

The tangent line to the graph of f at the point P ( x0 , f ( x0 )) is the line

through P having the slope ml given by
f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
ml = lim ,
x→0 x

if this limit exists;

The line x = x0 , if

f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
lim is +  or − 
x→0+ x
and
f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
lim− is +  or − 
x→0 x

Illustrative Examples
1. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = x 2 − 1 at point (2,3).

Solution: Solve the slope of the tangent line at (2,3)

Step 1: Solve for the slope of the line

f ( 2 + x ) − f ( 2 )
m( 2) = lim
x→0 x

= lim
 f (2 + x) − 1− 3 2

x
( 2 + x ) − 1− 3
x→0
2
= lim
x→0 x
Thus, the slope (m) is 4 at point (2,3).
4 + 4x + (x ) − 4
2
= lim
x→0 x Step 2: Use the point slope from to
determine the equation
4x + (x )
2
= lim y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
x→0 x
y − 3 = 4(x − 2)
x( 4 + x )
= lim
x→0 x y − 3 = 4x − 8

= lim(4 + x ) y = 4x − 5
x→0

m( 2 ) = 4
 1
2. Give the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f ( x ) = at x = 1 .
x

Solution:

1
f (1) =
x

f (1) = 1

So the point intersect the graph of

1
f ( x ) = at (1,1).
x
Step 1: Solve for the slope of the line

f (1 + x ) − f (1)
m(1) = lim
x→0 x
f (1 + x ) − f (1)
m(1) = lim Thus, the slope (m) is -1 at point
x→0
1 x
−1 (1,1).
= lim 1 + x
x→0 x Step 2: Use the point slope from to
determine the equation
1 − (1 + x )
= lim 1 + x y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
x→0 x
y −1 = −1(x −1)
− x
= lim y −1 = −x +1
x→0 x(1 + x )

y = −x + 2
−1
= lim
x → 0 1 +  x

= −1

ACTIVITIES

A. Find the slope and equation of the tangent line to the graph of the
equation at a given point.
1. y = 2 x 2 + 4 x at point (-2,0)
2. y = 2 x3 + 3 at point (1,5)
3. y = 9 − x 2 at x = 2
 WRAP-UP

What is the formula to use in finding the slope of the tangent at a

given equation and a point?

What are the steps in finding the equation of a tangent line to the
graph of a function at a given point?

VALUING

The direction of the line dictates the sign of slope whether it is

positive, negative, zero or undefined. We human give different emotions
based on turns of daily events or happenings in our life. It is so because that
is the gift of life and what is important is at the end of the day we go back to
our right senses and decide what is good and fair to all.
As a student, cite some situations where you react positively,
negatively, no reaction or you don’t know what to react.
 POSTTEST

Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following refers to a line that intersects the graph at

exactly one point?
a. secant b. tangent
2. Which of the following is the formula in finding the slope of a tangent
line at a given point ?
f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 ) f ( x0 + x) − f ( x0 )
a. ml = lim b. ml = lim
x→0 x x→0 x0
3. At what point the graph intersect g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 at x = 2 ?
a. 4 b. 6
4. What is the slope of g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 at x = 2 ?
a. 4 b. 2
5. What is the equation of the line of g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 at x = 2 ?
a. y = 4 x − 2 b. y = 4 x − 14
 KEY TO CORRECTION

PRETEST RECAP POSTTEST ACTIVITIES

1. b 1. a 1. b A 1. m = −4 , y = −4 x − 8
2. a 2. b 2. a 2. m = 6 , y = 6 x − 2
3. a 3. a 3. b 3. m = −4 . y = −4 x + 13
4. b 4. b 4. a
5. a 5. a 5. a

B.
1. 2. 3. .

References

Leithold, L. College Algebra and Trigonometry. Addison Wesley Longman

Inc., 1989. reprinted by Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2002.

Lial, M.L., J Hornsby, and D.I Schneider. College Algebra and Trigonometry
and Precalculus. Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher, Inc., 2001.