Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plaintiff;
v.
Case No. TR-2022-8977
BRETT CHAPMAN,
Defendant.
COMES NOW Brett Chapman and moves this Court to dismiss this matter for lack of
criminal subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the Act of May 2, 1890, 26 Stat. 81, 96, § 32, Fortune
v. Incorporated Town of Wilburton, 1904 IT 21, ¶ 0, 82 S.W. 738, 5 Am.Ann.Cas. 287 (U.S. Ct. App.
Indian Terr. 1904), aff’d Fortune v. Incorporated Town of Wilburton, 142 F. 114, 73 C.C.A. 338, 4
L.R.A.N.S. 782, 6 Am.Ann.Cas. 565 (U.S. Cir. Ct. App. 8th Cir. 1905), Everts v. Town of Bixby,
1909 OK 164, ¶ 0, 103 P. 621 (Syllabus by the Court, n. 1), Okla. Stat. tit. 5, § 3.3, and McGirt v.
Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ____, 140 S. Ct. 2452, 207 L. Ed. 985, 2020 U.S. LEXIS 3554 (2020). In
1.1. The undersigned was born in 1983 at the United States government’s W.W. Hastings
Indian Hospital in the Cherokee Nation to his mother, a woman of certified 7/16 Ponca descent, and
her Pawnee-Kiowa husband, a man of certified 1/2 Pawnee and 1/4 Kiowa descent. Being comprised
entirely of his parents combined genetic material as all humans are, the undersigned is therefore
mathematically 19/32 Native American (59.375%) purely as a matter of biological descent and has
been since the moment he came into existence as a zygote sometime in the autumn of 1982.
1.2. The undersigned’s maternal great great great grandfather Chief White Eagle was the
hereditary chief of the Ponca Nation during the illegal Ponca Trail of Tears in 1877. Over 200 of his
people died, including his wife, four of his children, and his father Iron Whip who signed the broken
U.S.-Ponca Treaty of 1865 (14 Stat. 675). His vice chief Standing Bear sued and was the first Native
American to win civil rights in 1879. U.S. ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook, 25 F. Cas. 695, 1879 U.S.
1.3. In 2021, the undersigned secured the repatriation of his relative Standing Bear’s
tomahawk from the University of Harvard’s Peabody Museum on behalf of the family in an effort
that received extensive national and international media coverage. Additionally, the undersigned is
regularly quoted as an authority on political and societal issues facing Native Americans in countless
national media outlets of note, including but not limited to TIME,1 CNN,2 Sports Illustrated,3 NPR,4
Axios,5 the Washington Post,6 The Guardian,7 the Chicago Tribune,8 and the national Associated
Press.9 In each article, the undersigned’s Indigenous identity as averred herein is referenced.
1 The U.S. Capitol Is Filled With Racist Depictions of Native Americans. It’s Time for Them to Go, TIME (Feb. 8, 2022),
https://time.com/6143574/us-capitol-native-americans-racist-paintings-sculptures/
2 Universities have held onto sacred Indigenous remains and items for decades – and have been slow to give them back,
CNN (Jul. 22, 2021), https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/22/us/indigenous-remains-colleges-universities-nagpra-trnd
3 World Series: Why Does MLB Still Allow Synchronized, Team-Sanctioned Racism in Atlanta, Sports Illustrated (Oct. 28,
2021), https://www.si.com/mlb/2021/10/28/atlanta-braves-tomahawk-chop-daily-cover
4 How Racism Has Manifested Itself In Schools, As Recalled By Listeners, NPR (Feb. 9, 2019),
https://www.npr.org/2019/02/09/692955877/listeners-share-stories-of-racism-at-school
5 Oklahoma AG asks Supreme Court to overturn landmark ruling on tribal sovereignty, Axios (Aug. 6, 2021)
https://www.axios.com/2021/08/06/supreme-court-oklahoma-tribal-sovereignty
6 The Braves have resisted a name change, but Hank Aaron’s death renews calls for ‘the Hammers,’ The Washington Post
(Jan. 22, 2021), https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2021/01/22/braves-name-change-hammers/
7 Native American lawyer calls on Harvard to return ancestral relic, The Guardian (May 7, 2021),
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/07/harvard-ponca-chief-standing-bear-tomahawk-lawyer
8 Maine West High School retires American Indian mascot following debate over use, The Chicago Tribune (Apr. 20,
2018), https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/ct-met-maine-west-indian-mascot-retired-20180430-story.html
9 McCullough’s new book on pioneers’ history draws criticism, The Associated Press (May 15, 2019),
https://apnews.com/article/arts-and-entertainment-native-americans-ken-burns-david-mccullough-
ccfd330462aa4229bc54392de55d0bc8
2
1.4. The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma is an Indigenous nation with formal recognition
by the United States of America. Notice, 86 Fed. Reg. 7554, 7556 (Jan. 29, 2021). The undersigned
is an enrolled member thereof under the provisions of the Constitution of the Pawnee Nation and has
been issued a Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma Membership Identification Card which bears the Pawnee
Nation’s official seal and the signatures of two tribal officials, in addition to the undersigned’s color
photograph, full legal name, birthdate, signature, roll number, CDIB, issuance date, and date of
enrollment. Under no circumstance, however, will the undersigned produce it before this tribunal, for
as will be shown below, it has been produced and utterly disregarded too many times prior hereto.
2.1. On September 5, 2022, the undersigned was driving in the Muscogee Nation at a
location westbound on the Creek Turnpike with a posted maximum speed limit of 75 miles per hour
when he was stopped by Ronald Watson, a peace officer employed by the Oklahoma Department of
Public Safety as a state trooper with the Oklahoma Highway Patrol. This location is recognized as
Indian Country, such as the term is defined under the United States Code, and the undersigned has
been authorized in writing to aver that the Tulsa County District Attorney stipulates to this fact.
2.2. Upon making contact with the undersigned, Mr. Watson communicated to him that
he was speeding in excess of the posted limit and requested the undersigned’s driver license and
security verification. The undersigned produced his Oklahoma Driver License along with his Pawnee
Nation of Oklahoma Membership card. The undersigned produced the former to show Mr. Watson
that he was licensed driver and the latter to show that he was an enrolled citizen of an Indigenous
nation recognized by the United States of America at a location both knew constituted Indian
Country. Anticipating a citation, the undersigned did this to ensure Mr. Watson knew to summon him
to the only proper court with subject matter jurisdiction over him: the Muscogee Nation District
3
Court, for a presumed speeding infraction contrary to the Muscogee Creek Nation Traffic Code of
2020. Mr. Watson reviewed the Pawnee Nation photo identification and handed it back to the
undersigned, stating he had no need for that, and returned to his patrol motorcycle. When Mr. Watson
returned, he informed the undersigned that he was issuing him a citation for speeding one to ten miles
per hour over the posted limit rather than the higher speed he stated he radared the undersigned at,
noting his officer’s discretion was based upon a review of the undersigned’s driving record. Instead
of summoning the undersigned to the Muscogee Nation District Court for a violation of MCNA Stat.
tit. 14, § 3-1201(F)(1),10 Mr. Watson handed the undersigned a pre-printed document bearing the
caption “Oklahoma Uniform Violations Complaint,” releasing him on his own recognizance on a
promise to appear before this Court on an alleged violation Okla. Stat. tit. 47, § 11-801(e).11 This Mr.
Watson did in conformity with the provisions of the State and Municipal Traffic, Water Safety, and
Wildlife Bail Bond Procedure Act of 1986, Okla. Stat. tit. 22, §§ 1115–1115.5. The undersigned
examined the document and politely and respectfully inquired of Mr. Watson as to why he summoned
the undersigned to a court that both knew lacked subject matter jurisdiction in this matter. Mr. Watson
politely responded, in effect, that the undersigned would have to ask the Tulsa County District
Attorney’s Office about that decision; this Mr. Watson did in such a manner which left the
undersigned with the impression that he was told to do this by some unknown individual in a
10 “It shall be a violation of this section to drive any vehicle at a faster rate of speed than such prescribed maximum
or at a lower rate of speed than such prescribed minimum. Any person convicted of speeding violation pursuant to
this section shall be punished by a fine as follows: (1) 1-10 miles per hour over the limit: $75.00 [$159.00 with
costs]” (available online at http://www.creeksupremecourt.com/wp-content/uploads/NCA-20-087.pdf at 33-34).
11 “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any person convicted of a speeding violation of one (1) to ten (10) miles
per hour over the limit, pursuant to [Okla. Stat. tit. 47, § 11-801(B)-(F)], shall be punished by a fine of Five Dollars ($5.00)
and costs and fees not to exceed Ninety-five Dollars ($95.00).
4
2.3. The undersigned is a member of the Oklahoma Bar Association, an officer of the
court, and regularly practices before this Court in particular. In so doing, the undersigned has
routinely secured declines and dismissals for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to McGirt
for cases more serious than standalone speeding infractions simply by e-mailing the Tulsa County
District Attorney’s Office and providing a copy of an individual’s membership identification card
from a federally recognized Native American nation. For example, on Monday, September 20, 2021,
the undersigned emailed Assistant District Attorney Marianna McKnight regarding a client who had
retained the undersigned shortly after being arrested in the Cherokee Nation on suspicion of
misdemeanor DUI in violation of Okla. Stat. tit. 47, § 11-902 informing her the client was an enrolled
member of the Seneca-Cayuga Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized Indigenous nation, and
requesting that she decline the case and transfer it to the Cherokee Nation. Ms. McKnight quickly
declined the case based solely off the Seneca-Cayuga Tribal Membership Card attached by the
undersigned. This email exchange is attached hereto as Exhibit 1 and reproduced here verbatim as:
2.4. In accordance with Mr. Watson’s statement about contacting the Tulsa County
District Attorney’s Office, the undersigned emailed Assistant District Attorney Jake King regarding
the matter on September 25, 2022. In accordance with his knowledge of established practice in such
matters, the undersigned provided Mr. King with an electronic copy of the same Pawnee Nation
Membership card produced to Mr. Watson, and further provided Mr. King the specific contact
5
information for the Pawnee Nation’s Enrollment Assistant should he want to independently confirm
the same.12 This email is attached hereto as Exhibit 2 and is reproduced verbatim as follows:
Email from Brett Chapman to Jake King (Sep. 25, 2022, 2:49 PM
CDT): Hey, Jake, a personal request here: On Labor Day, I got a
speeding ticket from an Oklahoma Highway Patrol trooper in the
Muscogee Creek Nation while driving on the westbound Creek
Turnpike near US 169. The trooper issued me a citation which I have
attached. The State of Oklahoma has since filed this matter (TR-
2022-8977) in Tulsa County. I am a citizen of the Pawnee Nation of
Oklahoma, a federally recognized Indigenous nation. I have attached
a copy of my membership identification. I believe subject matter
jurisdiction is proper in the Muscogee Creek Nation District Court
under their laws for this violation. In the event you require
submission directly from the Pawnee Nation as a condition
precedent to dismissal, the contact person is Suzanne Kanuho
(sk0316@pawneenation.org / 918-762-3621 ext. 137). You may
forward her this email as my proof of consent for release if so
required.
2.5. On September 26, 2022, the undersigned received a response to the email, not from
Mr. King, but from an unidentified individual under the handle “TrafficDA,” to whom Mr. King had
evidently forwarded the request. In contrast to the undersigned’s September 20, 2021 exchange with
Ms. McKnight, this anonymous individual stated the Tulsa County District Attorney’s Office cannot
dismiss traffic citations outright on basis of tribal citizenship and that the undersigned could either
file the instant formal motion and have an evidentiary hearing or attend defensive driving in exchange
for a dismissal. This email is attached hereto as Exhibit 3 and is reproduced verbatim as follows:
12 Under Pawnee Const. art. IX, § 3, the Enrollment Assistant is defined as “[t]he person(s) appointed or assigned by the
Business Council having the responsibility of maintaining membership enrollment, correspondence, applications and other
duties as may be assigned.”
6
private provider of your choosing and email us your certificate of
completion. Once we receive your certificate, the case will be
dismissed with cost to State. How would you like to proceed?
(Emphasis added).
2.6. On October 3, 2022, the undersigned emailed Erik Grayless, First Assistant District
Attorney, seeking clarification for this curious new refusal to dismiss traffic citations outright on basis
of tribal citizenship when there exists direct authority on the matter with regard to Indians in Indian
Country. Mr. Grayless informed the undersigned that the Tulsa County District Attorney’s Office has
very recently developed a belief that state troopers and municipal police are somehow able to
properly enforce moving violations against all Native Americans in the Muscogee Nation and
Cherokee Nation through criminal prosecutions in the State of Oklahoma’s district courts. He further
stated that this new belief has been communicated to Assistant District Attorneys instructing them to
respond precisely as “TrafficDA” did above. The undersigned asked whether there was any legal
authority supporting this policy. He was then informed that the basis for the policy is a certain inferior
federal court’s memorandum order,13 itself predicated entirely on certain a false statement of law
made by the City of Tulsa, a municipal political subdivision of the State of Oklahoma, that the 55th
United States Congress expressly granted criminal subject matter jurisdiction to the Incorporated
Town of Tulsa under § 14 of the Act of June 28, 1898, 30 Stat. 495, 499, and that the City of Tulsa
2.7. The undersigned specifically asked Mr. Grayless to not dismiss this matter during
the October 3, 2022, exchange and Mr. Grayless agreed. This email is attached hereto as Exhibit 4
13 Hooper v. City of Tulsa, No. 4:21-CV-00165-WPJ-JFJ, 2022 WL 1105674 (N.D. Okla. Apr. 13, 2022).
7
by the Court at 1) and Fortune v. Incorporated Town of Wilburton,
1904 IT 21, 82 S.W. 738, aff’d 142 F. 114, 73 C.C.A. 338 (8th Cir.
Ct. App. 1905) cases before a judge ASAP and with there being a
policy in place currently disregarding McGirt by the State relying
entirely upon the application of the City of Tulsa’s underlying claim
using a mere inferior federal court’s memorandum order, this is a
perfect opportunity to answer these questions.
2.8. The undersigned is aware of other pending cases similar to this one and objects to
any dismissal of this case prior to an evidentiary hearing as it will serve the effect of allowing them
to continue in this without any judicial determination or oversight. Worse, it allows the bad act to
continue by exploiting the reality that Tulsa County has a very large Indigenous population and that
very few defendants challenge traffic tickets compared to general misdemeanors, the difference being
most traffic litigants are pro se. The end result is this scheme collect ticket revenue from Native
Americans sent to Tulsa County without any say in the matter on the roadway continuing unabated.
3. ARGUMENT BY AUTHORITY
The undersigned preemptively addresses the Tulsa County District Attorney’s nascent claim
for two reasons: first, this belief-turned-policy declaration unlawfully usurps subject matter
jurisdiction from the Muscogee Creek Nation and the Cherokee Nation and forces state jurisdiction
over Native Americans in these nations without authority of law; and, second, controlling authority
exists which this Court is bound to follow holding that Congress never expressly granted criminal
subject matter jurisdiction to any municipality created under the federal laws prior to the
incorporation of Indian Territory into Oklahoma Territory and the admission of Oklahoma as a state
on November 16, 1907, revealing the Hooper delusion they attempt to exploit for what it is.
8
3.1. Congress never conferred criminal subject matter jurisdiction to Indian
Territory municipalities for ordinance violation proceedings in mayoral courts
at any point during the pre-statehood era (May 2, 1890 – November 16, 1907)
The Indian Territory was created by the 53rd Congress under the Act of May 2, 1890, 26 Stat.
81, §§ 29-44.14 The sole plenary power exercised by Congress through this legislation was its
absolute, undisputed plenary power under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution to make law for
the territories and properties of the United States.15 This incarnation of the Indian Territory existed
from May 2, 1890, until November 16, 1907, when it was incorporated into the Oklahoma Territory
and admitted to the federal union as the State of Oklahoma. The time between these exact dates is
hereinafter referred to as the territorial period or the territorial era. As is relevant to the issue at hand,
Congress passed three relevant federal laws governing the Indian Territory during the territorial
period in decreasing importance: the first and most important was the Act of May 2, 1890, then the
Act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat. 964), followed by least significant of all – the Act of June 28, 1898
Under the Act of May 2, 1890, 26 Stat. at 93-100, §§ 28-44, Congress extended and applied
all the provisions of the Constitution of the United States over the Indian Territory.16 This, of course,
14 The long title of the Act of May 2, 1890 was An Act to Provide a Temporary Government for the Territory of Oklahoma
and Enlarge the Jurisdiction of the United States Court in the Indian Territory. The U.S. Ct. Indian Terr. was created one
year earlier by the 53rd Congress under the Act of March 1, 1889, 25 Stat. 783, §§ 1–27 (An Act to Establish a United
States Court in the Indian Territory).
15 Ex parte Dickson, 1902 IT 52, ¶ 0, 69 S.W. 943 (U.S. Ct. App. Indian Terr. 1902) (“Under Const. U.S. art. 4, § 3,
providing that ‘the Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the
territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state,’ Congress had power to pass Act Cong. May 2,
1890…”); contra Hooper, 2022 WL 1105674 at * 4 (“Congress has plenary power over Indian affairs [and] affirmatively
granted authority to a municipality that it did not give to the state,” citing South Dakota v. Yankton Sioux Tribe, 522 U.S.
329, 343 (1998)).
16 “The Constitution of the United States and all general laws of the United States which prohibit crimes and misdemeanors
in any place within the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States, except in the District of Columbia, and all laws
relating to national banking associations shall have the same force and effect in the Indian Territory as elsewhere in the
United States.” Act of May 2, 1890, § 31, 26 Stat. at 96; accord Luce v. Garrett, 1901 IT 20, ¶ 1, 64 S.W. 613 (U.S. Ct.
App. Indian Terr. 1901)(“The Constitution of the United States was directly extended over and put in force in this Territory
by the 31st Section of the Act of Congress of May 2, 1890”).
9
was inclusive of the Sixth Amendment governing criminal prosecutions, which Congress
complemented by extending and applying all the general federal laws as codified in the Revised
Statutes of the United States of 1874 relative to criminal prosecutions.17 Indeed, during the entirety
of the territorial period, the United States of America was vested with exclusive criminal subject
matter jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions under § 32 of the Act of May 2, 1890, 26 Stat. at 96,
which provided that in the Indian Territory “[a]ll criminal prosecutions therein shall run in the name
of the ‘United States.’” A criminal proceeding is prosecuted by the sovereign in its own name, or in
the name of its people.18 Thereafter, no congressional measure enacted into law during the entire
On September 23, 1895, a small group of U.S. nationals occupying a townsite in the
Cherokee Nation called Miami were the first to successfully petition for incorporation under the Act
of May 2, 1890, § 31.19 The provisions governing the creation and regulation of municipal
corporations in the Indian Territory put in force under this same section (§ 31) permitted the election
of a mayor and aldermen, who could then make local regulations in the form of ordinances. It also
permitted an inferior tribunal known as a mayor’s court which operated in a very similar manner to
state small claims courts today. Beginning with this law and continuing through every single piece
17 Id. The Revised Statutes of the United States of 1874 constituted the first codification of positive law in U.S. history and
the progenitor of the U.S. Code. The aforementioned procedures extended under Act of March 1, 1889, 25 Stat. 783, § 6,
are found at U.S. Rev. Stat. tit. XIII, ch. 18; “No indictment shall be found, nor shall any presentment be made without the
concurrence of at least twelve grand jurors,” Rev. Stat. U.S., § 1021 (1874); “No person shall be prosecuted tried or
punished for any offense not capital except as provided in § 1046 unless the indictment is found, or the information is
instituted within two years next after such offense is committed.” Rev. Stat. U.S., § 1044 (1874).
18 For example, the Oklahoma Legislature mandates that every public offense now pending before the Tulsa County
District Court be commenced by indictment or information under Okla. Stat. tit. 22, § 2 and further mandates that “[a]
criminal action is prosecuted in the name of the State of Oklahoma as a party, against the person charged with the offense.”
Id. at § 11. The support staff employees in the Tulsa County District Attorney’s Office who type out charging documents
are familiar with the verbiage, though likely unaware of the legal reason the specific words they type are used, and it
appears to be that the attorneys in that office are unaware that the words are used for a reason, too.
19 “Miami Incorporated,” The Daily Ardmorite at p. 2, col. 1 (Oct. 15, 1895), made available online by the Oklahoma
Historical Society (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc616694/m1/2/high_res/); see also, the Incorporated
Town of Wagoner (Jan. 1896).
10
of congressional legislation that followed during the territorial period, every proceeding ever had in
a mayoral court was civil in nature and was commenced in the name of a real party in interest for the
remedy of a private wrong under the various common law forms of action such as debt, contract,
trover, assumpsit, scire facias.20 Actions in Indian Territory mayoral courts with respect to the local
ordinances were no different: such cases were just another civil action commenced by just another
private real party in interest seeking a private remedy for a private wrong in the nature of debt. Such
actions were commenced – not by a sovereign in its own name – but by just another private real party
in interest (either the incorporated town or second-class city as a corporate entity) who sought a
money judgment for a private wrong. Unlike criminal prosecutions, which are governed by the Sixth
Amendment from commencement through jury trial, the civil actions commenced in Indian Territory
mayoral court during the territorial period were governed by Seventh Amendment regulating
common law civil actions.21 This is because at common law, local ordinance violations were always
civil actions, and it did not matter that the judgment debtor could be jailed because imprisonment
was not viewed as punishment, but as means to force payment of the money debt solely in the event
the debtor defaults on immediate payment. Proof that Congress intended for this can be found in §
31 of the Act of May 2, 1890 where they put into force the common and statute law of England over
Thus, under the Act of May 2, 1890, Congress mandated that all actions commenced in
mayoral courts of an incorporated town or second-class city created thereafter be civil in nature by
20 See e.g. Dennee v. Cromer, 114 F. 623, 52 C.C.A. 403 (a civil action commenced in the Second Class City of Ardmore
by a local against resident attorneys over a promissory note); Missouri K. & T. Railway Co. v. Phelps, 1903 IT 21, 76 S.W.
285 (a civil action commenced in the Incorporated Town of Caddo by a local whose cow was hit by a train there), Baker
v. Marcum & Toomer, 1908 OK 171, 97 P. 572 (a civil action commenced in the Incorporated Town of Muskogee by a
local law firm against a resident attorney sounding in contract); accord Luce, 1901 IT 20, 64 S.W. 613 (the progenitor of
this line of cases which ends in 1909 with Everts).
21 The Seventh Amendment limits the right of trial by jury, as a constitutional right, to “suits at common law, where the
value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars.”
11
restricting criminal subject matter jurisdiction to the United States under § 32. This evinces
unassailable legislative intent that Congress never permitted proceedings for the violation of a
municipal ordinance during the territorial era to be anything more than mere civil actions between
two private parties for debt collection, not a criminal prosecution for a public offense by a sovereign.
All of this was so held by the United States Court of Appeals for the Indian Territory in
Fortune v. Incorporated Town of Wilburton, 1904 IT 21, ¶ 0, 82 S.W. 738, a decision affirmed by
the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Id., 142 F. 114, 73 C.C.A. 338
(1905), both of which were affirmed and Fortune declared as a “controlling case” by the Oklahoma
Supreme Court in Everts v. Town of Bixby, 1909 OK 164, ¶ 0, 103 P. 621, 622 (Syllabus by the
Court, n. 1).
These cases are attached hereto and require absolutely no briefing because they are so on
point that no serious member of the Oklahoma Bar Association would dispute it. This Court simply
needs to read them to see it in plain English. All that needs to be stated is that neither Everts nor
Fortune has ever been overruled and both remain controlling authority in the State of Oklahoma.
3.2. The Oklahoma Legislature first conferred criminal subject matter jurisdiction
to municipal corporations for ordinance violation proceedings in 1915 and
continues to regulate the same in 2022.
On Saturday, November 16, 1907, Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order at the
White House in Washington, which officially incorporated the Indian Territory into Oklahoma
Territory and admitted the territory to the federal union as the State of Oklahoma.22 The moment
Roosevelt’s hand lifted his pen off the proclamation at 9:16 A.M. CST, the State of Oklahoma
instantaneously replaced the United States of America as the sovereign over the former Indian
12
Territory,23 and the laws of the Oklahoma Territory were extended over the entirety of the State of
Oklahoma as provided by the Oklahoma Constitution.24 Put another way, “the laws ‘in force’ in the
Territory of Oklahoma remained in force and did not pass to the State of Oklahoma by adoption as
they did [in the Indian Territory] by virtue of the Act of May 2, 1890, which put certain laws from
Arkansas ‘in force’ in the Indian Territory, for the reason that the State of Oklahoma is the successor
of the Territory of Oklahoma by virtue of the terms of the Enabling Act and the Constitution, and, as
such, succeeded to its laws on the admission of the state into the Union, while the Indian Territory
and the State of Arkansas stood in no such relation, the one being a sovereign state, and the other an
unorganized territory of the United States.” Frick Co. v. Oats, 1908 OK 33, ¶ 27, 94 P. 682, 687.
The practical effect of this was the instant repeal of the legislation enacted by Congress
governing civil subject matter jurisdiction in mayoral courts under the Act of May 2, 1890 and all
territorial period congressional measures that followed.25 As a direct legal consequence, “[t]he
mayor’s court of incorporated towns and cities of the Indian Territory was not continued in existence
23 City of Sapulpa v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., 1920 OK 139, ¶ 19, 192 P. 224 (“Upon Oklahoma becoming a state and
Sapulpa becoming a part thereof, the State of Oklahoma became substituted in place of the United States, and Sapulpa
then became a governmental agency of the State of Oklahoma”); accord City of Tulsa v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., 4
F.2d 299 (E. Dist. Okla. 1925). Sapulpa, like Tulsa, petitioned U.S. Ct. Indian Terr. (N. Dist.) for incorporation under the
Act of May 2, 1890, § 31, putting in force Mansfield’s Digest Stat. Ark. ch. 20 (1883). The Court granted both petitions
prior to the existence of the Curtis Act of June 28, 1898, and both were legally incorporated towns under the laws provided
by Congress in 1890. City of Sapulpa has never been overruled and remains controlling authority on the issue.
24 “In order that no inconvenience may arise by reason of a change from the forms of government now existing in the
Indian Territory and in the Territory of Oklahoma it is hereby declared as follows: All laws in force in the Territory of
Oklahoma at the time of the admission of the State into the Union which are not repugnant to this Constitution and which
are not locally inapplicable shall be extended to and remain in force in the State of Oklahoma until they expire by their
own limitation or are altered or repealed by law.” Okla. Const. sched. II (OSCN 2022); see also Clinton Orrin Bunn, A
Study of Civil Government, with Special Reference to Oklahoma 62 (Bunn Bros. 1908) (“It must be understood that as
soon as the proclamation was signed the law which had previously been in force in the Indian Territory ceased to be the
law there”). See also, Okla. Rev. Laws § 6081, 6082, 6083 (1910).
25 Specifically, § 31 of the Act of May 2, 1890, 26 Stat. at 60 put in force the Act of April 29, 1873, §§ 1–127, 1873 Ark.
Acts 430 (An Act to Define the Jurisdiction and Regulate the Course of Proceedings in the Courts of Justices of the Peace
in Civil Actions), digested as Mansfield’s ch. 91, §§ 4016–4156 (1883); and, the 1868 Arkansas Code of Practice in Civil
Cases, §§ 1–1, 1868 Ark. Acts 145, digested as Mansfield’s ch. 119 §§ 4910–5317 (1883).
13
upon admission of the state into the Union.” Hillis v. Addle, 1912 OK 801, ¶ 0, 128 P. 702 (Syllabus
by the Court).
After statehood, the 1st Oklahoma Legislature convened and began enacting state statutory
law, including the Act of December 21, 1907, §§ 1–15, 1907 Okla. Laws 205, which governed the
transfer of all pending causes in the mayoral courts at statehood to the State of Oklahoma’s judiciary.
By and by, every single case pending in the abolished mayoral courts of the former Indian Territory
was transferred, including the proceedings underlying Baker v. Marcum & Toomer (referenced supra,
Precisely 27 months after the Oklahoma Supreme Court’s decision in Hillis, the State of
Oklahoma’s municipal political subdivisions were granted criminal subject matter jurisdiction for
the first time in their history by the 5th Oklahoma Legislature under the Act of March 12, 1915, §§
1-16, 1915 Okla. Laws 234. This the state legislature did under authority of Okla. Const. art. VII, §
1. Under § 1 of the Act of March 12, 1915, the state legislature defined “municipal courts” and
Criminal Code:
26 On December 18, 1907, the Tulsa County District Court Clerk, Wilson Wade Stucky, reported his office was being “kept
busy these days with the transferring of all cases from the old U.S. court dockets to the new county dockets. There [sic]
591 cases on the civil docket and between 350 and 400 criminal cases to be transferred.” Official News, Tulsa Daily
Democrat (Dec. 20, 1907) at 4. These 591 civil cases were all set on the March 1908 term. On March 23, 1908, the
Democrat published the official civil docket for the March 1908 term. Court Docket March Term Dist. Court, Tulsa Daily
Democrat at 2 (Feb. 29, 1908). Consistent with the earlier reports of 591 civil cases and 350-400 criminal cases, the criminal
case numbers stop at Tulsa Co. Case No. 414, whereas the civil cases numbers exceed 591. Among the civil cases
transferred to Tulsa County was Incorporated Town of Bixby v. Everts, No. 535. The Tulsa Democrat was the first official
newspaper of the Tulsa County District Court for publications of official dockets and notices at the time. Tulsa Democrat
(Nov. 25, 1907) at 4. The undersigned asks this Court to take judicial notice of the Everts records of the Tulsa County
District Court. Powers v. District Court of Tulsa County, 2009 OK 91, ¶ 31, 227 P.3d 1060.
14
failure to perform some duty, commanded by some municipal
ordinance or by law, and for the violation of which a penalty or
punishment is provided thereby. Such proceedings are hereby
declared to be criminal in their nature; and except as otherwise
specifically provided, shall be governed by, and subject to, general
laws relating to criminal procedure.
Since March 12, 1915, the Oklahoma Legislature has regulated whatever delegations of state
criminal subject matter jurisdiction as it sees fit under Okla. Const. art. VII, § 1, with the most recent
delegation being under the Oklahoma Municipal Code of 1978, codified as Okla. Stat. tit. 11, §§ 1-
101 et seq.27
On Thursday, July 9, 2020, the State of Oklahoma’s municipal political subdivision, the City
of Tulsa, was in operation of a municipal criminal court of record as created by the Oklahoma
Legislature with a limited grant of the State of Oklahoma’s criminal subject matter jurisdiction under
the Oklahoma Municipal Code. That same day, the Supreme Court decided the matter of McGirt v.
Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ____, 140 S. Ct. 2452, 207 L. Ed. 985 (2020), holding that the Muscogee Nation
has never been disestablished by Congress and that its jurisdictional borders under the U.S.-
Everything now reverted to as it was in the 19th century, this Court is left with is the
controlling authority in Everts and McGirt, both of which mandate dismissal of this matter and an
27 See generally Ex parte Monroe, 1917 OK CR 14, 162 P. 233 (finding unconstitutional 1915 Okla. Laws 234); Key v.
City of Ardmore, 1925 OK CR 167, 234 P. 793 (rejecting contention of a second-class city in the former Indian Territory
incorporated during the territorial era that ordinance violation proceedings were still civil in nature); Eisiminger v. City of
Oklahoma City, 1937 OK CR 104, 69 P.2d 1046 (finding that 1915 Okla. Laws 234 was still in effect); Davis v. City of
Ardmore, 1943 OK CR 89, 140 P.2d 598; (“provides for two classes of prosecution in the municipal criminal court of the
City of Tulsa, and being, first, for violation of city ordinances; and second, for violation of State statutes”); Oklahoma
Municipal Code of 1978, Okla. Stat. tit. 11, §§ 27-101–28-128 (creating the current municipal criminal courts not of record
and of record system).
15
As the Tulsa County District Attorney is well aware, the Supreme Court in McGirt divested
the State of Oklahoma of criminal subject matter jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions of Native
Americans for misdemeanors in the Muscogee Nation. See e.g., § 2.3, supra, at 5.
Whereas the Tulsa County District Attorney set about either declining or dismissing
misdemeanor matters involving Native Americans in the Muscogee Nation following McGirt as
noted by the undersigned supra, at § 2.3, a handful of attorneys of questionable integrity representing
the State of Oklahoma’s municipal political subdivisions set about manufacturing the false statement
of law to which the Tulsa County District Attorney now subscribes that the 55th United States
Congress explicitly granted criminal subject matter jurisdiction to the Indian Territory incorporated
towns and second-class cities under the so-called Curtis Act of June 28, 1898, § 14, 30 Stat. at 499.
This falsehood was spawned into existence in September 2020,28 in the underlying district court case
(Okmulgee County Case No. CJ-2020-94) that culminated in Nicholson v. Stitt, 2022 OK 35, 508
P.3d 442, with the claim being one which the Oklahoma Supreme Court chose not to legitimize.29
The City of Tulsa first subscribed to it in the Okmulgee County matter on September 24, 2020.30
While this was going on in Okmulgee County, a single member of the Oklahoma Bar Association
employed by the City of Tulsa as a city prosecutor in the State of Oklahoma’s municipal criminal
court of record there was tracking those ongoing motions being filed in Okmulgee County and set
about exploiting state law (and home court advantage in city court) to manufacture the false statement
of law that would ultimately culminate in a memorandum order by an inferior federal court in Hooper
28 Defendant Municipalities’ Motion to Dismiss at 3-5, Nicholson v. Stitt, No. CJ-2020-94 (Okmulgee Co. Dist. Ct. Sep.
22, 2020).
29 Nicholson was affirmed on other grounds than the Curtis Act argument.
30 City of Tulsa’s Motion to Dismiss at 2, Nicholson v. Stitt, No. CJ-2020-94 (Okmulgee Co. Dist. Ct. Sep. 24, 2020).
16
For a detailed history of how the false statement of law was manufactured in the latter half
of 2020 by this attorney, the undersigned has attached a brief prepared by the undersigned filed in the
Hooper is currently pending before the Tenth Circuit (No. 22-5304). Notwithstanding the
fact that the Oklahoma Rules of Professional Conduct under Okla. Stat. tit. 5, § 3.3 mandate that “[a]
lawyer shall not knowingly fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction
known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing
counsel,” to date, not a single member of the Oklahoma Bar Association representing the City of
Tulsa in the Hooper matter has disclosed the controlling authority of Everts and Fortune to either the
Northern District of Oklahoma or the Tenth Circuit. Instead, despite not being a party to that matter,
the State of Oklahoma has filed an amicus brief in support of the City of Tulsa in Hooper,31 and the
Tulsa County District Attorney has heretofore manufactured whatever claim or contention filed in
response herein to support the false statement of law upon which Hooper is predicated.
4. CONCLUSION
The false statement of law underlying the Hooper matter and the vigorous prosecution of it
by the City of Tulsa, State of Oklahoma, and now the Tulsa County District Attorney, is the single
most dishonorable thing the undersigned has ever seen in his legal career. Nor is the Tulsa County
District Attorney’s scheme excusable as some “novel issue” raised in good faith, it is merely pretext
to defy a decision of the United States Supreme Court that state officials do not like and choose to
ignore by exploiting power granted by the People of the State of Oklahoma through the Oklahoma
Legislature to do it. The issue, far from being novel, was decided for all coming time 117 years ago
in clearly controlling authority. Every single day this continues, the State of Oklahoma continues the
31Brief of Amicus Curiae State of Oklahoma in Support of Appellee City of Tulsa and Affirmance, Hooper v. City of
Tulsa (10th Cir. Aug. 17, 2022) (No. 22-5034).
17
abhorrent and shameful American historical wrong of stealing resources from Native Americans. In
1898, it was land and natural resources; in 2022, it is revenue from traffic tickets. This is evident
when one considers a 2018 article entitled “Traffic tickets, and the revenue they bring in, are down
Even worse, the state officials who engage in this are the same ones who openly denounce
the Indigenous tribunals from whom they are stealing revenue as wholly unable to handle simple
misdemeanor prosecutions. It is shameful indeed and this matter is an opportunity for this Court to
32 Nolan Clay, Traffic tickets, and the revenue they bring in, are down in Oklahoma, The Oklahoman (Apr. 22, 2018),
https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/columns/2018/04/22/traffic-tickets-and-the-revenue-they-bring-in-is-down-in-
oklahoma/60529346007/
18
restore honor to the name of the State of Oklahoma and use its power to end this continuation of a
Simply by citing Hooper even once, the Tulsa County District Attorney rely on anything to
do with the Act of June 28, 1898, and the settled law of territorial-era civil subject matter jurisdiction
of mayoral courts, therefore brings into issue before this Court the foundation upon which the false
claim is wholly predicated – that Congress expressly granted criminal subject matter jurisdiction to
mayoral courts in its territorial era legislation. The undersigned welcomes the opportunity for a
hearing on the same because the inferior federal court in Hooper was not presented with the
aforementioned Fortune and Everts cases which would have factored into its decision. Now that the
undersigned has the opportunity to challenge the unchallenged underlying basis anew by the dubious
decision of the Tulsa County District Attorney to rely upon and incorporate the same in a different
jurisdiction contrary to controlling authority of that same jurisdiction, the undersigned preemptively
requests permission to exceed the page limit for his response to whatever motion is filed in response
to this, presumably articulating their nascent claim, which will lay down the law in gross detail such
as it was and such as it remains on this matter. For docketing purposes, the undersigned anticipates a
hearing on this matter will take half of an afternoon hearing docket, depending on what opposing
counsel may or may not stipulate to, as the undersigned is prepared to immediately petition for an
extraordinary writ in the event of an adverse ruling and is therefore desirous of a complete record for
the same, as this matter is significantly mired in an antiquated historical background that requires
5. PRAYER
19
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the undersigned asks that the Court conduct a full
evidentiary hearing on this motion and at the conclusion of the same, rule on this motion in a written
order, in addition to granting any and all relief that the undersigned may be entitled.
Pro se
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, Brett Chapman, certify that on the 21st day of November, 2022, I provided a copy of the
foregoing to the Office of the District Attorney, 500 South Denver Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74104.
20
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