Question 1:Explain the advantage of DBMS over the

file system.
ANSWER 1.Fte System: AFile Management system is a DBMS that allcws access
to single files or tables ata time. In a File System, data is directly stored in set af files. It
contains flat files that have no relation to other files (when only one table is stored in singe
ile, then this file is known as flat file).

DBMS: ADatabase Management System (DBMS) application software that allows

is a
to eficiently define, create, maintain and share databases. Defining a database ivolves
users

specitying the data types, structures and constraints of the data to be stored in the
database. Creating a database involves storing the data on some storage medium that is
controlled by DBMS. Maintaining a database involves updating the database whenever
required to evolve and retlect changes in the miniworld and also generating reports far
each change. Sharing a database involves allowing multiple users to access the database
DBMS also serves as an interface between the database and end users or application
programs. lt provides control access to the data and ensures that data is consistent and
correct by defining rules on them.
Advantages of DBMS over File system:
. Data redundancy and inconsistency: Redundancy is the concept of repetition of

have
data i.e. each data may more thana single copy. The file system contro
the redundancy of data as each user defines and maintains the needed files for a
cannot

specific application to run. There may be a possibility that two users are maintaining
the data of the same file for different applications. Hence changes made by one user
do not reflect in files used by second users, which leads to inconsistency of data.
Whereas DBMS controls redundancy by maintaining a single repository of data that
Is defined once and is accessed by many users. As there is no or less redundancy,
data remains consistent.
Data sharing: The file system does not allow sharing of data or sharing is too
complex. Whereas in DBMS, data can be shared easily due to a centralized system.
Data concurrency: Concurrent access to data means more than one user is
accessing
the same data at the same time. Anomalies when
occur changes made by one user
get lost because of changes made by another user. The file system does not
provide
any procedure to stop anomalies. Whereas DBMS provides a locking
system to stop
anomalies to occur.
Data searching: For every search operation performed on the file systern, a different
application program has to be written. While DBMS provides inbuilt searching6
 operations. The user
only has to write
database. a small query to retrieve data Irom the
Backup: It creates a
backup
subsystem to restore the data if
Interfaces: It provides different
and
application program multiple user interfaces like required.
Easy Maintenance: It is easily
interface. graphical user intertace
maintainable due to its
centralized nature

QUESTION 2:Who is data base

administrator?Explain the main duties and
responsiblities of DBA.
ANSWER 2: Database
administrators (DBAs) are primarily
specific databases in the responsible for
subsystem.
group authorization, SYSADM,
In some
companies, DBAs are given the
the DB2° which gives them the special
subsystem, and gives them jurisdiction overability to do almost
everything in
Subsystem. In other shops, a DBA's all the
databases in the
The DBA creates the
authority is limited to
individual databases.
hierarchy of data objects,
spaces, tables, and any indexes or beginning with the database, then table
views that are
referential integrity definitions and any
required. This person also sets up the
necessary constraints.
The DBA
essentially implements the physical database
having to do
space calculations and design. Part of this involves
sets for the table determining how large to make the physical data
spaces and index spaces, and
stogroups). assigning storage groups (also called

Duties and
Responsibilities of database
Administrator( DBA)
Installing and Configuration of database: DBA is
responsible for installing the database
software. He configure the software of database and then
upgrades it if needed. There are
many database software like oracle, Microsoft
SQL and MySQL in the industry so DBA
decides how the instlling and
configuring of these database software will take place.
1.
Deciding the hardware devlce
Depending upon the cost,
the duty of deciding which performance and efficlency of the hardware, it is DBA who
hardware devise will suit have
hardware that is an interface the company
quality. between end users and database so
requirement.
It
needed
it to
is

be of best
2.
Managing
Data
Data
Integrity
integrity should be managed
unauthorized use. DBA manages accurately because It protects the data from
consistency. relatlonship between the data to maintain data
3. Decides Data
f any company
Recovery and Back up method
having a big database, then It Is likely to happen that database
is
any instance. It is require that a DBA may fail at
takes backup of entire database in
DBA has to decide that how regular time span.
much data should be backed up and how
should be taken. Also the recovery of data base Is done DBA If frequently the back
by they have lost the
database.

4. Tuning Database Performance

Database performance plays an important role for any business. If user is not able to fetch
then it
data speedily may loss company business. So by tuning
a DBA can improves the performance of database.
an modifying sql commands

5. Capacity Issues
All the databases have their limits of storing data In It and the physical memory also has
some limitations. DEA has to declde the limit and capaciy of database and all the Issues
related to it.

QUESTION 3:Describe the three schema architecture

need mapping between these schema
Why do we a
defination of language
levels?How do different schema
support this architecture?

Architecture
ANSWER 3: Three schema three-level
architecture or
is also called
ANS/SPARC
architecture
schema
. T h e three

architecture.
 T h i s framework is used to describe the structure of
T h e three sclhena
a
specifie database system.
architecture is also used to separate the user applications and physica
database.
T h e three schema
architecture contains three-levels. it breaks the database down into
three different categorles.
The three-schema archltecture ls as follows:

External Schema External Level External Level

External/ Conceptual
Mapping
Conceptual Schema Concnptiial Level

Conceptual / Interna
Mapping
Internal Schema mternal Level

Database

Mapping Ismolnly ngeded between schema levels for two reasons. These are schema
matching and vlsualizntlon. The mapping also helps In different kinds of transformation.
 Extemal Models or Views
ES2
ES4 External Level

Conceptual Model
Conceptual Level

152 Physlcal Level

Physical Models
A DBMS (database management system) has three
schema levels glven below:
as
Physical intermal schema Helps to define how
or -

data is
Conceptual or lopal schema Describes the structure forstored in the tomputer.
-

constrints to be the entire database with

implemented for the database. the
Eternal or view level schema
-Define the various views and
data
in a representations
three schema
approach, most data-related description
associated with schemas focus on the
languages or tools
"physical level" and "view level", with the
"conceptual level" maostly used in
combining the schema design itself. In relational
databases, the physical model is explained
using SQL DDL.
can be fixed
particular records using ISON or XML. TherePhysical
to schemas in NoSQL
describe conceptual schemas. are some
languages to
But now a day
Schemas but instead languages are not used for
conceptual
Entity relationship model,
used. The "view level" or "external level" is
a
diagramming and description tool is
in user-side code. This is done implemented
outside of data managers
like Hibernate.
using object relational mapping with the
These tools convert help of tools
friendiy" structures. Here the "physical layer" schemas structure to
Code having
user input Ul elements
is given to the
"external
"database layer" is
implemented inside the API. application code.

QUESTION 4: Why is
important to use an
implementation-independent data model during the
conceptual schema design? What model are
current design tool? used in the
Why.
ANSWER 4: The D8 I the heart of
the yutem
hgher tevel to the lower thould be tarefuly
levels And ihe
Conceptual design is the most
desvgned, starting from the
devgn o a D8
dr
Conceptual devign a DA W the very lirst
of important part of the whole
awings and other slage of the DD
illutrations or models" inde design process, where
ood way 1o dewribe ihe pendent from details of
retert to the
DB is to deKribe its trinity structure, implementation are used. A
objects or entities that best processes,
testrictions The structure
refers to how these represent the
information to be dealed wth
struciures are The
etars to the
nules that should be
manipulated in the
problem been destribed. Finally the processe
valid restrictions
descrgtions should not depend on during the use of these structures. In the conceptual level
developed unce the 70 s suchimplementations
been features. Some these
as the
Entity
Conceptual Models tor D8 have
the structure was more Relationship model proposed by Peter Chen
emphavized. Today the Object
Orientation provides a richer
when only
rinity he main point in
conceptual design is to describe the description of this
mplementation. The deugn should database with no
n describe a set of integrated dependency of ts
a
way that is
understandable for the users and that serves as aconcepts that best describe the
the problem
database in whatever may be the D8 specification for the
implementation of
software available.

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