Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT-I
Introduction to DBMS:
Overview, File system vs DBMS
advantages of DBMS,
storage data,
queries,
transaction management,
DBMS structure.
Data Models:
Data modelling and data models, the importance of data models,
data model basic building blocks
The evolution of data models, degree of data abstraction.
UNIT-II
E-R model: Entities, attributes and entity sets, relationship and relationship sets, mapping
cardinalities, keys, features of ER model, conceptual database design with ER model.
Relational model: Integrity constraints over relations and enforcement, querying relation data,
logical database design, views, destroying/altering tables and views. Relational Algebra and
Relational Calculus.
UNIT-III
Structured Query Language (SQL): Introduction to SQL, Data Definition Languange, Data Manipulation
Language, Data Control Language, and Transaction Control Language, SELECT queries, creating a view,
joining database tables, sub queries and correlated queries.
UNIT-IV
Schema Refinement: Problems caused by redundancy, decompositions, problems related to
decomposition, reasoning about functional dependencies, FIRST, SECOND, THIRD normal forms, BCNF,
lossless join decomposition, multi-valued dependencies, FOURTH normal form, FIFTH normal form.
UNIT-V
Transaction Management and Concurrency Control: What is a transaction? ACID Properties, Lock
Management, serializability, concurrency control with locking methods, concurrency control with
time stamping methods, concurrency control with optimistic methods, specialized locking
techniques.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Fundamentals of Database Systems, Elmasri Navathe Pearson Education.
2. Data base Management Systems, Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke, TATA
McGraw-Hill 3rd Edition.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Data base System Concepts, Silberschatz, Korth, McGraw hill, Sixth Edition
2. An Introduction to Database systems, C.J. Date, A.Kannan, S.Swami Nadhan, Pearson, Eight
Edition for UNIT III.
DATA AND INFORMATION:
Data are simply facts or figures - bits of information, but not information itself. Data
can be represented in alphabets(A-Z, a-z),in digits(0-9) and using special
characters(+,-.#,$, etc)
When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented so as to
A student secures 450 marks. Here 450 is data, marks of the student is
A DBMS is a collection of inter related data and a set of programs to manipulate those data.
A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized system that enables users to create and
maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of
defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications.
Examples of data bases
IBM DB2.
Microsoft Access.
Microsoft Excel.
Microsoft SQL Server.
MySQL.
Oracle RDBMS.
Function of DBMS:
1. Defining database schema: it must give facility for defining the database
structure also specifies access rights to authorized users.
2. Manipulation of the database: The dbms must have functions like insertion of
record into database updation of data, deletion of data, retrieval of data
3. Sharing of database: The DBMS must share data items for multiple users by
maintaining consistency of data.
4. Protection of database: It must protect the database against unauthorized users.
5. Database recovery: If for any reason the system fails DBMS must facilitate data
base recovery.
File Management System
Concurrent access and recovery is possible in database Concurrent access and recovery is not possible
A database manager (administrator) stores the relationship in form of A file manager is used to store all relationships in directories in file
Data independence
Efficient data access
Data integrity and data security
Data administration
Concurrent access and crash recovery
Reduced application development time
Advantages of DBMS
Reduction of redundancies:
Centralized control of data by the DBA avoids unnecessary duplication of data and
effectively reduces the total amount of data storage required avoiding duplication in the
elimination of the inconsistencies that tend to be present in redundant data files.
Sharing of data:
A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number of application
programs or users.
Data Integrity:
Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is both accurate and
consistent. Therefore data values being entered for storage could be checked to ensure
that they fall with in a specified range and are of the correct format.
Data Security:
The DBA who has the ultimate responsibility for the data in the dbms can ensure that
proper access procedures are followed including proper authentication schemas for access
to the DBS and additional check before permitting access to sensitive data.
Database users
Naive users :
Users who need not be aware of the presence of the database system or any other
system supporting their usage are considered naïve users . A user of an automatic teller
machine falls on this category.
Application programmers :
Professional programmers who are responsible for developing application programs
or user interfaces utilized by the naïve and online user falls into this category.
Sophisticated users: They interact with the system without writing programs. They
form requests by writing queries in a database query language.
Specialized users: specialized users write special database application programs to
interact with database. These may be CADD systems, knowledge-based and expert
systems, complex data systems (audio/video).
Database users
Database Administration
A person who has central control over the system is called database administrator .
The function of DBA are :
1. creation and modification of conceptual Schema
definition
2. Implementation of storage structure and access method.
3. schema and physical organization modifications .
4. granting of authorization for data access.
5. Integrity constraints specification.
6. Execute immediate recovery procedure in case of failures
7. ensure physical security to database
QUERIES IN DBMS
A DBMS provides a specialized language, called the query language, in which queries
can be posed. A very attractive feature of the relational model is that it supports
A transaction is a set of logically related operations. For example, you are transferring money from your bank account to your
ensuring that at the end of any transaction the system is in a valid state.
Isolation: For every pair of transactions, one transaction should start
execution only when the other finished execution. I have already discussed
the example of Isolation in the Consistency property above.
Durability: Once a transaction completes successfully, the changes it has
.
• Data Files : It stores the database.
• Data Dictionary : It stores meta data (data about data) about the structure of the database.
• Indices : Provide fast access to data items that hold particular values.
• Statistical Data : It stores statistical information about the data in the database. This
information is used by query processor to select efficient ways to execute query.
DBMS ARCHITECTURE
1-Tier Architecture:
In this architecture, the database is directly available to the user. It means the
architecture, applications on the client end can directly communicate with the
database at the server side. For this interaction, API's like: ODBC, JDBC are used.
The user interfaces and application programs are run on the client-side.
The server side is responsible to provide the functionalities like: query
application server. The database also has no idea about any other user
beyond the application.
The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.
Data Abstraction
Degree of data abstraction
Physical or Internal Level
It is the lowest level of abstraction for DBMS which defines how the data is
data is stored in the database and what relationship exists among those data.
It tries to describe the entire or whole data because it describes what tables
to be created and what are the links among those tables that are created.
View or External Level
It is the highest level. In view level, there are different levels of views and
every view only defines a part of the entire data. It also simplifies interaction
with the user and it provides many views or multiple views of the same
database.
Data independence
Data independence refers characteristic of being able to modify the
schema at one level of the database system without altering the
schema at the next higher level.
Types of Data Independence
Physical data independence
entities.
E-R Model
Relational model
Hierarchical Model
Network model
Object oriented data model
Evolution of data models