SE IT

Semester – III

Database Management Systems

(ITC303)

Prof. Nilesh Mali

IT Dept, VPPCOE&VA College
 SE IT
Semester – III
Module 01
Database System Concepts and
Architecture

Prof. Nilesh Mali

IT Dept, VPPCOE&VA College
Syllabus
Module I: Database System Concepts and Architecture

Introduction, Characteristics of Databases, File system v/s

Database system, Data abstraction and Data
Independence, DBMS system architecture, Database
Administrator (DBA), Role of DBA

Self-learning Topics: Identify the types of Databases.

 What is data?

► Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words,

measurements, observations or just descriptions of
things.

► Data is raw, unprocessed, unorganized facts that are

seemingly random and do not yet carry any significance
or meaning.
 What is Information?

► Information is data that has been processed in such a

way as to be meaningful.

► Information refers to data that has been organized,

interpreted, and contextualized by a human or machine
so that it possess relevance and purpose.
 What is file processing system?

► A file processing system is a collection of programs that

store and manage files in computer hard-disk.
Disadvantages of Traditional File Processing system
 Characteristics of Databases

● Real World Entity

● Self-explaining nature
● Atomicity of Operations (Transactions)
● Concurrent Access without Anomalies
● Stores Any Kind of Structured Data
● Ease of Access (The DBMS Queries)
● SQL and No-SQL Databases
● ACID Properties
● Security
File System Database Management System (DBMS)

1. It is a software system used for creating and managing the

1. It is a software system that manages and controls the data
databases. DBMS provides a systematic way to access, update,
files in a computer system.
and delete data.

2. File system does not support multi-user access. 2. Database Management System supports multi-user access.

3. Data consistency is less in the file system. 3. Data consistency is more due to the use of normalization.

4. File system is not secured. 4. Database Management System is highly secured.

5. Database management system is used for storing the
5. File system is used for storing the unstructured data.
structured data.
6. In the file system, data redundancy is high. 6. In DBMS, Data redundancy is low.
7. No data backup and recovery process is present in a file
7. There is a backup recovery for data in DBMS.
system.
8. Handling of a file system is easy. 8. Handling a DBMS is complex.
9. Cost of database management system is more than the file
9. Cost of a file system is less than the DBMS.
system.
10. If one application fails, it does not affect other application 10. If the database fails, it affects all application which
in a system. depends on it.

11. In the file system, data cannot be shared because it is 11. In DBMS, data can be shared as it is stored at one place in a
distributed in different files. database.

12. These system does not provide concurrency facility. 12. This system provides concurrency facility.
13. Example: NTFS (New technology file system), EXT 13. Example: Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, DB2, Microsoft
(Extended file system), etc. Access, etc.
View of Data
Levels of Abstractions
► Data Abstraction: DBMS hides some Complex information
which is not of user interest.

► The three-schema architecture defines the view of data at

three levels:
Physical level (internal level)
Logical level (conceptual level)
View level (external level)
Levels of Abstractions

► Physical level (internal level): Lowest level schema

describes how the data is stored in the hardware.

► Logical level (conceptual level): Describe what data are

stored in the database and what are the relationship
existed among those of data.

► View level (external level): It is the highest level of data

abstraction. It exhibits the data in which the user is
interested (Chart, Graph).
Data Independence
► Data at a certain level can be modified without
disturbing the data next higher levels.
Database Architecture
 Database Architecture
Database Users:
Application programmers:
Application programmers are computer professionals who write
application programs.

Sophisticated users:
Sophisticated users interact with the system without writing programs.
Instead, they form their requests in a database query language.

Specialized users:
Specialized users are sophisticated users who write specialized database
applications that do not fit into the traditional data-processing
framework.

Naive users:
Naive users are unsophisticated users who interact with the system by
invoking one of the application programs that have been written
previously.
 Database Architecture
Database Users:
Database Administrator (DBA):

Coordinates all the activities of the database system.

The database administrator has a good understanding of the
enterprise’s information resources and needs.
 Database Architecture
Database Users:
Database Administrator (DBA):

Database administrator's duties include:

 Database Architecture
Query Processor:
The query processor will accept query from user and solves it by accessing the
database.

❖Parts of Query processor:

DDL interpreter
This will interprets DDL statements and fetch the definitions in the data dictionary.

DML compiler
a. This will translates DML statements in a query language into low level instructions
that the query evaluation engine understands.
b. A query can usually be translated into any of a number of alternative evaluation
plans for same query result DML compiler will select best plan for query optimization.

Query evaluation engine

This engine will execute low-level instructions generated by the DML compiler on DBMS.
 Database Architecture

Storage Manager/Storage Management:

A storage manager is a program module which acts like interface

between the data stored in a database and the application programs
and queries submitted to the system.

Thus, the storage manager is responsible for storing, retrieving and

updating data in the database.
 Database Architecture
The storage manager components include:

Authorization and integrity manager: Checks for integrity

constraints and authority of users to access data.

Transaction manager: Ensures that the database remains in a

consistent state although there are system failures.

File manager: Manages the allocation of space on disk storage and

the data structures used to represent information stored on disk.

Buffer manager: It is responsible for retrieving data from disk

storage into main memory. It enables the database to handle data
sizes that are much larger than the size of main memory.
 Database Architecture

Data structures implemented by storage manager.

Data files: Stored in the database itself.

Data dictionary: Stores metadata about the structure of the

database.

Indices: Provide fast access to data items.

online-pdf-no-copy.com