DATABASE: Database may be defined as a collection of integrated interrelated data(may

be shared) in order to serve multiple application.

DATABSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of

programs in order to provide a way of organizing, accessing and manipulating
(storing,retrieving,analyzing,editing) of that data and information in both convenient
and efficient manner.

Difference Between File Processing System And Database system

The main difference between file system and DBMS is that the file system helps to
store a collection of raw data files into the hard disk while the DBMS helps to easily
store, retrieve and manipulate data in a database in an organized manner.
The file system is installed into the computer with the operating system.A file such
as text file goes through the file system to store into the hard disk. Similarly, the file is
read via the file system.DBMS stores data according to a structure. DBMS allows users to
use Structured Query Language (SQL). It helps to issue queries to insert, update, select
and delete data instantly.
NTFS and Ext are some examples of file systems in windows and Linux
respectively. MySQL, MSSQL, Oracle, and DB2 are some examples of DBMS.

The difference between file processing system and database approach is as follow:
File based system Database system
1. The data and program are 1. The data and program are
inter- dependent. independent of each other.
2. File-based system caused 2. Database system control
data redundancy. The data data redundancy. The data
may be duplicated in appeared only once in the
different files system.
3. File –based system caused 3. In database system data
data inconsistency. The data always consistent. Because
in different files may be data appeared only once.
different that cause data
inconsistency.
DBMS gives an abstract view of data file system provides the detail of
that hides the details the data representation and
storage of data.

4. The data cannot be shared 4. In database data is easily

because data is distributed
in different files.
5. In file based system data is
widely spread. Due to this
reason file based system
provides poor security.
shared because data is stored
at one place.
5. It provides many methods
to maintain data security in
the database.
6. File based system does not
provide consistency
constrains.
7. File based system is less
complex system.
8. The cost of file processing
system is less then database
system.
9. File based system takes
much space in the system,
and memory is wasted in
this approach.
10. To generate different report
to take a crucial decision is
very difficult in file based
system.
11. File based system does not
provide concurrency facility.
12. File based system does not
provide data atomicity
functionality.
13. The cost of file processing
system is less than database
system.
14. It is difficult to maintain as it
provides less controlling
facility.
15. If one application fail it does
not affects other files in
system.
16. Hardware cost is less than
database system
6. Database system provides a
different consistency
constrains to maintain data
integrity in the system.
7. Database system is very
complex system.
8. The cost of database system
is much more than a file
processing system.
9. Database approach store
data more efficiently it takes
less space in the system and
memory is not wasted.
10. The report can be
generated very easily in
required format in database
system. Because data in
database is stored in an
organized manner. And easily
retrieve to generate different
report.
11. Database system provides
concurrency facility.
12. Database system provides
data atomicity functionality.
13. The cost of database
system is more than file
processing system.
14. Database provides many
facility to maintain program.
15. If database fail it affects all
application that dependent on
database
16. Hardware cost is high in
database than file system.
 ADVANTAGES OF DBMS:

 Integrity Constraints can be enforced

 Data can be shared
 Security can be enforced
 Transaction support can be provided

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS:
 ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS:

A major purpose of database system is to provide users with abstract view of

data.I,e the system hides certain details of how data is stored and
maintained.The architecture of DBMS consists of 3 levels of abstraction(called 3
level architecture).

Views.

Physical level is the lowest level that describes how data are actually stored
in the database.Here Complex data structure are used.
Logical level or Conceptual level is community users views that describes
what data are stored in the database and what is the relationship exist among
those data.
View level or external level is the highest level of data abstraction that
describes part of the entire database as per the need of the user.
INSTANCE AND SCHEMA:
The overall design of the database is called the database schema.
The collection of information stored in the database at a
particular moment is called an instance of the database.A database
instance must conform to the corresponding schema.

DATA INDEPENDENCE:

Data independence refers to the immunity of user applications to

change in the definition and organization of data.Data independence refers
characteristic of being able to modify the schema at one level of the database
system without altering the schema at the next higher level.

Data Independence may be of 2 types:

Logical Data Independence: Logical data independence is the

ability to modify the logical schema without causing application program to be
rewritten.It refers to the immunity of user application.Logical Data
Independence is the ability to change the conceptual scheme without changing
External views and External API or programs.Any change made will be absorbed
by the mapping between external and conceptual levels.

When compared to Physical Data independence, it is challenging to achieve

logical data independence.

Examples of changes under Logical Data Independence

Due to Logical independence, any of the below change will not affect the external
layer.

1. Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute, entity or relationship is possible

without a rewrite of existing application programs
2. Merging two records into one
3. Breaking an existing record into two or more records

Physical Data Independence: It deals with hiding the details of the

storage structure from user application, i.e,It is the ability to modify the internal
schema without having changes in the conceptual schema or external
schema.Physical data independence helps to separate conceptual levels from the
internal/physical levels.

Examples of changes under Physical Data Independence

Due to Physical independence, any of the below change will not affect the
conceptual layer.

 Using a new storage device like Hard Drive or Magnetic Tapes

 Modifying the file organization technique in the Database
 Switching to different data structures.
 Changing the access method.
 Modifying indexes.
 Changes to compression techniques or hashing algorithms.
 Change of Location of Database from say C drive to D Drive

Difference between Physical and Logical Data Independence

Logica Data Independence Physical Data Independence
Logical Data Independence is Mainly concerned with the
mainly concerned with the storage of the data.
structure or changing the data
definition.
It is difficult as the retrieving of It is easy to retrieve.
data is mainly dependent on the
logical structure of data.
Compared to Logic Physical Compared to Logical
independence it is difficult to Independence it is easy to
achieve logical data achieve physical data
independence. independence.
It is need to make changes in A change in the physical level
the Application program if new usually does not need change at
fields are added or deleted from the Application program level.
the database.
Modification at the logical levels Modifications made at the
is significant whenever the internal levels may or may not
logical structures of the be needed to improve the
database are changed. performance of the structure.
Concerned with conceptual Concerned with internal
schema schema
Example: Add/Modify/Delete a Example: change in
new attribute compression techniques,
hashing algorithms, storage
devices, et

Why Data Independence is required.

 Helps to improve the quality of the data

 Database system maintenance becomes affordable
 Enforcement of standards and improvement in database security
 Don't need to alter data structure in application programs
 Permit developers to focus on the general structure of the Database
rather than worrying about the internal implementation
 It allows to improve state which is undamaged or undivided
 Database incongruity is vastly reduced.
 Easily make modifications in the physical level is needed to improve the
performance of the system.