DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CONTENT
• What is database management?
• Brief history
• Use of DBMS
• Purpose of DBMS
• Components of database
• Benefits of DBMS over traditional file system
• Database model
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Data warehouse and data marts
What is Database Management(DBMS)?

Database: collection of related data.

Data: know facts that can be recorded and that have
implicit meaning.
DBMS: collection of program that enables user to
create and maintain a database.
DBMS = data + set of programs to access/manipulate
data
A Database Management System (DBMS), or simply
a Database System (DBS) consist of :
1. A collection of interrelated and persistent data
(usually referred to as the database (DB)).
2. A set of application programs used to access,
update and manage that data (which form the data
management system (MS)).
 Brief history

first general-purpose 1990s: DBMS vendors extend

database by Charles Edgar Code of IBM systems, allowing more
Bachman from GE. Used developed the relational data complex data types (images,
the network data model. model. text).

Early 1960s 1970 Late 1980s

Late 1960s 1980s

IBM developed Information relational model dominant.
Management System (IMS). SQL standard.
Used the hierarchical data
model. Still in use today.
 USE OF DBMS

• Data independence and efficient access.

• Reduced application development time.
• Data integrity and security.
• Uniform data administration.
• Concurrent access, recovery from crashes.
 PURPOSE OF DBMS
1.  Data redundancy and inconsistency
Same information may be duplicated in several
places.
All copies may not be updated properly.

2. Difficulty in new program to carry out each

new task

3. Data isolation
Data in different formats.
Difficult to write new application programs.
files and formats
 PURPOSE OF DBMS
4. Security problems
Every user of the system should be able to access
only the data they are permitted to see.
E.g., payroll people only handle employee records,
and cannot see customer accounts; tellers only
access account data and cannot see payroll data.
Difficult to enforce this with application programs.

5. Integrity problems
Data may be required to satisfy constraints.
E.g., no account balance below $25.00.
Again, difficult to enforce or to change constraints
with the file-processing approach.
COMPONENTS OF DATABASE

Hardware refers to the physical, electronic devices

such as computers and hard disks that offer the
interface between computers and real-world systems.
Software is a set of programs used to manage and
control the database

Data are raw facts and information that need to be

organized and processed to make it more
meaningful.
Data access language is a language used to write
commands to access, update, and delete data stored
in a database
Procedure refer to the instructions used in a
database management system
 BENEFITS OF DBMS OVER
TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM

1. Data redundancy and inconsistency: Redundancy is the

concept of repetition of data. Changes made by one user do
not reflect in files used by second users, which leads to
inconsistency of data.
Whereas DBMS controls redundancy by maintaining a single
repository of data that is defined once and is accessed by
many users. As there is no or less redundancy, data remains
consistent.
2. Data sharing: The file system does not allow sharing of
data or sharing is too complex.
Whereas in DBMS, data can be shared easily due to a
centralized system.
 BENEFITS OF DBMS OVER
TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM

3. Data concurrency: Concurrent access to data means more than one

user is accessing the same data at the same time. The file system does
not provide any procedure to stop anomalies.
Whereas DBMS provides a locking system to stop anomalies to occur.
4. Data searching: For every search operation performed on the file
system, a different application program must be written.
While DBMS provides inbuilt searching operations. The user only
must write a small query to retrieve data from the database.
5. Data integrity: There may be cases when some constraints need to
be applied to the data before inserting it into the database. The file
system does not provide any procedure to check these constraints
automatically.
Whereas DBMS maintains data integrity by enforcing user-defined
constraints on data by itself.
 BENEFITS OF DBMS OVER TRADITIONAL FILE
SYSTEM
6. System crashing: It is a bane in the case of file systems because once the system crashes, there
will be no recovery of the data that’s been lost.
A DBMS will have the recovery manager which retrieves the data making it another advantage over
file systems. 
7. Data security: A file system provides a password mechanism to protect the database but how
long can the password be protected? No one can guarantee that. This doesn’t happen in the case of
DBMS. DBMS has specialized features that help provide shielding to its data. 
8. Backup: It creates a backup subsystem to restore the data if required.
9. Interfaces: It provides different multiple user interfaces like graphical user interface and
application program interface.
10. Easy Maintenance: It is easily maintainable due to its centralized nature.
 DATABASE MODEL

A database model shows the logical structure of a

database, including the relationships and constraints that
determine how data can be stored and accessed. There are
many kinds of data models. Some of the most common
ones include:
• Hierarchical database model
• Relational model
• Network model
• Object-oriented database model
• Entity-relationship model
• Semi structured model
 The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure.
There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments.
This structure implies that a record can have repeating information,
generally in the child data segments.
Hierarchical Hierarchical DBMSs were popular from the late 1960s, with the
database model introduction of IBM's Information Management System (IMS)
DBMS, through the 1970s.
Relational model
(RDBMS - relational database management system) A database based on the
relational model developed by E.F. Code.
A relational database allows the definition of data structures, storage and
retrieval operations and integrity constraints.
In such a database the data and relations between them are organized in tables.
A table is a collection of records and each record in a table contains the same
fields.
Properties of Relational Tables
Values Are Atomic
Each Row is Unique
Column Values Are of the Same Kind
The Sequence of Columns is Insignificant
The Sequence of Rows is Insignificant
Each Column Has a Unique Name
 The popularity of the network data model coincided with the
popularity of the hierarchical data model. Some data were more
naturally modeled with more than one parent per child.
So, the network model permitted the modeling of many-to- many
relationships in data.
In 1971, the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)
formally defined the network model.
Network model
Object-oriented database model
This model defines a database as a collection of objects, or
reusable software elements, with associated features and
methods. There are several kinds of object-oriented databases:
A multimedia database incorporates media, such as images, that
could not be stored in a relational database.
A hypertext database allows any object to link to any other
object. It’s useful for organizing lots of disparate data, but it’s
not ideal for numerical analysis.
The object-oriented database model is the best known post-
relational database model, since it incorporates tables, but isn’t
limited to tables. Such models are also known as hybrid
database models.
Entity-relationship model
This model captures the relationships between
real-world entities much like the network
model, but it isn’t as directly tied to the
physical structure of the database.
Instead, it’s often used for designing a
database conceptually.
Here, the people, places, and things about
which data points are stored are referred to as
entities, each of which has certain attributes
that together make up their domain.
A common form of the ER diagram is the star
schema, in which a central fact table connects
to multiple dimensional tables.
 Semi structured model

In semi structured data model, the information

that is normally associated with a schema is
contained within the data, which is sometimes
called ``self-describing’’.
In such database there is no clear separation
between the data and the schema, and the degree
to which it is structured depends on the
application.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Controlling Redundancy Cost of Hardware and Software
Sharing of Data Cost of Data Conversion
Data Consistency Cost of Staff Training
Integration of Data Appointing Technical Staff
Integration Constraints Database Damage
Data Security
Report Writers
Control Over Concurrency
Backup and Recovery Procedures
Data Independence
 DATAWAREHOUSE AND DATA MART

PARAMETER DATA WAREHOUSE DATAMART

DEFINE A Data Warehouse is a large repository A data mart is an only subtype of a Data
of data collected from different Warehouse. It is designed to meet the
organizations or departments within a need of a certain user group.
corporation.
USAGE It helps to take a strategic decision. It helps to take tactical decisions for the
business.
OBJECTIVE provide an integrated environment and used in a business division at the
coherent picture of the business at a department level.
point in time.
DATA large area of the corporation which is easy to use, design and implement as it
HANDLING why it takes a long time to process it. can only handle small amounts of data.
SIZE Ranges from 100 GB to 1 TB+. less than 100 GB.
FOCUS focused on all the departments. It is  subject-oriented, and it is used at a
possible that it can even represent the department level.
entire company.