Assignment:

Phonetics and phonology

Topic:

Segmental phonology, Supra segmental Phonology, Phone, phoneme and Allophone

Department :

B’S English

Roll.No:

18

Submitted By:

Muhammad Zulkifal

Submitted To:

Prof. Syed Danish Sherazi

 Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics which deals with the study of the sound system of
language. It is concerned with the arrange and functions of sounds in specific languages.

According to Bloomfield, Phonology is the organization of sounds into pattern. The

selection of sounds and their arrangement into patterns constitute the phonology of the
language.

Kinds Of Phonology
 Segmental Phonology
 Supra Segmental Phonology

Segmental phonology analysis speech into segment, called Phoneme.

Phoneme : Phonemes are contrastive segments. According to Bloomfield, there are 44

phonemes in English ( 20 vowels and 24 consonants) French has 34 and china 422 etc.
Phonemes are never capitalized and always written in diagonal lines / / . Thus, The
precise definition of a phoneme has been the subject of much discussions among linguists
and there are two major points of view.

 The Distinctive Feature Theory

In this theory, a Phoneme is a bundle of distinctive features, e.g / p/ in English is
considered to be made up of bilabial +stop +voiceless.

 The Classification Theory

Daniel jones considers the phoneme to be a group or family of related sounds , e.g .
/p/ in English consisting of [ p] , [ph] . So we say that phoneme / p / has two
allophones [p] and [ph], an unaspirated and aspirated form. They are simply
different phonetic varieties of their respective phonemes. The term linguists’ use for
these varieties is allophone.
Allophones , are always enclosed within the square brackets . They are frequently
accompanied by a small symbol, or diacritic / daIkrItIk / which indicates the
pronunciation from of the segment.
Supra segmental phonology analyses those features which extend over more than one
segment: syllables, intonation, stress, rhythm etc. Phonemes combine to form the next
higher unit named syllable.

Syllable , is a sound or group of sound produced by a single chest pulse and containing a
vowel. It is larger than phoneme and smaller than a word . Stress , refers to degree of
force use in producing syllable or words. Rise and fall in the pitch of voice in speaking is
called intonation . while Rhythm is the regular repetition of some kind of pattern, some
parts of which are stressed and some are unstressed.

Difference b/w phonetics and phonology

The difference between phonetics and phonology is that of the generality and
particularity.

 Phonetics is the science of speech sounds , their production, their transmission and
reception, and the signs to represent them in general no particular reference to any
one language ;
o Phonology is the study of vocal sounds and sounds changes , phonemes and their
variants in a particular language .
 Phonetics is one and same for all the languages of the world
o Phonology of one language will differ from the phonology of the other.
 Phonetics belong to descriptive linguistics.
o Phonology belongs to theoretical linguistics.
 Phonetical units are called phones.
o Phonological units are called phonemes.
 Phonetics deals with the large number of speech sounds.
o Phonology deals with the limited number of speech sounds.