Assignment #01

Names: Hibba Fatima(314)

Raheela Nazir(322)
Aman Zahra(338)
Hasna nishat(343)
Nayab akmal(351)
Qurat-ul-ain(353)
Topic Names:
PHONETICS,PHONOLOGY,DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS
Phonetics
• Etymology:
The word “ phones” means sound
and “tics” means scientific or systematic study
of something .
So we can say that ,
Phonetics means scientific
study of human speech sounds.
• Definitions:
1. The study of how sounds are produced
and how the position of the mouth can be
changed to produce different sounds.
(Avery;Erlich,1992)
2. The study of the physiological
acrodynamic and acoustic characteristics
of speech sounds.
( cat ford 2001)
3. The system of the speech sounds of a
language or group of languages.
4. The study of systematic classification of
the sounds made in spoken utterance.
5. The practical application of this science
to language study.
(Merriam Webster)
• Types of Phonetics:
There are three types of
phonetics given below:
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Auditory Phonetics
3. Acoustics Phonetics
• Articulatory Phonetics:
 It is concerned with the positions and
movements of the lips , tongue and other
speech organs in producing speech. It analyses
how the various speech sounds are articulated
by vocal organs. The field of articulatory
phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that
studies articulation and ways that human
produce speech. Articulatory phonetics
explain how humans produce speech sounds
in the interaction of different physiological
structures.
• Acoustic phonetics:
This branch is concerned with the properties
of sound waves. It studies the physical
properties of speech sounds as transmitted
between the mouth and ear. It is a subfield of
phonetics which deals with the acoustic
aspects of speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics
investigates time domain features such as the
mean squared amplitude of a waveform ,its
duration ,its fundamental frequency.
• Auditory Phonetics:
Auditory phonetics is the study of hearing and
the perception of speech sounds.It is a branch
 of phonetics concerned with the hearing of
speech sounds and with speech perception.
Phonology
• Etymology:
The word “phonology” comes from
two Greek works “phones and logos” means
where phones means sound and logos mean
study. Hence it means study of sounds.
• Definitions:
1. It studies the structure and systematic
patterning of sound in human language.
(George lace)
2. It is the study of pattern of speech sounds.
3. Phonology is the study of how sounds are
organized and used in natural languages.
4. Phonology is a boarder study of major
speech and sound patterns in a language
and across languages.
5. It deals with systems of sounds (including
or excluding phonetics) , within a language
or between different languages
6. It is concerned with abstract or mental
aspects of speech sounds.
• Branches of phonology:
There are four
branches of phonology given below:
1. Segmental Phonology
2. Supra segmental
Phonology
3. Diachronic Phonology
4. Synchronic Phonology
• Segmental Phonology :
It analyses speech into
discrete segments such as phonemes.
• Supra segmental Phonology:
It analyses those
features which extend over more than one
segment such as intonation , stress.
• Diachronic Phonology:
It studies the patterns
of sound system through the history of
language.
• Synchronic Phonology:
It studies the patterns
of sound regardless of the process of
historical changes.
• Units of Phonology:
There are three units of
phonological analysis given below:
1. Segments
2. Syllables
3. Features
• Segments:
These are the individuals speech
sounds.
• Syllables :
The units of linguistics structure
that consists of syllabic element and any
segments associated with it are called
syllables.
• Features:
These are the units of phonological
structures that make up segments.
Phonetics VS Phonology
Phonetics Phonology
● It is the basis of ●It is the basis of
Phonological analysis. further work in
morphology,syntax
discourse and auto
 graphy design.
●it is the analysis of ● it is the analysis of
the production of all sound patterns of a
human speech sounds, particular language
regardless of by determining
language. Which phonetic
sounds are
significant and
explaining how there
are interpreted by the
nature speaks.
●Phonetics belong to ●Phonology belongs
descriptive linguistics. to theoretical
linguistics.
●it studies the ● it studies different
production , patterns of sounds in
transmission different languages.
reception of
sound.
●It does not study ●it can study one
one particular specific language.
language.
 Phonemes
Definition:
A phoneme is the smallest unit of
sound in a word that makes a difference in it’s
pronunciation. Phoneme is a perceptually
distinct unit of sound in a specified language
that distinguish one word from another.
e.g.
/p/,/d/,/t/ etc. in English word pad ,
bad,pat, bat.
It is a sound in a language that has it’s own
distinct sound.
• Number of Phonemes:
There are 44 sounds in
English language called phonemes.
In 44 phonemes there are 20 vowels and 24
are consonants.
• Vowels:
A speech sound which is produced by
comparatively open configuration of the vocal
tract, with vibration of the vocal cords but
without audible friction , and which is a unit of
 the sound system of a language that forms the
nucleus of a syllable.
• Types of vowels:
There are two types of vowels
given below:
■ monophthongs
■ diphthongs
• Monophthongs: A
monophthong is a pure vowel sound, one
whose articulation at both beginning and end
 is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up
or down towards new position of articulation.
• Diphthongs:
A diphthong ,also known as a
gliding vowel , is a combination of two
adjacent vowel sounds within the same
syllable . Technically , a diphthong is a vowel
with two different targets: that is, the tongue
moves during the pronunciation of the vowel.
Phones
Phones are the smallest distinguishable unit of
speech sounds. They are refer to any speech
sound or gesture without regard of it place in
phonology of language. A phone is any distinct
speech sound or gesture regardless of whether
the exact sound is critical to the meaning of
words.
Phones are represented with square brackets
e.g. [p] .
Phones are universal.
Allophones
Any of the various realizations of a phoneme
In a language , which do not contribute to
Distinctions of meaning is called Allophone.
Allophones are a kind of phoneme that change
It’s sound based on how a word is spelled. It is
An alternative sound for a letter or group of
Letters in a word. It is one of two or more
 variations of the sound of the same phoneme.
Place of Articulation
In this we get to know wich parts of over
mouth are used to produce which type of
sound and we categorize them
accordingly.
• Bilabials:
These are the sounds formed using
both upper (=bi) and lower lips ( = labia)
• Labiodentals:
These are the sounds formed
with the upper teeth and the lower lip.
• Dentals:
These are the sounds formed with the
tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
• Alveolars:
These are the sounds formed with
the front part of tongue on the alveolar ridge,
which is the rough , bony ridge immediately
Behind and above the upper teeth.
• Palatals:
These are the sounds produced with
 the help of the palate and the tongue both.
• Velars:
Velars are the sounds produce by the
help of back tongue and soft palate.
• Glottals:
There is one sound that is produced
without the active use of the tongue and the
other parts of the mouth. This is known as
glottal.
 Manner of articulation
In this we are concentrated on describing
consonant sounds in term of where they
are articulated.
• Stops:
This sound is produced when vocal tract
is blocked. A consonant in which a vocal tract
is blocked so that all airflow ceases.
• Fricatives:
There are those sounds in which two
articulators are closed together .It is a
consonant produced by forcing air through a
narrow channel.
• Affricatives:
They combine stop and fricatives.
It is produced by stoping and then releasing air
through a narrow channel.
• Nasals :
These are the sounds produced by the
help of nose.
• Liquids:
 these are the sounds produced by
letting air flow around the sides of the tongue.
• Glides:
A sound which is produced with the
tongue in motion.
Discourse Analysis
The word “discourse” is usually defined as
“language beyond the sentence” and so the
analysis of discourse is typically concerned with
the study of language in texts and
conversation.
• Definition:
Discourse analysis is a research
method for studying written or spoken
language in relation to it’s social context. It
aims to understand how language is used in
real life situations. When you do discourse
analysis, you might focus on : The purpose and
effect of different types of language.
• The Co-operative Principle:
An underlying
assumption in most conversational exchanges
seem to be that the participants are
 co-operating with each other . This principle
,together with four maxims that we expect our
conversational partners to obey, was first
described by the philosopher Paul Grice in
1975.
The Co-operative Principle is stated in the
following way: “ Make your conversational
contribution such as is required , at the stage
at which it occurs , by the accepted purpose or
direction of the talk exchange in which you are
engaged”.
Supporting this principle are four maxims,
often called Gricean maxim.
• Gricean Maxim:
The gricean maxims are the
way to explain the link between utterences
and what is understood from them.
• Maxim:
A short, pithy statement expressing a
general truth or rule of conduct.
• Types of Maxims:
There are four types of
maxims given below:
•Quantity Maxim
 • Quality Maxim
•Relation Maxim
•Manner Maxim
1. Quantity Maxim:
Make your contribution
as informative as is required , but not
more or less , than is required.
2. Quality Maxim:
Do not say that which you
believe to be false or for which you lack
adequate evidence.
3. Relation Maxim:
Be relevant
4. Manner Maxim:
Be clear, brief and
orderly.
• Difference between speech and writing:
The
difference between both terms is given below:

Speech Writing
■ It is universal. ■ It is not universal.
■ It has dialect ■ It has a standard form.
variation.
■ All languages exist ■Not all languages exist
in spoken form. in written form.
■ It disappear if not ■ It is permanently
recorded. recorded.
■It depends on voice ■ Only page for
and body language. expression.
■May be fragmentary ■ More coherent,
and ungrammatical with complete
sentences.

■ In this we have ■ In this we use

pauses and intonation. punctuation.

The End