A SEMINAR REPORT

on

A Blockchain approach to manage vaccine production

By

Gaurav Sanjay Shelke TYCOC188

PRN:120B1B188

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Meghana Lokhande

T.E. (COMPUTER ENGINEERING) 2022-23 (Semester I)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING,

PCET’S PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sector No. 26, Pradhikaran, Nigdi,
Pune - 411044

i
 PCET’S PIMPRI CHINCHWAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sector No. 26, Pradhikaran, Nigdi,
Pune - 411044

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Certificate

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled

A Blockchain approach to manage vaccine production

Submitted By

Gaurav Sanjay Shelke TYCOC188

is approved by Dr. Meghana Lokhande for submission. It is certified further that, to the
best of my knowledge, the report represents work carried out by my students as the partial
fulfillment for T.Y.B. Tech Computer Engineering (Semester I) Technical Seminar- I
Work as prescribed by the Savitribai Phule Pune University for the academic year 2022-
23.

Dr. Meghana Lokhande Prof. Dr. K. Rajeswari

(Head of the Department)

Place: Pune
Date:

ii
 Acknowledgment

We express our sincere thanks to our Technical Seminar-I Guide Dr. Meghana Lokhande
for his/her encouragement and support throughout our seminar, especially for the useful
suggestions given during the course of the seminar and having laid down the foundation
for the success of this work.
We would also like to thank our Research & Innovation coordinator Prof. Dr. Sunil Kale
and Technical Seminar Coordinator Prof. Smita Khairnar for their assistance, genuine
support and guidance from early stages of the seminar and during entire course of this
seminar work. We would like to thank Prof. Dr. K. Rajeswari, Head of Computer
Engineering Department for her unwavering support during the entire course of this
seminar work. We also thank all the teaching and non teaching staff members for their
help in making our seminar work successful. We also thank all the web communities for
enriching us with their immense knowledge.

iii
 Abstract and Keywords

Abstract: A vaccine is a type of drug that trains the body's vulnerable system so that it
can fight a complaint it has not come into contact with ahead. Since covid- 19 Healthcare
has come one of the most boosting and developing areas over the world. Especially vaccine
significance has been increased since covid. People have come more conscious about how
vaccine is produced, have there been proper trials conducted in each phase of vaccine
product? is it effective? so vaccine product operation has come veritably important in
healthcare. In moment's time vaccine operation is veritably simple, the vaccine product
record is fully controlled by vaccine product company. The record can be fluently
modified as it's centralized managed.

We purpose a decentralized vaccine product operation using double subcaste blockchain.

In blockchain data is distributed across the networks which makes a delicate data
tampering attack. At first, we've designed a double position blockchain structure. We can
avoid changing records through non-tampering point and time prints of blockchain.
Vaccine medicines will be added into the blockchain as block per batch and with a
timestamp. Separate birth blocks will be created for different vaccine medicines
manufactured in the same company for easy operation. The blocks will only be added if
they're passed through webbing test where vaccines are tested for any blights. The
company’s nonpublic and private data will be added to the blockchain as a separate block
which will be translated. To ameliorate the time effectiveness, we propose an agreement
medium for multi-node cooperation.

Keywords: Vaccine production, supervision, blockchain, consensus mechanism,

tampering, centralized system, and decentralized system.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Contents Page.

No
1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Definition 1

1.2 Goals and Objectives 1

1.3 Motivation 2
1.4 Scope of work 2
1.5 Outcomes 2

2 Literature Survey
2.1 Summary of Literature Review 3
2.2 Existing System implementation and technology 7
2.3 Common findings from the Literature review 7

3 Algorithmic Survey
3.1 Study of Algorithms 8
3.2 Motivation to develop proposed system 9

4 Proposed System
4.1 Introduction 10
4.2 Proposed System architecture 10
4.3 Proposed algorithm/techniques 11
4.4 Proposed approach /plan of activation 12
5 Comparative Study
5.1 Comparison Between Existing and proposed 13
system.

6 Advantages and Applications

6.1 Existing System Advantages / Merits 14
6.2 Disadvantages 14
6.3 Applications 15

7 Conclusion
7.1 Conclusion 16

8 References 17

v
 List of Figures

Sr. Figure No. Figure name Page No.

No.
1 2.1 A Traditional System 7
2 2.2 Block diagram of the system 7
3 4.1 To verify correctness of Copy of Blockchain 10
4 4.2 Cutting mechanism to cut block data 11

vi
 List of Tables

Sr. Table Table Name Page No.

No. No.
1 I Comparison Table 13

vii
 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

1. Introduction

1.1 Problem Definition

The technology utilized to produce vaccines faster, more efficiently, and with better outcomes has
undergone numerous developments. Since COVID-19, numerous governments as well as vaccine
production companies have prioritized the widespread and efficient production of vaccines for all
diseases. However, many corporations may bypass some vaccination testing and release a vaccine
before it has been properly vetted. This could result in a highly serious affect. Therefore, there
needs to be effective management of the vaccines production to prevent any alteration. The
supervision of vaccine production today is not very good; companies have entire control over the
record of vaccine production, which they can simply alter, and which is centralised managed. So,
we'll talk about decentralized methods in this paper using blockchain technology.

1.2 Goals and Objectives

1] To provide an Effective vaccine production management method using blockchain.

2] To improve time efficiency for production of vaccine.

3] To give an Insight into how blockchain can be used for supervision in vaccine
production.

4] To provide decentralized management of vaccine production.

5] To learn about double-layer blockchain technology.

6] To study how blockchain can be used in healthcare industry.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 1

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

1.3 Motivation

1]. During covid-19 many people avoided vaccination because there was no clarity how this
vaccine was produced.

2]. The vaccination production is centralized only production company has the information about
the product and this data can be altered.

3]. The production company takes advantage of centralized process and vaccine production is
affected and vaccine can be faulty.

4]. There was a very serious vaccine accident where thousands of vaccines provided for Chinese
children were found to be faulty.

1.4 Scope of work

1]. Use of Blockchain in the different industry where decentralization is required.

2]. Improvement of vaccine production management which is currently very simple.

3]. Use different blockchain features for vaccine production as well as the supply of vaccines
through blockchain or any different techniques.

1.5 Outcomes

1]. Ability to use reading, writing and presentation skills to communicate the idea of seminar
topics.

2]. To solve problem of vaccine production using decentralized method of Blockchain.

3]. To reduce vaccine production time by using consensus mechanism of blockchain.

4]. To avoid use of extra space in blockchain by using data cutting mechanism of blockchain.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 2

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

2. Literature Survey

2.1 Summary of Literature Review:

Blockchain is a system where a record of bitcoin or other cryptocurrency transactions is kept

among multiple computers connected in a peer-to-peer network. Blockchain is a new technology
there has been much research done in blockchain mainly in the bitcoin field of blockchain. Adding
a new block to the blockchain is done through mining. Each node utilizes blockchain to check to
see if the coin is valid and has not already been spent. A larger group of parties come to an
agreement before the transaction records are added to the blockchain. Because mining requires a
lot of resources, it is difficult for an attacker to validate a bad transaction.

[1] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system”, This paper is the first paper
which describes blockchain in the bitcoin system. This paper has purposed a system for electronic
transaction without dependent on trust between two peoples or system. There are many
cryptocurrencies used like Bitcoin, Litecoin, Peercoin, Primecoin, Ripple, Ethereum, Permacoin,
Blackcoin, Auroracoin, Darkcoin, and Namecoin. In cryptocurrency, there are three predominant
steps: (i) generating a wallet address (public key), and (ii) assigning a wallet private key. The
signature is used to verify ownership of the transaction; (ii) the payer sends a coin to the payee
using an address and signs it using a private key; (iv) miners validate the transaction.

[2] C. Cachin and M. Vukoli´ c, “Blockchains consensus protocols in the wild”, arXiv preprint,
Jul. 2017, arXiv:1707.01873 - This paper gives an overview of consensus protocols used in
Blockchain. Also, to compare the resilience and trustworthiness of some protocols. They state that
developing consensus protocols is difficult and should not be taken lightly. Any consensus
protocol that doesn’t come with any justification should be dismissed immediately by organization.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 3

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

[3] Tama, Bayu Adhi, Bruno Joachim Kweka, Youngho Park, and KyungHyune Rhee”, A critical
review of blockchain and its current applications” - In 2017 International Conference on Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), pp. 109-113. IEEE, 2017. This paper offers and
examines insights into blockchain technology and its present use cases. The blockchain is widely
used in financial services where transactions take place through cryptocurrency. The present
healthcare systems have interoperability problems, for which blockchain offers a lot of potential
to solve. It is used in business and industry through e-business architecture which is developed for
IT environment.

[4] Mathias Mettler "A Blockchain technology in healthcare", Published in 2016 IEEE 18th
International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) - This
paper describes how blockchain can be used in healthcare which will be very beneficial as
compared to toady's healthcare system The present healthcare systems have interoperability
problems, for which blockchain offers a lot of potential to solve. It can be used as a standard that
enables stakeholders, such as healthcare organizations, and researchers in the medical field to share
electronic health records (EHR) in a safe way. Let's take a platform which uses this. The MedRec
platform offers healthcare stakeholders decentralised record management, authorisation, and data
exchange. Patients can grant and revoke access to their information as well as save their data. Since
only this blockchain is used to store logs, permissions, and links to data storage places, this
framework offers complete anonymity. The blockchain is a new concept and the research in this
field is still going on in healthcare it has many more uses to come it can be used to replace the
centralized healthcare system with decentralize healthcare system which could be great in
healthcare as all people will know how their health data is used, used by whom and this will also
not allow the hospitals to tamper with the patients data. Consensus mechanism and
cryptography can resolve the issue of security and privacy. Traceability and time stamping can
resolve the issue of lack of data provenance. Distributed Digital Ledger can resolve the issue of
record management. In such a way blockchain can be used in healthcare.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 4

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

[5] N.Moalla, A.Bouras, and Y.Ouzrout, "Production data Integration In the vaccine Industry", In
2007 5th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics - This paper discusses how
production data integration can be carried out in vaccine Industry. They purpose a transverse
approach cover all vaccine supply chain, detect and analyse effect on production information
system. They generate external as well as meta model, they construct an adapter to execute
correspondence with various data models already created from the production information system
to make use of data structured in external data models. The adaptor has a business dictionary that
enables the mapping of external models to various business specifications to produce data in
production data model format. All production metrics that need to be communicated and checked
are capitalized in production data models. They cover two main objectives, The first is to ensure
permanent reliability of the data while also enhancing data validity in the production information
system and second is to use trustworthy data to support optimization measures in the context of
industrial operation.

[6] Sappa Saran, Mullapudi T. Vignesh, Gurijala V. S. Sundar, Mudili S. Naidu, Swaminathan
Jayarama, "An optimal Algorithm to maximize vaccine production in a distributed environment",
In 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking
Technologies (ICCCNT) - This paper discusses on how to maximize production of vaccine.
Recently ended pandemic covid 19 has taught us the important of vaccine for the livelihood it also
raised question on the system used for vaccine production which is slow should be developed to
produce vaccine Faster. They use greedy algorithm to maximize vaccine production on basis of
number of equipment's available for production of vaccine, sort the dependencies.So that vaccine
with most no of dependencies will start development of vaccine. Also, the dependencies can be
transitively related if a, b, c are dependencies and a is dependent on b and b is dependent on c then
production proceed in order a, b and c at last to minimize vaccine production. First, effective
equipment dependencies are calculated. Each piece of equipment is shown as a node. The arcs
connecting the nodes represent dependencies. When the graph is traversed, an arc is added between
any two nodes where there is a transitive relationship. The way to do this is to traverse each node
in depth first search fashion.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 5

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

[7] Sandeep Kumar and Yash Hajja, "Immunoinformatic tool: A boon in vaccine development
against covid-19", In 2022 IEEE Delhi section conference (DELCON) - To shorten the vaccine
production process, this paper describes about immunoinformatic tools rather than Lengthy and
expensive process. As a result of immunoinformatics, vaccines are developed by identifying a
multiepitope, targeting virion particles, and identifying the appropriate linker. When using
immunoinformatic, genome sequencing and in vitro B-cell validation can be completed in a
relatively short period of time rather than years as with conventional vaccine development.
Immunoinformatic software can be used to examine the peptide sequences of target epitopes of
viral protein vaccines. An immune response can be either cellular or humoral, depending on the
condition. Researchers can, for example, identify T cells using software like Tepredict, Rankpep,
CTLpred, Propred, and IEDB, and then study the cellular reaction or reaction caused by a vaccine
using software like Bepipred, Igpred, Bcipep, Mimox, Pepsurf, ellipro, BEST, and EPCES. For
humoral responses, they can use software like Bepipred, Igpred,Mimox, Pepsurf, BEST, and
EPCES.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 6

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

2.2 Existing System implementation and technology:

Fig 2.1: A traditional System

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of the system

2.3 Common findings from Literature review:

In all the given literature paper it is found that vaccine production steps are in a centralized
manner. The process of supervision is done by only one agency, common people cannot know if
the company have conducted all test properly, also as they provide details after production, they
can easily modify this data before giving this data to agency.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 7

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

3. Algorithmic Survey

3.1 Study of Algorithms:

A production algorithm is used for storing production data of vaccines. A review algorithm for
supervising vaccine production company.

1. Production Algorithm:

Steps:

a. Enterprise sends signal to review Node that they have started production.

b. After production this production data get added in the company database to avoid leaking of
company’s data.

c. They store time and date of each production record to monitor their exipry.

d. The hash value for this step is produced by embeded device.

e. They also store this data, timestamp and hash value of previous record in the transaction of
blockchain.

f. We send this transaction to review node to review this data along the production data.

g. When vaccine gets produced, they send an application to review Node along with vaccine
samples. Which consist of lot realease appllication.

2. Review Algorithm:

Steps:

a. They find all important transaction from the set of this transaction based on the hash value of
the blocks and combine them to from a block.

B. They compare the production data and block records to check if there is any data tampering.

c. Check if value of hash is consistent.

d. If review is successful

Then sign this block with its own private key

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 8

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

Else:

Discard This block.

e. Send the signed block to main Node.

f. Check this signed block.

g. If check is successful

Broadcast this block to all other nodes

3.2 Motivation to develop proposed system:

1] During covid-19 many people avoided vaccination because there was no clarity how this vaccine
was produced.

2] The vaccination production is centralized only production company has the information about
the product and this data can be altered.

3] The production company takes advantage of centralized process and vaccine production is
affected and vaccine can be faulty.

4] There was a very serious vaccine accident where thousands of vaccines provided for Chinese
children were found to be faulty.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 9

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

4. Proposed System

4.1 Introduction:

On our observation we observed that some system uses decentralization, but verification takes a
lot of time in this system, as it is a long process. So, to reduce this time we have used consensus
mechanism to reduce this verification time for vaccine. Also, the redundant data is more, so to
reduce this redundancy we used cutting mechanism of blockchain which cuts redundant block and
thus save space for our other new blocks. We have also added user interaction where user will get
to know about vaccine details about that vaccine like is they expired are they effective etc.

4.2 Proposed architecture/ system diagram:

Figure 4.1: Verify correctness of copy of blockchain

The above diagram uses consensus mechanism, first we use sorting services to arrange the received
block in a correct manner. The main Node receives block in particular order and arrange these
blocks in the order they have received. It then displays to other Nodes; other nodes also verify the
order of block. The remaining all other nodes can also check with main Node, if they think they
have problem in their copy of blockchain. They can download this new copy and save it as their
copy of blockchain. If there is data loss in Main Node they can get replaced by ordinary Node.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 10

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

Fig 4.2: Cutting mechanism to cut block data

Above diagram discusses the cutting mechanism to reduce the redundancy of data, there are two
cases. First, if the vaccine has been expired then blockchain verify it with the current time, expiry
time, and production time and based on result it sets the cut flag. Second, company sends signal
that vaccine has been used, based on this the Main Node sets the cut flag. In both cases, the main
node displays to other blocks, other blocks note the cut flag and they cut their block accordingly
and, in this way, we save the redundancy of data.

4.3 Proposed Techniques used:

Blockchain, Transparency of Blockchain, consensus mechanism, proof of Work, cutting

mechanism.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 11

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

4.4 Proposed Approach / Plan of activation:

1. The first step here is vaccine send start signal and start production of vaccines.

2. They add this data to local database as well as transaction which result in formation of blocks.

3. It then gives this block to review Node, where check of any attempt to modify data is done by
company, the block is signed with its own private key.

4. These blocks are then given to Main Node as shown in fig 1.2, then main node checks this data,
and display to other blocks.

5. Other blocks update their copy of blockchain, and also checks their own copy with main Node
copy, to verify any changes.

6. The second diagram which is fig 1.3, is used to cut the vaccine block, which has been expired
or has been consumed.

7. Here User can also verify the reliability of vaccine and other information on that vaccine as
shown in fig 1.3.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 12

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

5. Comparative Study

5.1 Comparison between existing and proposed system:

Sr.no Existing System Proposed System

1. It is a Centralized System. It is a Decentralized System

2. It is not accessed by consumer. It can be accessed by consumer

3. There may be redundancy of data. No redundancy of data due to cutting

4. Verification is a lengthy process
As it is handled by one agency.
5. Possibility of data modification by
company.
6. Can't easily identify any
modification of data.
7. The user will not have proper
information about vaccine.
mechanism.
Verification takes less time due to
verification at each step.
No data modification as it is monitored
through each step.
Can easily identify modification due to
use of blockchain.
The user can have valid information
Of vaccine before taking it.

Table 1: Comparison Table

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 13

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

6. Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications

6.1 Existing System Advantages / Merits:

1. The proposed system is decentralized.

2. The consumers will happily take vaccines as they have detailed information about vaccine
production data.

3.System can monitor the company easily and effectively.

4. There is no redundant data due to cutting mechanism.

5. Verification is easy due to consensus mechanism.

6. Company can also add their data without fear of any leakages of steps of production due to
transparency of Blockchain.

6.2 Disadvantages:

1. It requires the co-operation among many organisations, and the leadership of vaccine
verification agencies like FDA.

2. It increases complexity of management of production of vaccine.

3. It may reduce the interest of the verification agencies due to complexity.

4. It is new technology and using in healthcare is a challenge.

5. Authorization is not considered in the approach.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 14

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

6.3 Applications:

1. We can use blockchain technology further for authorization of this data and supplying as well
as monitoring uses etc can be done.

2. The Blockchain can be similarly used in various industries as it is one of the developing
technologies.

3. Further research can be done how it can be used in different parts of healthcare.

4. It can be used in any industry or organization where decentralization is required.

5. Blockchain is considered to one of the most promising systems to be used for any purpose.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 15

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

7. Conclusion

We proposed a decentralized approach to manage vaccine production using different features of

Blockchain Like consensus mechanism, transparency and cutting mechanism. Which gives better
result as compared to traditional approach, which is centralized managed by only one agency. The
decentralize approach, will be very beneficial for managing agencies, as well as local consumer of
vaccine. The redundancy of data is also handled in our approach using cutting mechanism, which
removes the unnecessary or used data in the block. Further this system can also extend to use
Blockchain in next steps of vaccine which is supply chain management of vaccine and increasing
efficiency of vaccine. We can also ensure safety of each bottle by researching on this field.
Similarly, this Blockchain can be explored further for its uses in different field by researchers.

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 16

 A Blockchain approach to manage Vaccine Production

8. References

[1] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system” on bitcoin.org, 2008.

[2] C. Cachin and M. Vukoli´ c, “Blockchains consensus protocols in the wild”,

arXiv n preprint, Jul. 2017, arXiv:1707.01873.

[3] Tama, Bayu Adhi, Bruno Joachim Kweka, Youngho Park, and KyungHyune Rhee.” A critical
review of blockchain and its current applications.” In 2017 International Conference on Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science (ICECOS), pp. 109-113. IEEE, 2017.

[4] Mathias Mettler." A Blockchain technology in healthcare." Published in 2016 IEEE 18th
International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom).

[5] N.Moalla; A.Bouras and Y.Ouzrout." Production data Integration In the vaccine Industry." In
2007 5th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics.

[6] Sappa Saran, Mullapudi T. Vignesh, Gurijala V. S. Sundar, Mudili S. Naidu, Swaminathan
Jayarama."An optimal Algorithm to maximize vaccine production in a distributed environment."In
2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies
(ICCCNT).

[7] Sandeep Kumar and yash hajja ."Immunoinformatics tool: A boon in vaccine development
against covid-19". In 2022 IEEE Delhi section conference (DELCON).

Department of Computer Engineering, PCCOE, Pune 17