ALMATY UNIVERSITY OF POWER ENGINEERING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS NAMED AFTER GUMARBEK

DAUKEYEV

DESCENDING TO NEW
OCEAN DEPTHS
Submitted: Sarsengali Rustem
Verified: Alina Nauryzbaeva
Today Introduction

discuss: The abyss beckons

The pantry is full
Views on new views
Fuel reserves
Conclusion
 It turns out that we know very little about the oceans.
When asked how much it has been studied, scientists
give numbers - five, seven, ten or eleven percent ... for me,
these numbers are very relative. Depths are practically
not described - robots surveyed areas the size of several
football fields. As for the surface of the ocean, it has been
studied to a much greater extent.

A striking fact: more than 580 people have already flown

into space, and until recently only four people have
descended to the maximum ocean depths, only seven
people have visited below a depth of 10 kilometers. Hello
everyone, my name is Rustem, and today we will talk
about it.
 For the first time, a bathyscaphe called
Trieste, built by scientists from the United
The abyss States and Switzerland, sank to a record
depth of 11,000 meters for mankind in 1960.
beckons The aquanauts stayed at the bottom of the
deepest point of the Mariana Trench for
only 20 minutes, and the preparation for the
dive took about 8 years. 52 years later, in
2012, the achievement was repeated by
American film director James Cameron. The
apparatus on which he descended was
called the Deepsea Challenger in honor of
the Challenger Deep, the deepest point in
the oceans. The director made his dive
alone, while constantly filming and even
collected soil samples at the bottom of the
Mariana Trench...
 Among the latest achievements - in
November last year, a manned
Chinese deep-sea vehicle with three
pilots on board sank to the bottom of
the Mariana Trench. It is worth noting
that at present it is China that is
becoming a leader in deep-sea
exploration of the oceans.

What is its average depth? The average figure

known for today is about 3700 meters. It changes
from time to time, is recalculated, as new data are
entered, after clarification of the depths of
individual depressions. The living space of the
oceans is 71 percent of the planet's surface, which
is much more than on land. The entire thickness of
the water space is “saturated” with life; canyons,
ridges, deep-sea coral reefs are filled with it. This is
an amazingly diverse habitat.
 People draw about 93-95 million tons of biological
resources from the World Ocean. There is an
opinion that mankind has already come close to
the limit value of their consumption. But it turned
out that even more can be taken without harming
the oceans. In 2009, the journal Science published
the work of scientists who tried to calculate the
biomass of fish in the ocean. To do this, "account

The pantry is
trawl catches" were carried out with a certain
frequency, cyclicality in certain zones, etc. The
approximate biomass of fish turned out to be about

full 1 billion tons. Then they tried to recalculate it using

models, food chains, and the result was a figure
from 900 million to 2 billion tons of biomass. But in
2014, an article was published in another respected
scientific journal Nature, according to which the
biomass of fish in the oceans turned out to be an
order of magnitude larger - from 11 to 15 billion tons!
Thus, the strategic reserves of aquatic biological
resources can solve the food problem of our planet!
Where did the new numbers come from? It turned out that assessment
using trawls is effective only at a depth of up to 200 meters, and fish that
live deeper, “in the twilight zone”, located at a depth of 200 to 1000
meters, due to the peculiarities of their eyesight, see trawls well and
calmly bypass them. .

When they began to use sonar imaging and scanned depths from 200 to
1000 meters, they turned out to be densely populated with small fish - up
to 20 - 25 cm. Only a few deep-sea families prevail there, but the biomass
of these fish is absolutely colossal. There are no technical possibilities yet
to evaluate it in even deeper layers. In a word, the distant pantry of the
world ocean is full of reserves. You just have to learn how to get them out
of there.
The last four deep-sea expeditions conducted by Russian scientists together
with German colleagues to the deepest points of the Far Eastern seas (the Sea
o f ​J a p a n , t h e S e a o f ​O k h o t s k , t h e B e r i n g a n d t h e K u r i l - K a m c h a t k a T r e n c h ) ,
made it possible to speak of a huge biological diversity that was not known
before. From 1949 to 1966 of the last century, the Soviet ship Vityaz, which
provided the USSR with leadership in deep-sea research, worked in the Far
Eastern seas and collected data on 600 species of marine organisms over 17
y e a r s . T h e l a t e s t e x p e d i t i o n t o t h e d e e p s e a o f ​t h e S e a o f ​J a p a n u s i n g r o b o t i c
devices provided information on 600 species of marine organisms, 200 of
which were unknown to science. Studies in the deepest part of the Sea of ​
Okhotsk provided information on 1000 organisms, 500 of which were also
discovered for the first time. And the rest of the expeditions turned out to be
just as “fruitful” for new types of deep sea organisms, for the description of
which there are still no technical possibilities. However, many of them may
become part of our diet in the future.
In addition, deep-sea organisms have unique biologically active compounds. This is
a wonderful resource for creating new drugs. Today, 80 percent of antibiotics do
not work because pathogenic organisms are used to them. Antibiotics are based on
toxins, poisons that bacteria release in the struggle for living space. There is a huge
mass of unexplored deep-sea bacteria in the ocean environment. Another very
important fact for mankind is that deep-sea organisms do not have oncological
diseases and more than half of the compounds isolated from these new, still little-
studied organisms, have antitumor activity.

Thanks to robotic technology, ideas about already known marine life are changing.
For example, in all biology textbooks it is written that squids constantly swim in the
water column, but it turns out that they can rest on the seabed, on a reef.
 FUEL RESERVES

More than 70 percent of all oil reserves on our planet are concentrated in the oceans. Now only 34
percent of the total oil production and 38 percent of gas are produced on its shelf. In Europe, already
90 percent of oil is produced offshore. In the US, 15 percent of oil and 25 percent of gas are lifted from
the seabed. In addition, the oceans contain the fuel of the future - the so-called gas hydrates. The fuel
equivalent embedded in gas hydrates is twice as much as the combined world reserves of coal, oil and
natural gas. A person who actively exploits the World Ocean uses hydrocarbons, mineral and biological
resources, 80 percent of cargo transportation is carried out by sea, all this leads to its active pollution.
Therefore, it is important that countries apply environmental technologies, which so far protect about
15,000 protected marine areas. States that have ratified the UN Convention on Biological Diversity
must set aside at least 10 percent of the marine waters under their jurisdiction for protected water
areas. Meanwhile, the mechanisms for protecting deep-sea ecosystems in the World Ocean have not
yet been developed. The problem is that land, shelf, shallow water are divided between countries, and
the open part of the ocean does not belong to anyone and no one bears responsibility for it.
 Pirates, tropical islands and the alluring azure of
the waves - who among us was not fascinated by
sea romance, were not fascinated by stories of
adventure, lost treasures and the exploits of
fearless captains? The element, which seems so
close and familiar to us, still keeps a huge number
of secrets and mysteries.

If you seriously think about the question of what

Conclusion we really know about the oceans, it turns out that

95 percent of the water world is still unexplored.
We have much more accurate data on the surface
of the Moon, Mars and Mercury than on the
watery shell of our own planet. An acute shortage
of various structural maps of the World Ocean
creates a serious barrier to the development of
science and business, hinders the creation of
effective measures to improve the environment
and support the aquatic ecosystem.
THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION!