{construction 3 HL DRAGLINES. “ese tae Yersinia xl duping fy msn oft ee shovel aly Men digs above ine [eel pia ph in sf n-ne. = (CAL Predation Esto Papected production = deal ult * Sing Sept factor % Efficiency [Tabie: Optimum depihof cut fr short boom, C267) =a fl _oim_eie clin ol ok ae oe iy Wucked ape SanpePoblem i pea eg a recap bssaciga Sep oft LS erage sig aml 25) and icy 45. Sa eee cates frcuckon = (20 A (hor ¢ Aah) = [taut PM or IV. CLAMSHELLS ‘When the crane shove i equipped with a crane boom and clamshell bucket, it bocomes an exeavatge known as clonshel, The clamshell is capable of excavating to _gioatopths bala. *he positive digging action and precise lateral control of the shovel aud backhoe, CClamshells are commonly used for excavating verical shafts and footings, unloading bulk mateials from rail ears and ships, and moving bulk material Gom stockpiles bins, hoppers, or haul unis Production Pstimating ‘No standard prodoctio ables are avaiable forte clamshell. Thos, poduction ss be based on the use of the equation Production = ‘Sample Problem 12, Ftimate the time require to load 382 m &figravelJrom a stockpile nto tracks using a clamsolt having a heaped capacity qf 0.57 mn} Fstimated cyete ime is 20's. Job ficiency i estimated 10 be 50 mighee FR ic \V.TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY The use of backhoes and oterexcavatcs for digging trenches was discussed cavern this copter In adn, there ia growing demand for methods of installing ty systems lowe iEnNRDIRNSAESSOR, Some methods availble for schieving this gol include specialized trenching machines apd plows as ‘wll stencils technology (alo clled trenches excvaton. VI CRANES (Cranes are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads. They move loads horizontally by swinging or traveling. Most mobile crimes consist of @ carer and superstructure equipped with a boom and hook. A. Heavy Lift Cranes Cranes intended for ling very heavy loads are usually erawlee-mounted Iatice-boom models, Tower Cranes ‘Anoxhe special ype of eran isthe rower erane. The tower crane is widely wsed on building construction projects because ofits wide operating radius and almost unlimited height copabilty. Major types of tower cranes incinde horizontal jib (oF sade ib) cranes, affing boom cranes, and artculaed cranes. LOADING AND HAULING LL ESTIMATING EQUIPMENT TRAVEL TIME. Inealealatng the time requite tora hat nit to make one complete cycle, iis customary fo break the cyele down into fixed and variable components. Cycle time = Fixed time + Variable time ‘Paced rime represents those components of cycle time other than travel time. Variable nme reprsents the travel time required fora nit to hat material to the unloading site and return = Tota Resistance “Tovdetemine the maximum peed of vehicle ina spf station, its necessary 0 eermine the ttl eistmee to movement ofthe vehicle Total esistance (@) = RalingResistnce + Grade Resitance Rolling Resistance (stron ) x Rolling Grade Resistance Cae bverhon ty reel ) hei ilo an Grade resistance represents that componeat of vehicle weight which a inl da = Geass le Resistance Factor (kg/t) = 10 X grade (%) 473 - Biches to Ged) => gmc Bete Hiectrecinm 2 ae nan Bt xpmning il sic Se wi 66, oS ‘would have a grade resistance equivalent to the row resistance a unre. fective Grade (%) = grade (%6) aan seemnee ee <— ToEffect of Altitude {All internal combustion engines lose poker as ther elevation above sea Jevel increases because of the decreased density of sir t higher elevations, Manulicturers we a dering factor to express percentage of redction in rated vehicle power at various aude. itude (m) 9 Dering cer = Mt) =918 Effect of Traction Wheel Vehicle us rawslor reactors, “The power available ro move a vehicle an its loa is expressed a rim Fr whee] ail ‘vehicles and draw bar pull for crawler tractors CrapulDd rele 24 Kimoul is the pull avaiable atthe sta of the diving wheels wader rated conditions. Dranhar pall the power available atthe hitch of «erawler tractor operating upder slandard- conditions, ep ven =] ‘Samp Problems =— ia a cap sons in wl 6g aro ih a B z 61, 4@9.030 KD If the eoaSMiRUSEereu having a Pry ry °° via tata ae nme ero me sacs = & arse tne a 2 = & fiom walle pull = (0.45) (Ib.32 Hp) = FsHiS ey eel pal eS ee = 5 fe fa eal feriater = Roll, festene Gack Hortance = Geb wt x = + Cen wot CHRD a. = [2s,080 ky « = \4 (207%% « ee] = FBS by s Se = = 2 = Fr) = 2ARS bs (Bow « @ B-] + [ao cer) 5 bg %, Vel) B by 4 [240m <@y = 98S Fy EF > W938 = Woxgide(7) [oem 4302, 14, AGEETRODERDD wwe weight on the ving wheels is 17,56 ‘gross weight of ILOZ3-K@ If the road surface is dry earth having fess 9 Hp, wae enn el te er =e = ED mal Noaimun Ugaile pall = 08° (FoBAky) = NERS boy Senn & vat a ee Teh tmihlene - RE + GE = = z = (veh wh * YE) + Gen Wt x ee) et ore ~ [om f= SpY + Peas xelbs = past A l [pee x =| cere Laat He = nx See C/) c gual = 23/7.) TL. DOZERS ‘A tacior equipped with s ront-mountedextthmoving blade is known a8 3 dozer ‘or bulldozer. dozer moves earth by lowering the blade and cutting until fall lade load of material i obtained. Irthenpashes the matevalacros the groin surface tothe required location. The materi is unloaded by pushing it over a cll or into a hopper ‘or by rising the bad to form a spoil ple main De Freda Sei ci moti enn emer sump Prion wrk Steatham 15: A pombe tacos excavating dagh cy sdpusting ta distance Taepisweumimeh adorn cl Mosinee spss onal: stage # ue a ie eG she ae ais. a SS Test}ond tindeonge, 129 tov ‘Rated blade eapacity if 7.63 LCI ane in EE potent etme ter) sacar caspepan ae em aie, Slog and damp cal cade fe = Freed + Vatable Viole cle tine is the ine ied 0 dove ad et isos (Geol dane eal sho, 2 ovee wally rs eevee [ Drang Se Tele Typ doe tins | m= (Gps t= 995s we otsnns —— Febery eet — dae (b+ 5 EE RRS X O.2lang Lege = 08540 F 02) = O94 ame \so4ea Vn Ay % lent Brcchon= Ear [. « Bat?) (695) eel Mm LOADERS. ‘A tractor equipped with a frone-ead bucks is call a lade, front-end lader, or bucket loader. Loaders are used focsxcasating oftto mediu-hard materal, loading hoppers and haul units, stockpiling material, backfiling ditebes, and moving concrete and other construction materials. Estimating Loader Production Loader production may be estimated as the product of average bucket loud ip yess per ow Pon = Vals pr cle Cyc eo Basic cyl ine For a loader acd the ine require fo oan, dumping, king “our reversas of deta, and teaveling a minim distane (15 fo less fo ack toadsTable: Base loader eet tine crest P= GSM 5 she a Travel ine, hl dr +n) > ‘Sample Problem 1c Twe = 6.45 & Teen Soy dub eslyoneiniiiiaiialieiodiahs, om 0G? she it SERIE into rail cars ifthe Q> LSM “Greags lol distance BEES cone Wy? The area is. lvel with a cling resstane ctor of 60 kg 100 eiisiy i estimated at 30 minh WE = Gilg, es” Y= 2dG m> Check Pitot quack = greek (fF) + 5 DPemd fe = 0.40 Chiccl on areafl) HHP Cycle ime = O7Ginas + 0-40 wnge ORL eache Proluctron ae aes wed IV. SCRAPERS. Scrapers are capable of excavating, hauling, and dumping. mateial over medium: o long-haul distances, However, only the elevating seraper and the ple scraper are capable of achieving high efficiency in lading without the asistance of a pusher tractor or another scraper. Estimating Seraper Production Scraper eyle imei estimated ste sum of fixed ele ime an vib exe time {Ese ccf tne hace acide pat time, loud tins, and manera lump times. Spo time represents the ie equted fora unit positon itself inthe cut ane begin loading, inetuing any waiting for a pusher ariable cyele time, ‘neludes haul time and recur time Table: Serer xed imePosh Loading spt for oevating, ull-crapes, ad php scapes, wheel scrapes reuie tessa of pistons oobi sani prodction Cakalting the Number of Pushers Reguieed seraper ving wal fe pe abe eae ona doing place fo wte 096 Ne Nan abe: Typicl gsr sete (ia) SSS The numberof pushers required to fully service a given seraper fleet may then determined from ___Namber of scrapers ay ‘Number of pushers required = Ther served by ane pusher ‘The roslt obtained fom this equatton- mb Be PGES 1 A ee whole nombir toons that serapers dono! have to Wai fora phen ee aaa Praduetion umber of pushers Required number % No.of scrapers x Production per scraper \Y.TRUCKS AND WAGONS ‘Operation and Employment Because hauling (or the uoasporaton af excavation) i a major sarhmeving activity, there are many diferent types of hang equipment aaiable to the Consett Ih addon the dra, oat, aad scraper areal dort, baling auipment incest, wagons, covey es and tins Treks ad wagons ate sil the ost common fms of onseutonYaling cquipment. The heayedty tudump tuck is most wicly wed because of A Mex fase and he absiy a ighvay mols to move epi between ob sites Tks ‘sod for Dang on publi Righways ae Kini hy wanspration ain ther in hom noel Tee a wig tend ova the woof ofighway nods at can be ltge aad heir an ery pibloads up several hed tons ozo av eacthnoving tales pled by acts or tek et. They are sometimes refered toa puch beee thy have many carer of clr serps bt te are desiand for ling only Determining the Number of Haul Units Needed “The components ofthe truck or wagon cyel described in the proviows section, Thus, toll cyele time isthe sum of te fixed time (spot, load, maneuver, and dump) and the variable time (haul and return) are similar to those of the seraper The fixed tate elements of spot, maneuver, and dump may be estimated by the we of, the table shown, Table: Spot, maneuver, al dump time for trucks and wagons (min) (aon Talon hoon) Foose ue 08 renge 6 a Untraa 20 25 Loading time, however, should he calculated hy ~ Load Timea = Ha unit Capacity toad Time = Tier ‘production at 100% efficiency -| en ie = Nunta tp The number of trucks theoretically required to keep 8 loader flly occupied and thus obtain tho ful produetion = ~#] Number of Gauter> required (Ny = Houuniecvcle time {The result OBatmcl fon hi equation must e rounded up tothe et ieger If more than the theovsically required stimber of tucks is supplied, no increase in sys podoion il va, een _ona ie fea aE] However, if gss than the reqired number of tricks is sopplied, system out Sat aN stilt ochre tsa ead a Tr cp production inthis svation may be calculated bythe use of tual mer fet ® Expected production = {in performing tis calenlaion, ae the precive valve of, nos integer vale ‘Sample Problem : — v ‘ USS calc lo Tuck! Gyo Tee = fread had + one! aan ed onatie tens as remus ted Ripe ae re Sol sedges he Sh oad Sea, Look Tore Cops ty oe her A Nii be ecient ie ree ek mem = 92 BEM = = Doo = Matted ag tagcat HB DA BUA, Ce —— EE cape te tee Led Hine Gs ghorel { (lose (2 by © Gre Gadey + banbuy . Me + 68%) [PR Aer] Co = | lod Are Prdnoln = (arty 0.8) [33.2 boyfe [5 cin =