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Wind Energy Basics
Wind Energy Basics
• Environmental benefits
• No emissions
• No fuel needed
• Distributed power
• Remote locations
Limitations of Wind Power
▪ Power density is very low.
▪ Needs a very large number of wind mills to
produce modest amounts of power.
▪ Cost.
▪ Environmental costs.
▪ material and maintenance costs.
▪ Noise, birds and appearance.
▪ Cannot meet large scale and transportation
energy needs.
Wind Turbine
Noise Levels
Masa Depan Energi Angin
• Masa depan energi angin dapat menjadi terang jika
kebijakan pemerintah mensubsidi dan mendorong
penggunaannya.
• Perbaikan teknologi mungkin memiliki dampak yang
besar.
• Jika biaya energi fosil meroket maka biaya untuk
pembangkit listrik dapat menjadi kompetitif
Turbines: Two Types
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
• Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
1. Two Types
Vertical Axis Advantages Horizontal Advantages
Can place generator on Higher wind speeds
ground
Great efficiency
You don’t need a yaw
mechanism for wind
angle Disadvantages
Angle of turbine is
Disadvantages relevant
Lower wind speeds at Difficult access to
ground level generator for repairs
Less efficiency
Requires a “push”
1. What is a wind plant? Tower & Blades
8
1. What is a wind plant?
Overview
1. What is a wind plant? Towers, Rotors, Gens, Blades
Manu- Capacity Hub Height Rotor Gen type Weight (s-tons)
facturer Diameter Nacelle Rotor Tower
0.5 MW 50 m 40 m
Vestas 1.65 MW 70,80 m 82 m Asynch water cooled 57(52) 47 (43) 138 (105/125)
Type 2 Pla nt
Fee ders
Plant
Type 3 Feeders
generator
Doubly-Fed Induction
Generator (variable speed) ac
to
dc
to
dc ac
partial power
Type 4 Plant
Feeders
Full-converter interface generator
ac
to
dc
to
dc ac
11
full power
1. What is a wind plant?
Type 3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
• Most common technology today
• Provides variable speed via rotor freq control
• Converter rating only 1/3 of full power rating
• Eliminates wind gust-induced power spikes
• More efficient over wide wind speed
• Provides voltage control Plant
Feeders
generator
ac dc
to to
dc ac
12
partial power
1. What is a wind plant?
Collector Circuit
• Distribution system, often 34.5
POI or
connection
to the grid Collector System
Station
Interconnection
Transmission Line
Individual WTGs
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2. Power production
Wind power equation
Swept area At of turbine blades:
The disks have larger cross
sectional area from left to
right because
• v1 > vt > v2 and
• the mass flow rate must
v1 vt v2 be the same everywhere
within the streamtube.
x→
2. Power production
Wind power equation
x
1. Wind velocity: v = 2. Air mass flowing: m = Ax
t m At x
3. Mass flow rate at swept area: tQ = = = At vt
t t
4a. Kinetic energy change: 4b. Force on turbine blades:
1
KE = m v12 − v22
2
( ) F = ma = m
v m
= v = Qt v1 − v2
t t
( )
5a. Power extracted: 5b. Power extracted:
P=
KE 1 m 2 2 1
t
=
2 t
( )
v1 − v2 = Qt v12 − v22
2
( ) (
P = Fvt = Qt vt v1 − v2 )
6a. Substitute (3) into (5a): 6b. Substitute (3) into (5b):
P = (1 / 2) At vt (v12 − v22 ) 7. Equate P = At vt2 (v1 − v2 )
(1 / 2)vt (v22 − v12 ) = vt2 (v2 − v1 ) (1 / 2)vt (v1 − v2 )(v1 + v2 ) = vt2 (v1 − v2 ) (1 / 2)(v2 + v1 ) = vt
8. Substitute (7) into (6b):P = At ((1 / 2)(v1 + v2 ))2 (v1 − v2 ) = At (v12 − v22 )(v1 + v2 )
At v13 v2 2 v2 4
9. Factor out v1 : P = 4 (1 − ( v ) )(1 + v )
3
1 1
2. Power production
Wind power equation
10. Define wind v2 This ratio is fixed for a given
a=
stream speed ratio, a: v1 turbine & control condition.
power of the
air stream
Pin =
KE 1 m 2
t
=
2 t
1
2
( 1
2
) 1
v1 − 0 = Q1v12 = At v1v12 = At v13
2
At v13
(1 − a 2 )(1 + a) 1
Cp =
P
= 4
1
1
= (1 − a 2 )(1 + a) P = C p Pin = C P At v13
Pin At v13 2 2
2
15. The maximum value of Cp occurs when its numerator
is maximum, i.e., when a=1/3:
The Betz Limit!
P 1 8 4 16
Cp = = ( )( ) = = 0.5926
Pin 2 9 3 27
2. Power production
Cp vs. a
2. Power production
Cp vs. λ and θ
u: tangential velocity of blade tip
Tip-speed ratio: u R
= = ω: rotational velocity of blade
v1 v1 R: rotor radius
v1: wind speed
Pitch: θ
GE SLE 1.5 MW
2. Power production
Cp vs. λ and θ
u: tangential velocity of blade tip
Tip-speed ratio: u R
= = ω: rotational velocity of blade
v1 v1 R: rotor radius
v1: wind speed
Pitch: θ
GE SLE 1.5 MW
2. Power production
Wind Power Equation
1
P = C p Pin = C P ( , ) At v1
3
2
So power extracted depends on
1. Design factors:
• Swept area, At
2. Environmental factors:
• Air density, ρ (~1.225kg/m3 at sea level)
• Wind speed v3
2. Control factors:
• Tip speed ratio through the rotor speed ω
2. Power production
Control
Source: M. Lange and U. Focken, “Physical approach to Short-Term Wind Power Prediction,”
Springer, 2005.
2. Power production
Effects on wind speed: Height
“The mean values of the
wind speed show a
pronounced dirunal cycle. At Nighttime peak occurs at 200 m.
10 m, the mean wind speed
has a maximum at noon and
a minimum around midnight.
This behavior changes with
increasing height, so that at
200 m, the dirunal cycle is
inverse, with a broad
minimum in daytime and
maximum wind speeds at
night. Hence, the better the
coupling between the Almost flat at 80 m.
atmospheric layers during Daytime peak occurs at 10 m.
the day, the more horizontal
momentum is transferred
downwards from flow layers
at large heights to those
near the ground.”
Average wind speed
increases with height.
Source: M. Lange and U. Focken, “Physical approach
to Short-Term Wind Power Prediction,” Springer, 2005.
2. Power production
Effects on wind speed: Height
“The atmosphere is divided
into several horizontal layers
to separate different flow
regimes. These layers are
defined by the dominating
physical effects that
influence the dynamics. For
wind energy use, the
troposphere which spans the
first five to ten km above the
ground has to be considered
as it contains the relevant
wind field regimes.”
Source: M. Lange and U.
Focken, “Physical approach to
Short-Term Wind Power
Prediction,” Springer, 2005.
1
Hub Height 7 Wind shear exponent differs locationally
U = U ref U: wind speed estimate at Hub Height
H ref Href is height at which reference data was taken
Uref is wind speed at height of Href
2. Power production
Effects on wind speed: Contours
2500
• Distribute wind gen widely
Freqency
0
• On-site regulation gen
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
JULY2006
JANUARY2006
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3. Problems with wind; potential solutions
Cost
35
3. Problems with wind; potential solutions
Cost
•$1050/kW capital cost • Existing coal: <2.5¢/kWhr
• 34% capacity factor • Existing Nuclear: <3.0¢/kWhr
• 50-50 capital structure • New gas combined cycle:
• 7% debt cost; 12.2% eqty rtrn >6.0¢/kWhr
• 20-year depreciation life • New gas combustion turbine:
>10¢/kWhr
• $25,000 annual O & M per MW
➔20-year levlzd cost=5¢/kWhr
Solution:
• Cost of wind reduces with tower height
• Tower designs, nacelle weight reduction, innovative constructn
• Carbon cost makes wind good (best?) option
36
3. Problems with wind; potential solutions
Wind is remote from load centers
20% Wind Future Cumulative
Transmission cost: a small Costs through 2024
fraction of total investment
& operating costs. 2%
2. Tenaga maksimum
3. Tenaga actual
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